ec competition and telecommunications law - gbv

EC Competition andTelecommunications Law

Edited by

Christian KoenigAndreas Bartosch

and

Jens-Daniel Braun

KLUWER LAW INTERNATIONALTHE HAGUE / LONDON / NEW YORK

Table of Contents

Preface......................................................................................................xxiii

Abbreviations............................................................................................ xxv

1. The International Regulatory Framework of EC Telecommuni-cations Law: The Law of the WTO and the ITU as a Yardstickfor EC Law / Christian Koenig and Jens-Daniel Braun...... .. . 1

A. General Remarks 1B. Gatt and the WTO 1C. The General Agreement onTrade in Services (GATS) 6

I. Overview 6II. The Basic GATS Principles 7HI. The GATS Annex on Telecommunications 11

D. The WTO Basic Agreement on Telecommunications Services (BATS) -The So-called "Fourth Protocol" 13I. The Legal Nature and the Main Provisions of the "Fourth Protocol" 13II. The Reference Paper 15

E. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 19I. Historical Overview 19II. Structure of the ITU 20DI. Membership 23IV ITU Law 24V. Future Prospects of the ITU 29

F. The Impact of International Telecommunications Law on EC Law 30G. Dualism of WTO and ITU -The Accounting Rate System 36H. Current Developments and Future Prospects 44Selected Bibliography 48

Table of Contents

2. The Emergence of EC Telecommunications Law as a New Self-Standing Field Within Community Law / Jens-Daniel Braunand Ralf Capito 51

A. Introduction 51

B. The Regulatory Framework of the 1987 Green Paper 521. Liberalisation 532. Harmonisation 57

C. The 2002 Legislatory Framework 59D. General Competition Rules and Sector-specific Regulation 64

3. The Liberalisation of European Telecommunications andBroadcasting Markets - The Road from Monopolies toCompetition and Universal Service / Andreas Bartosch. ............... 71

A. General Remarks 71I. The Relationship Between Privatisation and Article 86 of the Treaty 73II. The concept of regulatory independence 75

1. The Identity of the Concept of Independence Under Primary andSecondary Law 76

2. The Permissibility of a Limited Regulatory Role? 77B. A Sector-specific Commentary on Article 86 of the Treaty 79

I. Article 86(1) of the Treaty 791. General Guidelines for Interpreting Article 86(1) EC 792. Public Undertakings 82

2.1. The Power to Exercise a Dominant Influence 842.2. The Special Case of Public Broadcasting Stations 84

3. The Concept of Exclusive or Special Rights 853.1. The Different Concepts of Exclusive and Special Rights 853.2. The Commission's Practice Relating to Special Rights 863.3. A Critical Analysis of the Commission's Practice 883.4. An Attempt to Define the Concept of Special Rights 90

4. Infringements of Article 86(1) of the Treaty in theTelecommunications Markets 934.1. The Different Approaches 934.2. The General (Im)Permissibility of Monopolies? 94a) The Broadcasting Markets 95b) The Telecommunications Markets 96

II. Article 86(2) of the Treaty 971. Article 86(2) of the Treaty and Universal Service Obligations -

A Systematic Overview 97

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Table of Contents

2. The Regulatory Concept for Universal Service Obligations 1012.1. The Old Regulatory Framework 1012.2. The New Regulatory Framework 102

3. Undertakings Entrusted with the Operation of Services ofGeneral Economic Interest 1033.1. The Relationship between Article 86(1) EC and

Article 86(2) EC 1043.2. The Entrustment with Services of General Economic Interest 106a) The Telecommunications Markets 107b) The Broadcasting Markets 109

4. The Obstruction of the Particular Public Remit Task 1145. Article 86(2) Sentence 2 EC 116

ffl. Article 86(3) of the Treaty 118Table ofCases 120Table of Legislation 122Selected Bibliography 123

4. Essential Facilities: The Access to TelecommunicationsInfrastructures and Intellectual Property Rights underArticle 82 EC /Andreas Bartosch 129

A. General Remarks on the Application of the "Essential Facilities" Theoryin EC Competition Law 129

B. The Access to Telecommunications Infrastrucrure 135I. General Guidelines for the Interpretation of the Commission's

"Essential Facilities Rule" in the Telecommunications Markets 135n. The Explanations of the Commission's 1998 Access Notice in the

Light of the Application of Article 82 EC 1381. The Dominance Test 140

1.1. Market Definition 1411.2. The "Essential" Character of the Telecommunications

Infrastructure? 1412.TheAbuse 143

2.1. Is the Facility Indispensable to Carrying on the RequestingParty's Business? 144

2.2. The Elimination of All Competition 1452.3. Objective Justification 148

m. The Relationship Between the "Essential Facilities" Theory and OtherFormsof Abuse 150

C. The Access to Intellectual Property Rights 151

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I. The Access to Intellectual Property Rights in Cases Involving Both aPrimary and a Secondary Market 152

II. A Specific Issue: Can Article 82 EC be an Instrumentto Open Up Competition on the Primary Market? 156

Table of Cases 157Table of Legislation 158Selected Bibliography 159

5. State Aid / Andreas Bartosch 163A. General Remarks 163B. The History of State Aid Surveillance in the Broadcasting Sector 163

I. The Chronology of Complaints 164II. The Involvement of the Court of First Instance 164

C. A Sector-specific Commentary of the Prohibition on State Aid 166I. The Favouring of Certain Undertakings 168

1. The Court's Jurisdiction in the Waste-Oil Case 1692. The Recent Commission Practice 170

2.1. The Commission's Decisions in Phoenix!KinderkanalmdBBCNews24 170

2.2. Comments on this Commission Practice 1723. The Recent Line of Reasoning Followed by the Court of

First Instance 1744. The Court's Judgement in FerringlACOSS: A Return to the

Waste-Oil Case 1765. The Special Issue of Former Monopolists' Relationship with their

Subsidiaries 178n. Aid Granted by a Member State or Through State Resources 181

1. The Development of the Court's Case Law 1821.1. The Wording of Article 87(1) EC 1821.2. The Early Line of Judgements 1821.3. The Temporary Change in the Jurisdiction of the

Court of Justice 1831.4. The Recent Line of Judgements 1851.5. A Special Case: the Preussen Elektra Judgement of

13 March 2001 1872. Do Broadcasting License Fees Qualify as State aid? 1893. The Special Case of Cross-Subsidies 193

in. The Distortion of Competition 1941. The Market-related Approach 1942. The Relevant Markets 196

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Table of Contents

2.1. The General TV Viewers' Market 1962.2. TheTV Advertising Market 1982.3. The Market for the Acquisition for Programme Rights 198

IV. The Effect on Trade Between Member States 200D. The Special Role of Article 87(3) lit. dEC 201

I. The Relationship Between Articles 86(2) and 87(3) lit. d EC 201II. The Application of Article 87(3) lit. d EC to Public Broadcasting

Financing 2021. The Concept ofCulture 2022. Cultural State Aid Measures Running Contrary to the

Common Interest 203E. Procedural Aspects 204

I. Stage l:ThePre-notificationperiod 2071. Possible Community Action 2092. Possible Actions by National Courts 209

H. Stage 2: The Preliminary Examination Period 211DI. Stage 3: The Formal Investigation Procedure 213IV. The Special Issue of "Failure to Act" 214

1. The Commission's "Failure to Act" 2142. The Member State's "Failure to Act" 215


6. The Application of Both the EC Merger Control Regulation andRegulation No. 17 in the Markets for Audiovisual Media,Telecommunications, and Internet-Related Services /Andreas Bartosch................................................................................ 225

A. General Remarks 225B. The Definition of the Relevant Markets 226

I. Audiovisual Media 226l.Free-TV 227

1.1. Is There a Distinct Viewer Market? 2271.2. The TV Advertising Market 2291.3. The Market for TV Productions 230

2.Pay-TV 2322.1. The Markets for Wholesale Supply and for Retail

Distribution of Pay-TV Services 2332.2. The Market for Digital Interactive Television Services 2352.3. Technical and Administrative Services for Digital Television 237

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2.4. The Market for the Acquisition of Broadcasting RightsforPay-TV 240

n. Telecommunications 2421. The Markets for the Provision of Telecommunications Services 243

1.1. Fixed Network Telephony Services 243a) The Market for Voice Telephony Services 244b) Further Telecommunications Services 2501.2. Mobile Telephony Services 252a) Mobile telecommunications Services 252b) The Market for the Provision of Seamless Pan-European

Mobile Telecommunications Services to InternationallyMobile Customers 255

2. The Markets for the Provision of Telecommunications Infrastructures.. 2552.1. The Provision of Cable Network Access 2572.2. The Markets for Internet Access Services and Internet

Connectivity 2593. The Markets for Telecommunications Equipment 262

m . Internet-Related Services 2631. The Market for Advertising over the Internet 2632. The Market for the Provision of Paid-for-Content on the Internet 263

C. Competitive Assessment 265I. The Application of the Dominance Test 267

1. The Likelihood of Potential Competition 2691.1. Barriersto Market Entry 2691.2. The Foreclosure of Potential Competition by Virtue of

Vertical Integration 2722. Bundling and Portfolio Effects 2743. The Leverage of Dominant Market Power - The Relationship

Between the Dominance Test and Article 14(3) of the FrameworkDirective 276

H. The Application of Articles 81 and82EC 2811. The Application of Article 81 EC 284

1.1. The Restriction of Competition by Virtue of the Creationof the Joint Venture Itself 284

1.2. Further Restrictions of Competition 286a) The Joint Acquisition and Sharing of Broadcasting Rights 286b) The Joint Marketing of Broadcasting Rights 289c) Exclusivity Arrangements 293d) The Partitioning of the Common Market 295

2. The Application of Article 82 EC 2962.1. Cross-subsidisation 297

Table of Contents

2.2. Price Squeeze 300Table of Cases 302Table of Legislation 303Selected Bibliography 303

7. The Framework Directive / Jens-Daniel Braun and Ralf Capito 309

A. General Remarks 309B. Significant Market Power and the Concept of Effective Competition

under the New Regulatory Framework 312I. The Significant Market Power (SMP) Concept 312n. Collective Dominance 315m. The Concept of Effective Competition 319

1. A "New-Old" Concept 3192. The Concept of Effective Competition in Community Law 3233. The Concept in the Framework Directive—A Distinct Concept

of Effective Competition? 3264. Effective Competition and Significant Market Power - Two Related

Concepts 327a. Effective Competition - The Negative Definition 328b. Effective Competition and SMP-Two Sides of the Same Coin 329

5. Principles of General Competition Law 3316. The Effective Competition Analysis 334

C. The Consultation and Transparency Mechanism 335D. Right of Appeal Against Decisions of

National Regulatory Authorities 337E. The Concept of Interdependent Markets 339F. Market Analysis and the Draft Guidelines 345G. Rights of Way 354

8. Framework for Network Access and Interconnection /Christian Koenig and Sascha Loetz...... ..... .... . 359

A. Special Network Access and Interconnection 359I. Scope 359n.Terms 360

1. Interconnection 3602. Special Network Access 3613. Leased Lines 3624. Unbundled Access to the Local Loop 363

B. Economic Background: Transformation of State Monopolies 363

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Table of Contents

I. From Monopoly Regulation to Regulated Competition 364n . The Basic Dualism: Harmonisation and Liberalisation 367

1. Liberalisation of Terminal Equipment Markets 3672. Liberalisation and Harmonisation 367

C. Harmonisation: The O.N.P. Framework 369I. Technical Harmonisation 370n . Institutional Aspects of theO.N.P. Framework 372

1. National Regulatory Authorities 3722. O.N.P. Committee 373

m . Harmonisation of O.N.P. Conditions 3741. Essential Requirements 3742. Harmonised Tariffing Principles 3763. The Concept of Significant Market Power 377

D. Sector-specific O.N.P. Directives 383I. Recommendations for PSDS and ISDN 383n . Leased Lines Directive (92/44/EEC) 384

1. Harmonisation of Access and Usage Conditions 3852. Availability of a Minimum Set of Leased Lines 3853. Tariffing Principles for Leased Lines 386

ffl. Voice Telephony (Directives 95/51/EC and 98/10/EC) 3871. The Voice Telephony Directive of 1995 (Directive 95/51/EC) 3872. The Revised Voice Telephony Directive of 1998

(Directive 98/10/EC) 3873. Scope 3874. Access right 388

IV. Interconnection 3901. Scope 3902. Framework for Interconnection 3923. Obligations for Interconnection 3934. Additional Obligations for Organisations with Significant

Market Power 3935. Network Access 3946. Non-discrimination 3957. Publication of Terms and Prices 3958. Cost Orientation 3969. Requirements Pertaining to Cost Accounting 39710. Amendments by Directive 98/61/EC: Number Portability

and Carrier Pre-selection 39911. The Role of the National Regulatory Authorities under the

Interconnection Directive 39912. Summarising Overview on the Interconnection Directive 401

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13. Essential Requirements for Interconnection Agreements 402E. Liberalisation Measures: The Services Directive 403

I. Scope of the Directive 404n. Special and Exclusive Rights 406HI. Essential Requirements 409IV. Evolution of the Services Directive 410V. Satellite Communication (94/46/EEC) 410VI. Cable Television Networks (95/51/EC, 99/64/EC) 411

1. Scope 4112. Abolition of Restrictions 4123. Provisions for Accounting Separation 413

Vn. Mobile Communications (96/2/EC) 4131. Scope 4132. Provisions for Interconnection 414

Vm. Füll Competition Directive (96/19/EC) 4151. Füll Liberalisation of Telecommunications Services and

Infrastructure 4152. Rules for Interconnection 417

F. Local Loop Unbundling 4181. Scope 4182. Obligations for Operators with Significant Market Power 420

G. Summarising Overview of Network Access 422H. The New Directive on Access to, and Interconnection of, Electronic

Communications Networks and Associated Facilities 423I. Structure of the Access Directive 424n. Scope and Aim 424DI. General Provisions 428IV. Obligations on Operators 430

1. Access Obligation as the Focal Point 4322. Further Obligations 4353. Provisions for Digital Television Broadcasting 436

IV. Procedural Provisions 437I. The Revised Services Directive 438Selected Bibliography 439

9. Authorisations / Christian Koenig, Andreas Neumann andAlexander Koch 441

A. General Remarks 441I. Public Interest Purposes 441H. Private Interest Purposes 442

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Table of Contents

B. Current Legal Regime 443I. Terminology 446n. Guiding Principles 446HI. General Authorisations 450IV. Individual Licences 451

1. Types of Individual Licences 4512. Limitations 454

V. Fees and Charges 455l.Feesto Cover the Administrative Costs 4552. Charges for the Access to Scarce Resources 456

VI. Harmonisation Mechanisms for Community-wide Services 461C. The Upcoming Authorisation Directive 461

I. General Authorisation 463n. Limitation of Conditions and Simpüfication 464HI. Administrative Charges and Fees 465IV. Existing Authorisations 470V. CEPT/One-Stop-Shopping 471

Selected Bibliography 471

10. Data Protection and Privacy / Ernst Röder-Messell andChristian Koenig.................................................................................. 473

A. General Remarks 473

B. Privacy as a Fundamental Human Right in the EU 476I. Privacy in the ECHR 477H. Electronic Communications Data Protection Directive 2002/58/EC 479

1. Scope of Application 480a) Objective Scope of Application 480b) Subjective Scope of Application 482

2. Protection of Personal Data 4853. Security of Information Transmitted over Public Electronic

Communications Networks 4854. Confidentiality of Communications 4865. Limitations in Scope and Time to Processing of Traffic and

Billing Data by Service Providers 4876. Privacy Options Regarding the Transmission of Calling and

Connected Line Identification 4907. Tracing of Malicious and Nuisance Calls 4918. Location Data 4929. Privacy Concerns Regarding Automatically Forwarded Calls 493

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Table of Contents

10. Right of Subscribers not to Appear in Public Directories (Opt-out ofDirectories, Opt-in on Further Data) 493

11. Protection of Privacy with Regard to Unsolicited Calls Communicationsand Cookies 495

12. Exceptions Permitted 49713. Extension of the Scope of Application of Certain Provisions

of the Data Protection Directive 497HI. General Directive on Data Protection 499

1. Interaction with the Electronic Communications Data ProtectionDirective 499

2. Scope of Application 5003. Principles 5014. Data Quality 5015. Criteria for Legitimate Data Processing 5026. Information to be Given to the Data Subject and the Data

Subject's Right of Access to Data 5037. Exemptions and Restrictions 5038. Data Protection Official 5059. Institutional Framework 505

IV. Transfer of Data to Third Countries 5061. The Rules on Data Transfer of the Data Protection Directive 506

a) Transfer Only to Third Countries with Adequate Standards 506b) Exceptions 507

2. Conflict with the U.S 508V. Overview 509

11. The European Regulatory Framework for the Administrationof Scarce and Finite Resources / Christian Koenig andAndreas Neumann............................................................................... 511

A. General Remarks 511B. Technological Background 512

I. Radio Spectrum andFrequency Management 5121. Radio Spectrum 512

a) Definitions and Physical Background 512b) Radio Communications Technology 516

2. Frequency Management 519a)Allocation 520b)Allotment 521c) Assignment 521

n. Addresses, Numbers, and Names 521

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Table of Contents

1. Definitions 5222. Numbering Issues in Telephone Networks 5233. Internet Addresses andNames 527

C. The Regulatory Options for the Assignment of Scarce and Finite Resources... 531I. Overview 531n. The Methods for the Assignment of Radio Frequencies 531

1. Auctions 5322. Administrative Process 5383. Lottery 5414. "First Come, First Serve" 5435. Conclusions 544

HI. The Possibility to Seil Radio Frequencies on a Secondary Market 544IV. Temporary or Permanent Assignment of Radio Frequencies 546

D. The European Community and the Administration of Scarce and FiniteResources 547I. Frequency Management at a European level 547

1. The Designation of Frequency Bands via Legislative Acts of theEuropean Community 547

2. The Pan-European Harmonisation of Frequency Bands 5503. Decision 710/97/EC and Decision 128/1999/EC -Towards an

Effective Implementation of CEPT Decisions 5544. The Harmonisation of Frequency Allocations — a Task for the

European Community or for CEPT? 5575. Regulatory Review 559

n. The Measures of the European Community in the Field of Numbering 5671. The Current Regulatory Framework 568

a) Numbering Resources as an Essential Precondition forCompetition 568

b) The Administration of the Numbering Resources 5712. Regulatory Review 576

HI. The European Community and the Administration of Scarce and FiniteResources in the Internet 5801. The International Framework for the Administration of Internet

Resources 580a) Top-level Domains and Internet Protocol Addresses 580b) Domain Names 584

2. The Internet as a Regulatory Challenge for the EuropeanCommunity - the Implementation of the Top-level Domain ".eu" 585

3. Regulatory Review 590

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Table of Contents

E. The European Conference of Postal and TelecommunicationsAdministrations 592I. Historical Overview 592n. Organisational Aspects 594

1. Membership 5942. Structure 595

a) The CEPT Assembly 596b) The Office 597c) The Committees 599

aa) General Remarks 599bb) The Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) 600

HI. CEPT within the Framework of International TelecommunicationsLaw and Regulations 6061. CEPT as a Regional Telecommunication Organisation 6062. CEPT Decisions as Harmonisation Drivers 6063. The Interrelations between CEPT and the EC 609


12. The European Regulatory Framework for Standardisationin the Telecommunications Sector / Andreas Neumann....—...........617

A. General Remarks 617B. Definitions and Economic Background 619

I. Definitions 619n. Introduction to the Economics of Standards 622III. Standardisation 624IV. Conformity Assessment and Related Issues 625

C. The Regulatory Approach of the European Community to Standardisationand Conformity Assessment in the Telecommunications Sector 626I. Overview 626n. The Community's Standardisation Policy - From the "Old Approach"

Towards the "New Approach" 6261. The "Old Approach" 6272. The "New Approach" to Technical Harmonisation and

Standardisation 6283. The Harmonisation of Interoperability Standards for

Trans-European Networks 6334. The Establishment of a Procedure for the Provision of

Information as an Important Precondition and Supplementtothe Harmonisation of Standards 634

5. Additional Support for Standardisation Activities 636

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Table of Contents

6. Standardisation in the Field of Telecommunications 636HI. The Community's Legislation on Conformity Assessment in the

Field of Telecommunications 6411. Overview 6412. The "Global Approach" to Conformity Assessment as an Important

Supplement to the "New Approach" 6423. The System of Conformity Assessment in the Field of

Telecommunications 6444. The Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment

(R&TTE) Directive 6455. International Relations 654

IV. Standardisation and European Competition Law 656V. Regulatory Review 660

D. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute 665I. Overview 665n. Historical Overview 666ffl. Membership 667IV. Structure 670

1. The General Assembly 6702. The Board 6753. The Technical Organisation 6764. Special Committees 6775. The Secretariat 678

V The Legal Framework of ETSI 6791. The ETSI Directives 6792. European Standards in the Telecommunications Series 6803. ETSI Standards and ETSI Guides 6814. ETSI Technical Specifications and ETSI Technical Reports 682

VI. World-wide Cooperation on Standardisation 683Vn. Intellectual Property Rights 683

E. Other European Organisation with Significance for Standardisation in theField of Telecommunications 685I. Overview 685n. The European Committee for Standardisation - CEN 685ÜI. The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation -

CENELEC 687IV. The European Telecommunications Public Network Operators

Association - ETNO 688Selected Bibliography 689

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Table of Contents

13. Mobile Telephony / Andreas Bartosch..... . ........ . ......691

A. General Remarks 691

B. Mobile Communications and the Freedom to Provide Services 692I. The Provision of Mobile Communications Services under

Articles 49 et seq. EC 692n. The Concept of "Essential Requirements" 693

1. The Jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice: The Conceptof the "exigences imperatives" 693

2. The Concept of "Essential Requirements" 6953. The new Regulatory Framework 697

C. The Secondary Law Framework for Mobile Telecommunications 697I. The Relationship between Technology Standardisation and Frequency

Policy: The Case of GSM 6981. The Creation of Technological Standards 6982. The Introduction of Technological Standards by Way of Frequency

Harmonisation 7002.1. The Earlier Approach: The Binding Reservation of

Frequency Bands 7002.2. The Later Approach: The Role of the ERC 701

3. The Obligations Arising from Council Directive 87/372/EEC 703H. The Regulatory Framework for the Introduction of a Third-generation

Mobile Communications System UMTS 7041. The Regulatory Framework for Frequency Reservation 7052. UMTS Networks and Broadcasting Regulation 7063. UMTS andFacility Sharing 707

HL The New Regulatory Framework for Frequency Policy 708IV Call-by-Call in Mobile Telephony 709


14. Satellite Communications / Christian Koenig andAndreas Neumann... .....—......—.....—....—•........«. ~ . 713

A. General Remarks 713B. Technical Background 713

I. Transmission Technology 714n. Orbits 717m. GEOs, LEOs, MEOs, EEOs 721IV. The Earth and the Space Segment 727

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C. An Introduction to the International Law of Satellite Communications 728I. The Outer Space Law of the United Nations 729

1. The UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space 7292. The International Treaties of Outer Space Law 731

a) Outer Space Treaty 732b) Rescue Agreement 741c) Liability Convention 742d) Registration Convention 747e) Moon Agreement 749

3. The European Community and the Outer Space Law of the UN 7514. Additional UN Resolutions with Relevance to Satellite

Communications 752n. Satellite Regulation within the Framework of the ITU 757

1. Historical Overview 7572. The Current ITU Regime 760

a) Fixed-Satellite Services 760b) Broadcast-Satellite Services 763

HI. Intergovernmental Organisations as Satellite System Operators 7641. The Intergovernmental Organisations 764

a) The International Telecommunications Satellite Organisation(INTELSAT) 764

b) The European Telecommunications Satellite Organisation(EUTELSAT) 768

c) The International Maritime Satellite Organisation (INMARSAT).... 7682. The Process of Privatisation 770

D. Satellite Communications and European Community Law 777I. Historical Overview 777n. Satellite Earth Station Equipment 779ffl. Directive 94/46/EC - the "Satellite Directive" 780IV. Satellite Personal Communications Services - T h e S-PCS

Decision 710/97/EC 784V. The Licensing Regime of Directive 97/13/EC and Satellite

Communications 7861. Space Segment Operators 7872. Satellite Network Operators 7873. One-Stop-Shopping 7894. Satellite Communications Service Providers 790

VI. The European Community's Satellite Policy after the FüllLiberalisation 790

Vn. Regulatory Review 792VJH. Satellite Communications and EC Competition Law 794

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15. Cable TV Networks /Andreas Bartosch 799

A. The Opening of Competition in the Area of the Cable TV Networks 799I. Phase 1: The First Cable TV Directive 799n. Phase 2: The Second Cable TV Directive 801TU. The New Draft Directive on Competition in the Markets for

Electronic Communications Services 804B. The Access of Broadcasters to the Cable TV Networks 806

I. The Specific Rules on Open Network Provision 8071. The Old Regulatory Framework 807

a) An Analysis of the Relevant Commission Legislation 807b) The Television without Frontiers Directive 808

2. The New Regulatory Framework 810H. The Liberalisation Directives 811m . Does This Analysis Change in the Era of Digital Television? 813


Bibliography 819

Table of Cases 857

Table of Legislation .............. ............. .. . . 873

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