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EcclesiologyEcclesiology usually refers to thetheological studyof theChristian Church. However, when the word was coined in England in the late

1830s, it was defined as the science of the building and decoration ofchurch buildingsand it is still, though rarely, used in this sense.

In its theological sense, ecclesiology deals with thechurch's origin, its relationship toJesus, its role insalvation, itspolity, itsdiscipline,

itsdestiny, and itsleadership. Since different ecclesiologies give shape to very different institutions, the word may also refer to a

particular church ordenominationscharacter, self-described or otherwise hence phrases such asRoman Catholic

ecclesiology, Lutheran ecclesiology, and ecumenical ecclesiology.

Etymology

The roots of the word ecclesiologycome from theGreek, ekklsi (Latinecclesia) meaning "congregation,church";[notes

1]and -,-logia, meaning "words", "knowledge", or "logic", a combining term used in the names of sciences or bodies of knowledge.

Its first appearance in print, as ecclesialogy, was in the quarterly journalThe British Criticin 1837, in an article written by an anonymous

contributor[3]

who defined it thus:

We mean, then, by Ecclesialogy, a science which may treat of the proper construction and operations of the Church, or Communion, or

Society of Christians; and which may regard men as they are members of that society, whether members of the Christian Church in the

widest acceptation of the term, or members of some branch or communion of that Church, located in some separate kingdom, and

governed according to its internal forms of constitution and discipline.[4]

However in volume 4 of theCambridge Camden Society's journal The Ecclesiologist, published in January 1845 that society (the CCS)

claimed that they had invented the word ecclesiology:[3]

...as a general organ of Ecclesiology; that peculiar branch of science to which it seems scarcely too much to say, that this very

magazine gave first its being and its name.[5]

The Ecclesiologistwas first published in October 1841 and dealt with the study of the building and decoration of churches. It particularly

encouraged the restoration of Anglican churches back to their supposed Gothic splendour and it was at the centre of the wave

ofVictorian restorationthat spread across England and Wales in the second half of the 19th century. Its successor Ecclesiology

Todayis still, as of 2011, being published by The Ecclesiological Society (successor to the CCS, now aregistered charity).[6]

The situation regarding the etymology has been summed up byAlister McGrath: "'Ecclesiology' is a term that has changed its meaning

in recent theology. Formerly the science of the building and decoration of churches, promoted by the Cambridge Camden Society, the

Ecclesiological Society and the journal The Ecclesiologist, ecclesiology now stands for the study of the nature of the Christian

church."[7]

Issues addressed by ecclesiology

Who is the Church? Is it a visible or earthlycorporationor a unified, visible societya "church" in the sense of a specific

denomination or institution, for instance? Or is it the body of all believingChristians(seeinvisible church) regardless of

theirdenominationaldifferences and disunity? What is the relationship between living Christians and departedChristians (the

"cloud of witnesses") -- do they (those on Earth and those in Heaven) constitute together the Church?

What is the relationship between a believer and the Church? That is, what is the role of corporateworshipin the spiritual lives

of believers? Is it in fact necessary? Can salvation be found outside of formal membership in a given faith community, and what

constitutes "membership?" (Baptism? Formal acceptance of acreed? Regular participation?)

What is theauthorityof the Church? Who gets to interpret the doctrines of the Church? Is the organizational structure itself,either in a single corporate body, or generally within the range of formal church structures, an independent vehicle ofrevelationor

ofGod'sgrace? Or is the Church's authority instead dependent on and derivative of a separate and prior divine revelation external

to the organization, with individual institutions being "the Church" only to the extent that they teach this message? For example, is

theBiblea written part of a wider revelation entrusted to the Church as faith community, and therefore to be interpreted within that

context? Or is the Bible the revelation itself, and the Church is to be defined as a group of people who claim adherence to it?

What does the Church do? What are thesacraments, divine ordinances, andliturgies, in the context of the Church, and are they

part of the Church's mission to preach theGospel? What is the comparative emphasis and relationship

betweenworshipservice,spiritual formation, andmission, and is the Church's role to createdisciplesofChristor some other

function? Is the Eucharist the defining element of the rest of the sacramental system and the Church itself, or is it secondary to the

act of preaching? Is the Church to be understood as the vehicle for salvation, or the salvific presence in the world, or as a

community of those already "saved?"

How should the Church be governed? What was the mission and authority of the Apostles, and is this handed down through the

sacraments today? What are the proper methods of choosingclergysuch asbishopsandpriests, and what is their role within the

context of the Church? Is anordainedclergy necessary? Who are the leaders of a church? Must there be a policy-making board of

"leaders" within a church and what are the qualifications for this position, and by what process do these members becomeofficial,

ordained"leaders"? Must leaders and clergy be "ordained," and is this possibleonly by those who have been ordained by others?

What are the roles of'spiritual gifts' in the life of the church?

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ikipedia.org/wiki/Creedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_gracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_gracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(Christian)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(Christian)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(Christian)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_gifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_gifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_gifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_gifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_successionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(Christian)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_formationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_gracehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_of_witnesseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_denominationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alister_McGrathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_charityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_restorationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology#cite_note-TCM48-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Camden_Societyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology#cite_note-TCM48-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Critichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-logyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiology#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(disambiguation)http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congregationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_denominationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_disciplinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology

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How does the Church'sNew Covenantrelate to thecovenantsexpressed inscripturewith God'schosen people, the Jewish

people?

What is the ultimate destiny of the Church inChristian eschatology?

Roman Catholic ecclesiology

Roman Catholic ecclesiology today has a plurality of models and views, as with all Roman Catholic Theology since the acceptance of

scholarly Biblical criticism that began in the early to mid 20th century. This shift is most clearly marked by the encyclicalDivino Afflante

Spirituin 1943.Avery Robert Cardinal Dulles, S.J. contributed greatly to the use of models in understanding ecclesiology. In his work

Models of the Church, he defines five basic models of Church that have been prevalent throughout the history of the Catholic Church.

These include models of the Church as institution, as mystical communion, as sacrament, as herald, and as servant.[8]

The ecclesiological model of Church as an Institution holds that the Catholic Churchalone is the "one, holy, catholic and apostolic

Church", and is the only Church of divine and apostolic origin. This view of the Church is dogmatically defined Catholic doctrine, and is

thereforede fide. In this view, theCatholic Church composed of all baptized, professing Catholics, both clergy and laity is the

unified, visible society founded byChristhimself, and its hierarchy derives its spiritual authority through the centuries, via apostolic

successionof its bishops, most especially through thebishop of Rome(the Pope) whose successorship comes fromSt. Peter the

Apostle, whom Christ gave "the keys to the Kingdom of Heaven". Thus, the Popes, in the Catholic view, have a God-ordained universal

jurisdiction over the whole Church on earth. The Catholic Church is considered Christ's mystical body, and the universal sacrament of

salvation, whereby Christ enables men to receive sanctifying grace.

The model of Church as Mystical Communion draws on two major Biblical images, the first of the "Mystical Body of Christ" (as

developed in Paul's Epistles) and the second of the "People of God." This ecclesiological model draws upon sociology and articulations

of two types of social relationships: a formally organized or structured society (Gesellschaft) and an informal or interpersonal community

(Gemeinschaft). The Roman Catholic theologian Arnold Rademacher maintained that the Church in its inner core is community

(Gemeinschaft) and in its outer core society (Gesellschaft). Here, the interpersonal aspect of the Church is given primacy and that the

structured Church is the result of a real community of believers. Similarly,Yves Congarargued that the ultimate reality of the Church is

a fellowship of persons. This ecclesiology opens itself to ecumenism and was the prevailing model used by the Second Vatican

Council(itself considered by Roman Catholics an ecumenical council). The Council, using this model, recognized in its

documentLumen Gentiumthat the Body of Christsubsists ina visible society governed by theSuccessor of Peterand by the Bishops in

communion with him, although many elements of sanctification and of truth are found outside of its visible structure.

Eastern Orthodox ecclesiology

From the Orthodox perspective, the Church is one, even though She is manifested in many places. Orthodox ecclesiology operates

with a plurality in unity and a unity in plurality. For Orthodoxy there is no either / or between the one and the many. No attempt is

made, or should be made, to subordinate the many to the one (the Roman Catholic model), nor the one to the many (the Protestant

model). It is both canonically and theologically correct to speak of the Church and the churches, and vice versa.

Protestant ecclesiology

Main article:Protestant ecclesiology

Magisterial Reformation ecclesiology

Martin Lutherargued that because the Catholic Church had "lost sight of the doctrine of grace", it had "lost its claim to be considered as

the authentic Christian church." ; this argument was open to the counter-criticism from Catholics that he was thus guilty ofschismand

the heresy ofDonatism, and in both cases therefore opposing central teachings of the early Church and most especially the Church

fatherSt. Augustine of Hippo.[9]

It also challenged the Catholic doctrine that the Catholic Church was indefectibleandinfalliblein its

dogmatic teachings.

Radical Reformation ecclesiology

There is no single "Radical Reformation Ecclesiology". A variety of views is expressed among the various "Radical Reformation"

participants.

A key "Radical Reformer" wasMenno Simons, known as an "Anabaptist". He wrote:

They verily are not the true congregation of Christ who merely boast of his name. But they are the true congregation of Christ

who are truly converted, who are born from above of God, who are of a regenerate mind by the operation of the Holy Spirit

through the hearing of the divine Word, and have become the children of God, have entered into obedience to him, and live

unblamably in his holy commandments, and according to his holy will with all their days, or from the moment of their call.[10]

This was in direct contrast to the hierarchical,sacramentalecclesiology that characterised the incumbentRoman Catholictradition

as well as the newLutheranand other prominentProtestantmovements of theReformation.

Some other Radical Reformation ecclesiology holds that "the true church [is] in heaven, and no institution of any kind on earth

merit[s] the name 'church of God.'"[9]

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