Contents

Tables xi

Notation xiii

Foreword xix

Chapter 1: Introduction 11.1 Aims of the Manual 11.2 The Eurocode system 1

1.2.1 The rationale behind the Eurocode system 11.2.2 Role of EC0 31.2.3 Assumptions made in EC0 31.2.4 Using Eurocodes at a National level 3

1.3 Scope of the Manual 51.4 General principles 81.5 Notation and terminology 9

Chapter 2: Basis of Structural Design 102.1 Scope 102.2 Common terms and definitions used in EC0 and EC2 to EC9 102.3 Special terms relating to design in general 112.4 Terms relating to actions 132.5 Terms relating to material and product properties and geometrical data 162.6 Requirements 16

2.6.1 Basic requirements 162.6.2 Reliability management 182.6.3 Design working life 182.6.4 Durability 182.6.5 Quality management 19

2.7 Principles of limit states design 192.7.1 Limit state principles and design situations 192.7.2 Ultimate limit states 192.7.3 Serviceability limit states 20

2.8 Actions 212.8.1 General and characteristic values of actions 212.8.2 Characteristic value of a permanent action (Gk) 212.8.3 Values of variable actions (Qk) 212.8.4 Accidental actions (Ad) 222.8.5 Geotechnical actions 22

2.9 Verification by the partial factor method 22

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2.10 Ultimate limit states 222.10.1 General 222.10.2 Verification of static equilibrium and resistance 262.10.3 Combination of actions 262.10.4 Partial factors for actions and combinations of actions 40

2.11 Serviceability limit states 402.11.1 General 402.11.2 Verification 412.11.3 Combination of actions 412.11.4 Vertical and horizontal deformations 432.11.5 Vibrations 43

Chapter 3: Densities, self-weight and imposed loads in buildings 453.1 Scope 453.2 Terms and definitions 453.3 Classification of actions 46

3.3.1 General 463.3.2 Self-weight 463.3.3 Imposed loads 46

3.4 Design situations 473.4.1 General 473.4.2 Permanent loads 473.4.3 Imposed loads 48

3.5 Specific weights of construction and stored materials 483.6 Self-weight of construction works 49

3.6.1 Representation of actions 493.6.2 Characteristic values of self-weight 50

3.7 Imposed loads on buildings 503.7.1 Representation of actions 503.7.2 Load arrangements 503.7.3 Characteristic values of imposed loads – residential, social, commercial and

administration areas 523.7.4 Characteristic values of imposed loads – areas for storage and industrial

activities 573.7.5 Characteristic values of imposed loads – garages and vehicle traffic areas

(excluding bridges) 623.7.6 Characteristic values of imposed loads – roofs 633.7.7 Characteristic values of imposed loads – horizontal loads on parapets and

partition walls acting as barriers 653.8 Vehicle barriers and parapets for car parks 65

3.8.1 General 653.8.2 Determination of horizontal characteristic force 653.8.3 Heights where forces are considered to act 67

Chapter 4: Actions on structures exposed to fire 684.1 Scope 684.2 Terms and definitions 684.3 Structural fire design procedure 70

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4.3.1 Introduction 704.3.2 Design fire scenario(s) 754.3.3 Design fire 754.3.4 Temperature analysis 754.3.5 Mechanical analysis 76

4.4 Thermal actions for temperature analysis 774.4.1 Introduction 774.4.2 Nominal temperature-time curves 774.4.3 Natural fire models 78

4.5 Mechanical actions for structural analysis 794.5.1 General 794.5.2 Actions from normal temperature design 794.5.3 Additional actions 804.5.4 Combination rules for actions 80

Chapter 5: Snow loads 825.1 Scope 825.2 Terms and definitions 825.3 Classification of actions 83

5.3.1 General 835.3.2 Snow loads 83

5.4 Design situations 845.5 Snow load on the ground 84

5.5.1 Characteristic values 845.5.2 Other representative values for snow load 85

5.6 Snow load on roofs 875.6.1 Nature of the load 875.6.2 Load arrangements 875.6.3 Snow load on the roof 875.6.4 Snow load shape coefficients 88

5.7 Local effects 955.7.1 General 955.7.2 Roofs where drifting occurs at projections, obstructions and parapets 955.7.3 Snow overhanging the edge of a roof 985.7.4 Snow loads on snow-guards and other obstacles 99

5.8 Bulk weight density of snow 99

Chapter 6: Wind actions 1006.1 Introduction 1006.2 General 100

6.2.1 Scope 1006.2.2 Design assisted by testing and measurement 1006.2.3 Definitions 101

6.3 Design situations 1016.4 Wind velocity and peak velocity pressure 102

6.4.1 General 1026.4.2 Basic wind velocity 1046.4.3 Terrain roughness 107

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6.4.4 Closely spaced buildings and obstacles 1076.4.5 Simplified procedure for peak velocity pressure 1086.4.6 Large and considerably higher neighbouring structures 111

6.5 Wind pressures and forces 1136.5.1 General 1136.5.2 Wind pressures on a surface 1136.5.3 Wind forces 114

6.6 Structural factor c sc d 1156.6.1 General 1156.6.2 Determination of cs cd 115

6.7 Pressure and force coefficients 1186.7.1 General 1186.7.2 Pressure coefficients for buildings 1206.7.3 Canopy roofs 1366.7.4 Free-standing walls, parapets and fences 1426.7.5 Friction coefficients 144

Chapter 7: Thermal actions 1457.1 General 145

7.1.1 Scope 1457.1.2 Introductory advice for using this Chapter for the design of buildings 1457.1.3 Terms and definitions 147

7.2 Classification of actions 1487.2.1. General 1487.2.2 Thermal actions 148

7.3 Design situations 1487.4 Representation of actions 1497.5 Temperature changes in buildings 150

7.5.1 General 1507.5.2 Determination of temperatures 1517.5.3 Determination of temperature profiles 152

Chapter 8: Actions during execution 1588.1 General 158

8.1.1 Scope 1588.1.2 Introductory advice for using this Chapter for the design of buildings 1598.1.3 Terms and definitions 159

8.2 Classification of actions 1598.2.1 General 1598.2.2 Actions during execution 1608.2.3 Actions (other than construction loads) during execution stages 1608.2.4 Construction loads 160

8.3 Design situations and limit states 1638.3.1 General – identification of design situations 1638.3.2 Ultimate limit states 1658.3.3 Serviceability limit states 166

8.4 Representation of actions 1678.4.1 General 167

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8.4.2 Actions on structural and non-structural members during handling 1688.4.3 Geotechnical actions 1688.4.4 Actions due to prestressing 1688.4.5 Predeformations 1698.4.6 Temperature, shrinkage and hydration effects 1698.4.7 Wind actions 1698.4.8 Snow loads 1708.4.9 Actions caused by water 1708.4.10 Construction loads 1708.4.11 Accidental actions 1738.4.12 Horizontal actions 174

Chapter 9: Accidental actions 1759.1 General 175

9.1.1 Scope 1759.1.2 Introductory advice for using this Chapter for the design of buildings 1759.1.3 Terms and definitions 175

9.2 Classification of actions 1779.2.1 General 1779.2.2 Accidental actions 177

9.3 Design situations 1789.3.1 General 1789.3.2 Accidental design situations – strategies for identified accidental actions 1799.3.3 Accidental design situations – strategies for limiting the extent of localised

failure 1809.3.4 Accidental design situations – use of consequence classes 181

9.4 Impact 1829.4.1 Field of application 1829.4.2 Representation of actions 1829.4.3 Accidental actions caused by road vehicles 1839.4.4 Accidental actions caused by forklift trucks 1859.4.5 Accidental actions caused by derailed rail traffic under or adjacent to building

structures 1859.4.6 Accidental actions caused by helicopters 187

9.5 Internal explosions in buildings 1889.5.1 Field of application 1889.5.2 Representation of action 1889.5.3 Principles for design 188

9.6 Design for consequences of localised failure in buildings from an unspecified cause 1899.6.1 Scope 1899.6.2 Introduction 1899.6.3 Consequence classes of buildings 1899.6.4 Horizontal ties 1919.6.5 Vertical ties 1949.6.6 Nominal section of load-bearing wall 1959.6.7 Key elements 195

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References 196

Appendix A: Design data 199

Appendix B: Supplementary advice on the characteristic value of a permanent action (Gk) and values of variable actions (Qk) 200B.1 Supplementary advice on Section 2.8.2

(Characteristic value of a permanent action – Gk) 200B.2 Supplementary advice on Section 2.8.3

(Values of variable actions –Qk) 201

Appendix C: Combination of actions by means of expressions 6.10, 6.10a and 6.10b in EC0 203

Appendix D: Serviceability limit state verifications: Vertical and horizontal deformations 208D.1 General 208D.2 Vertical deflections 208D.3 Horizontal deflections 210

Appendix E: Detailed information and worked examples for fire actions 212E.1 Parametric fire exposure 212E.2 External atmosphere temperatures 218E.3 Equivalent time of fire exposure 218

Appendix F: Detailed procedure for wind peak velocity pressure 223F.1 Introduction 223F.2 Mean wind velocity 224F.3 Roughness factor 224F.4 Wind turbulence 227F.5 Peak velocity pressure 227

Appendix G: Numerical calculation of orography factor 230

Appendix H: Photographs of terrain types as defined in EC1 Part 1-4 236

Appendix I: Amended tables of external pressure coefficients for roofs 240I.1 Status of tables in Appendix I 240

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