Echinoderms

Examples Sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins, sea

cucumbers

Echinoderms Invertebrates Inhabit marine environments Most radially symmetrical No head (cephalization) Exoskeleton

Calcium Carbonate Water-vascular system

Water filled canals Tube feet

Movement, feeding, respiration, excretion

Fish

Phylum: Chordates Notochord Dorsal nerve

cord Pharyngeal

pouches Post-anal tail

Subphylum: Vertebrates Three characteristics

Vertebral column Skull Endoskeleton

Types of Fish Agnatha Lampreys and Hagfishes

Eel-like bodies Lack jaws, fins, and bones

Hagfish and Lampreys Hagfish

Bottom dwellers Burrow into body

of dead fish to eat Tie their bodies in

not to evade Hagfish

Lampreys Can be parasitic Feed on blood and

fluids of host Lamprey Invasion

Types of Fish Chondrichthyes Sharks, rays, and skates

Have jaws and fins Cartilage skeleton Unique scales-Placoid Sharks

Types of Fish Osteichthyes Bony Fish: Salmon, perch, catfish

Bone Lungs or swim bladder Scales Jaws

Lobe-finned Fish 7 species still exist Lungfish exchange gases through lungs

and gills Ancestors of amphibians

Ray-finned fish Fins supported by bony elements called

rays Eels, perch, trout, guppies, bass

Reduce Friction Detects

vibrations-Senses

Skull, spinal column, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle and ribs

Digestive & Excretion System Carnivores Mouth Esophagus Stomach

Intestine Anus Liver Gallbladder Pancreas

Excretion Kidneys Urine Urinary bladder

Circulatory System Heart, blood vessels, blood Heart arteries gills tissues veins

heart

Respiratory System Gills

Gill Arch Gill filaments

Nervous Brain Spinal Cord Nerves Lateral Line

Reproduction Male and female fish External fertilization Mortality of eggs & young fish are high

Lay many eggs Spawning

Build nests Migrate to warm water

Swim bladder Swim bladder

Thin-walled sac that contains oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

Adjust the density of fish Move up and down in water

Classification Phylum: Chordata Order: Perciformes Family: Percidae

Amphibians

Adaptation to Land Evolved from lobe-

finned fish Water dried up and

adapted Escape predation

and competition Amphibians =

“Double” and “life”

Characteristics of Early AmphibiansShared Traits Skull Vertebral column Bones in the fin

Structure & position

Other Traits Sense Organs

Scent & sound Large tail Large teeth Gills 7 toes

Characteristics Most change from water to land Moist, thin skin with no scales Webbed feet Gills, lungs or skin in respiration Eggs laid in water that lack shells

Modern Amphibians Anura

Frogs and Toads

Urodela Salamandars

Apoda Legless amphibians Caecilians

External Structure Skin

Respiration & protection Potential dehydration

Mucous glands Mucus Foul-tasting or poisonous substances

Internal Structures

Radio-ulna

TibiofibulaFused Bones - Absorb the forces

Urostyle

Digestive System Larva – Herbivores

Algae & bacteria

Adults Carnivores Insects and small arthropods Mice, snakes, fish

Digestive System Mouth esophagus stomach

small/large intestine cloaca vent

Liver Gallbladder Pancreas

Excretory System Kidneys Urine Urinary Ducts Cloaca

Urinary bladder

Respiration Larval amphibians

Exchange CO2 and O2 through gills and skin

Adult Lungs and skin Pressure differences force air

in and out of lungs

Circulatory System 2 Loop system

Deoxygenated blood heart lungs oxygenated blood heart muscles heart

Arteries & veins Eliminates mixing of

de/oxygenated blood

Nervous System Brain

Olfactory Lobes - Smell Cerebrum – Responsible for learning Optic Lobes – Sight Cerebellum – Muscular coordination Medulla Oblongata – Joins brain and spinal

cord Spinal cord

Sense Organs Lateral Line

In Larva

Eyes covered by nictitating membrane

Ears Tympanic membrane

Reproductive System Male and Female Courtship

Mating calls Direct External

Fertilization Female lays eggs and

male discharges sperm over them

Parental care

Metamorphosis