BREEDING MANAGEMENTBREEDING MANAGEMENTMANAJAMEN PEMULIAAN MANAJAMEN PEMULIAAN

TERNAKTERNAK

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE COURSETHE OBJECTIVE OF THE COURSE(TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL UMUM)(TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL UMUM)

Is to give the student a clear under-Is to give the student a clear under-standing of the means available for standing of the means available for

improving the hereditary of farm animals, improving the hereditary of farm animals, more specially of themore specially of the reproductive and

productive efficiency through a breeding management

(planning, organizing, controlling; directing / leading, resourcing, activiting,

representing, coordinating, communi cating, motivating, and very important is

decision making).

MenMen --> --> InventionInvention --> knife --> knife firefire

oarsoars bow and arrowbow and arrow

CookingWarmCookingWarm

Herbivora

Omnivora

Herbivora

Omnivora

HunterDomesticationHunterDomestication

developed a symbiotic relationship between man and animals;developed a symbiotic relationship between man and animals;

village village agricultureagriculturevillage village agricultureagriculture

LOW TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURELOW TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURELOW TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURELOW TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURE

THE SCIENTIFIC THE SCIENTIFIC STATESTATE (1750- PRESENT)(1750- PRESENT)THE SCIENTIFIC THE SCIENTIFIC STATESTATE (1750- PRESENT)(1750- PRESENT)

STEP IN ANIMAL BREEDINGSTEP IN ANIMAL BREEDING PROGRAMPROGRAM

11. To decide what is ideal. To decide what is ideal2. Finding which animals most nearly 2. Finding which animals most nearly have genes he wants have genes he wants

System analysisSystem analysis

1. the 1. the objectives be clearly defined,objectives be clearly defined,22. . it provides it provides a frame-work for consideration a frame-work for consideration of breeding decisionsof breeding decisions3.3. it puts breeding decision into perspective with other management decisions

BREEDING OBJECTIVEBREEDING OBJECTIVE

For all kind of breeder1. Decide what kind or type of animal and what level of production would be idealfor the breeder's own individual circumstances and local conditions.

2. Find what living animals most nearly have the genes needed to produce that ideal animal.

3. Obtain, as far as can be done at reasonable prices, those animals which come nearest to having the ideal genes and let each have offspring in numbers proportional to the closeness with which its hereditary approach's the ideal.

1. Man developed methods for the systematic exploitation of plants.2. Man developed methods for the cultivation of plants for the production of grain- wheat, barley, millet, and rice (Heiser, 1978)3. Man domesticated animals, dog,

cow, sheep, goat and the horse.4. Man developed systems of irrigation.5. Man developed some degrees of mechanization the digging stick,

the plow, the ox-drawn plow the wheel and others.

Such improvements over timeSuch improvements over time

LOW TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURELOW TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURELOW TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURELOW TECHNOLOGY AGRICULTURE

Some of the basic advancements Some of the basic advancements that are characteristic of this stage that are characteristic of this stage are as follows.are as follows.

1.1. Classification of soilsClassification of soils, along with , along with estimates of their fertilities.estimates of their fertilities.2.2. Improved plants by Improved plants by gene gene manipulationsmanipulations ((genetic engineeringgenetic engineering))3.3. lmproved animalslmproved animals by gene by gene manipulations.manipulations.4.4. Scientific utilisation of Scientific utilisation of fertilisersfertilisers..5.5. Proper use of Proper use of irrigation.irrigation.6.6. Proper use of fermentation and Proper use of fermentation and

other means of other means of food preservationfood preservation 7.7. Use of Use of insecticides, fungicides, insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, vaccineherbicides, vaccine etc. etc.8.8. Use of modern techniques Use of modern techniques in farm in farm management.management.

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• ACHIEVEMENTS (BREEDING ACHIEVEMENTS (BREEDING PROGRAMMES) IN TEMPERATEPROGRAMMES) IN TEMPERATE

IMPROVEMENT BY BREED IMPROVEMENT BY BREED REPLACEMENT REPLACEMENT

(GRADING UP)(GRADING UP)IMPROVEMENT WITHIN BREEDSIMPROVEMENT WITHIN BREEDS

• TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY TO TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY TO TROPIC ENVIRONMENTTROPIC ENVIRONMENT

CONSTRAINS ON PRODUCTION IN CONSTRAINS ON PRODUCTION IN THE THE TROPICSTROPICS• ENVIRONMENT AND BREEDING ENVIRONMENT AND BREEDING POLICYPOLICY

• CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION

ACHIEVEMENTS (ACHIEVEMENTS (BREEDING PROGRAMMESBREEDING PROGRAMMES) ) IN TEMPERATEIN TEMPERATE

Green revolution --> enough forageGreen revolution --> enough forageSelection- ---> specialised and high Selection- ---> specialised and high producing breeds of dairy and beef producing breeds of dairy and beef cattle have been formedcattle have been formed..

ACHIEVEMENTS (ACHIEVEMENTS (BREEDING PROGRAMMESBREEDING PROGRAMMES) ) IN TEMPERATEIN TEMPERATE

Green revolution --> enough forageGreen revolution --> enough forageSelection- ---> improve reproductionSelection- ---> improve reproduction

and productionand production

ACHIEVEMENTS (ACHIEVEMENTS (BREEDING PROGRAMMESBREEDING PROGRAMMES) ) IN TEMPERATEIN TEMPERATE

IMPROVEMENT BY BREED REPLACEMENT (GRADING UP)IMPROVEMENT WITHIN BREEDS

ACHIEVEMENTS (ACHIEVEMENTS (BREEDING PROGRAMMESBREEDING PROGRAMMES) IN TEMPERATE) IN TEMPERATE

Change breedChange breedImprove managementImprove managementSimultaneously-Simultaneously-changebreed-improvechangebreed-improvemanagementmanagement

Change breedChange breedImprove managementImprove managementSimultaneously-Simultaneously-changebreed-improvechangebreed-improvemanagementmanagement

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TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY TO TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY TO TROPIC ENVIRONMENTTROPIC ENVIRONMENT

ACHIEVEMENTS (ACHIEVEMENTS (BREEDING PROGRAMMESBREEDING PROGRAMMES) IN TEMPERATE) IN TEMPERATE

Change breedChange breed

IMPROVEMENT BY BREED REPLACEMENT IMPROVEMENT BY BREED REPLACEMENT (GRADING UP)(GRADING UP)

IMPROVEMENT WITHIN BREEDSIMPROVEMENT WITHIN BREEDS

IMPROVEMENT BY BREED REPLACEMENT IMPROVEMENT BY BREED REPLACEMENT (GRADING UP)(GRADING UP)

IMPROVEMENT WITHIN BREEDSIMPROVEMENT WITHIN BREEDS

CONSTRAINS ON PRODUCTION IN THE TROPICSCONSTRAINS ON PRODUCTION IN THE TROPICS

lack of feed resourceslack of feed resources~ lack of lack of veterinary services to control veterinary services to control the endemic diseasesthe endemic diseases.

ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT AND BREEDING POLICYBREEDING POLICY

Each country must decide what is the Each country must decide what is the best best breeding policybreeding policy according to according to ecological conditionsecological conditions (climate, altitude, vegetation)(climate, altitude, vegetation) , , feed resourcesfeed resources (pastures and available (pastures and available by products), by products), management systems and possibilities management systems and possibilities of disease control.of disease control.

CONSERVATIONCONSERVATION

• loss of local generalised breedsloss of local generalised breeds• unique genes which cannot easily unique genes which cannot easily be replacedbe replaced• to continue to use it commer-ciallyto continue to use it commer-cially• local breeds should be demonstrated local breeds should be demonstrated by comparing them with by comparing them with

temperate breedstemperate breeds

SYSTEMS, MANAGEMENT ANDSYSTEMS, MANAGEMENT ANDAGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

Introduction of System (Analysis)

An organizational framework for systems

Agriculture and the System Concept

Model and Planing Methods

INTRODUCTION OF SYSTEMINTRODUCTION OF SYSTEM

THE SYSTEMS VIEWTHE SYSTEMS VIEW

The system view is a template for The system view is a template for describing, analysing, and designing all describing, analysing, and designing all aspects of any systemaspects of any system.

We will describe this view in We will describe this view in organisational terms here because this organisational terms here because this is the is the viewpoint of a business manager.viewpoint of a business manager.

Reporting structuresReporting structures, , sequences of sequences of work stepswork steps, , information and material information and material flows between work stepsflows between work steps, , and the and the organisation of dataorganisation of data are modelledare modelled using the systems viewusing the systems view.

What is a System?What is a System?

A system is a set of A system is a set of interrelated components that interrelated components that must work together to must work together to achieve some common achieve some common purpose. purpose.

Even when each component Even when each component is well-designed, efficient, is well-designed, efficient, and simple, the system will and simple, the system will malfunction if the malfunction if the components do not work components do not work togethertogether. .

Further, a change in one Further, a change in one component may affect other component may affect other components..components..

An example of An example of what happens what happens when sys-tem when sys-tem components do components do not work together not work together appears in Figure appears in Figure 1. This house has 1. This house has all the components all the components ne-cessary for a ne-cessary for a func-tioning home, func-tioning home, but the rooms, but the rooms, plumbing, plumbing, electrical wiring, electrical wiring, and other compo-and other compo-nents just do not nents just do not fit together. fit together.

The functional relationships among these components are simply not right. For example, front steps exist, but not where needed.

The process to develop a good system is The process to develop a good system is called systems analysis and design ( SA & called systems analysis and design ( SA & D).D). SA & D process are based on a systems approach to problem solving that is driven by several fundamental principles:

1) You must know what a system is to do before you can specify how a system is to operate.

2) Choosing an appropriate scope for the situation you will analyse greatly influences what you can and cannot do to solve a problem.

2) Choosing an appropriate scopescope for the situation you will analyze greatly influences what you can and cannot do to solve a problem.

3) A problem (or system) is actually a a setset of problemsof problems; thus, an appropriate strategy is to recursively break a problem down into smaller and smaller problems, which are more manageable than the whole problem.

4) The solution of a problem is not usually obvious to all interested parties, so alternative solutionsalternative solutions representing different perspectives should be generated and compared before a final solution is selected.

5) The problem and your understanding of it continues to changecontinues to change while you are analyzing the problem, so you should take a staged approach to problem-solving in which you reassess the problem and your approach to solving it at each solving it at each stagestage; this allows an incremental commitment to a particular solution, with a go or go or no go decisionno go decision after each stage.

Function Before Form in Function Before Form in SystemsSystems

System are describe in various, System are describe in various, and necessarily separate ways.and necessarily separate ways.

These different ways concentrate on separate aspects of systemsaspects of systems

(for example, what the system does versus how it operates) or or represent systems in different represent systems in different levels of detail.levels of detail.

Consider a good example of system - a house.

As any architect knows, function precedes form with the design of a new house. Before the house is designed, we must determine how many people will live in it, how each room will be used, the lifestyle of the family, and so on.

These requirements comprise a functional, or logical, functional, or logical, specification for the house specification for the house .

It would be premature to choose the type of materials, color of plumbing fixtures, and other physical characteristics before we determine the purpose of these aspects.

We are often anxious to hurry into building (form) before we determine needs (functions) , but the penalty for violating the violating the functionfunction before form principle is increased costs–

the cost to fix a function specification error grows exponentially as you progress through the systems analysis and design process.

Thus, the requirements of the house (or systems) must be well must be well defined and clearly understooddefined and clearly understood.

Architects use blueprints blueprints and other drawings to depict and communicate the design design specificationsspecifications for these requirements.

A blueprintA blueprint is an abstract an abstract representation of the houserepresentation of the house , which mask many detailed and physical feature of the house.

Scope of Systems

Often the fatal flaw in conceiving and designing a system centers on choosing an inappropriate system scope, apparently the designer of the house outlined each component separately, keeping the boundaries narrow and manageable; he did not see all the necessary interrelationships among the components.

Turning to a business situation(animal breeding is a (animal breeding is a business)business) , when a sales person sells a cheaper version of a product to underbid a competitor, that sales person has defined the defined the limitslimits of the system to be this one sale.

However, the cost of handling customer complaints about inadequacy of the product, repeated trips to install repeated trips to install upgradesupgrades, and other possible problems make this make this narrow definition of scope narrow definition of scope inadequate.inadequate.

The system boundary The system boundary indicate the system scope.indicate the system scope.

Defining the boundary is Defining the boundary is crucial to designing any crucial to designing any system or solving any system or solving any problemproblem.

Fore example,Fore example,

we could install more efficient computer equipment that can process recording much faster,

but if the staffs (recorders)(recorders) of the recording center are confused by the equipment or if the human if the human factors of using the factors of using the equipmentequipment

are not also considered as are not also considered as part of the system, any part of the system, any benefit from the new benefit from the new equipment may be lost.equipment may be lost.

Therefore, Therefore, recorders and their recorders and their capabilitiescapabilities should be included should be included within the boundaries of the within the boundaries of the system being considered.system being considered.

Too narrowToo narrow a scope may cause a scope may cause you to miss a really good you to miss a really good solution to a problem. solution to a problem.

To wideTo wide a scope may be too a scope may be too complex to handle. complex to handle.

Choosing an appropriate Choosing an appropriate scope is difficult but crucial scope is difficult but crucial in viewing an organization in viewing an organization as a system.as a system.

AN ORGANIZATIONAL AN ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORKFRAMEWORK FOR SYSTEMSFOR SYSTEMS

Several useful frameworks exist to view how a system fit into the whole organization, and one such framework is illustrated in Figure 3.1

People

OrganizationStructure Technology

Task/Procedure

Figure 31. Fundamental Component of an Organisation

AN ORGANIZATIONAL AN ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORKFRAMEWORK FOR SYSTEMSFOR SYSTEMS

This figure indicates This figure indicates four four general key componentsgeneral key components of of the organization that must the organization that must work in concert of the whole work in concert of the whole organization to be effectiveorganization to be effective,,people, technology, task/ people, technology, task/ procedure, and organization procedure, and organization structurestructure..

The important point is that each time was change characteristics of one or more of these four components, we we must consider compensating must consider compensating changes in the other. changes in the other.

Fore example,Fore example,

when technology - such computer hardware and soft ware- changes, people may have to be trained,

method of works may have to be redesigned, and old reporting relationships may have to be modified.

These change must be considered together, or we or we may find that the may find that the compenseting changes are compenseting changes are infeasibleinfeasible or enacting them enacting them will take too long. will take too long.

The framework raises as interesting question concerning

making changes to making changes to organizationsorganizations.

In which of the four In which of the four components to start ?components to start ?

There is no universal answer to this. Issues of organizational

politics can play a role in answering this question.

When technology changes, we must consider compensating

changes in the other components, we can use the we can use the technology change to make technology change to make possible other innovation possible other innovation

in organization.in organization.

Environment Output

Interface

Input Component

Component Storage

Boundary

Figure 3.2 Characteristics of systems1. Boundary2. Environment3. Inputs4. Outputs5. Component6. Interface7. Storage

Storage

component

component

component

Figure 3.2 Characteristics of systems

1. Boundary 4. Outputs2. Environment 5. Component3. Inputs 6. Interface 7. Storage

Figure 3.2 Characteristics of systems

1. Boundary 4. Outputs2. Environment 5. Component3. Inputs 6. Interface 7. Storage

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

There are seven general system elements.

Boundary Boundary ; the delineation of which elements (such as components and storages) are within the system being studied and which are outside; it is assumed that elements elements within the boundary are more within the boundary are more easily changed and controlled easily changed and controlled than those outsidethan those outside.

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Environment Environment ; everything outside the system; the environment provide assumption, constrain, and inputs to the system.

Inputs Inputs ; the resources (data, data, materials, supplies, energymaterials, supplies, energy) from the environment that are consumed and manipulated within the system.

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Outputs Outputs ; the resources or products (information, reports, documents, information, reports, documents, screen displays, materials) screen displays, materials) ~ provided to the environment by the activities within the system.

Components Components : the activities activities or processesprocesses within the system that transform inputstransform inputs into intermediate forms or that generate system outputs, recursively, components may be considered as the system themselves, in which case they are called subsystems.

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Interface Interface : the place where two components or the system and its environment meet or interact; system need special sub-components at interface to filtered, translate, store, and filtered, translate, store, and correct whatever flow correct whatever flow through the interface.through the interface.

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Storage Storage : holding areas used for the temporary and permanent temporary and permanent storagestorage of information, energy, materials, and so on; storage provides a buffer between system components to allow them to work at different rates or at different times and to allow different to allow different components to share the same components to share the same data.data.

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REVIEWREVIEWQuestionsQuestions ??

Environment Output

Interface

Input Component

Component Storage

Boundary

Figure 3.2 Characteristics of systems1. Boundary2. Environment3. Inputs4. Outputs5. Component6. Interface7. Storage

Storage

component

component

component

Figure 3.2 Characteristics of systems

1. Boundary 4. Outputs2. Environment 5. Component3. Inputs 6. Interface 7. Storage

Figure 3.2 Characteristics of systems

1. Boundary 4. Outputs2. Environment 5. Component3. Inputs 6. Interface 7. Storage

WHAT IS A SYSTEM ?

WHAT IS A SYSTEM ?

FUNCTION BEFORE FORM IN SYSTEMSSCOPE OF SYSTEM

People

OrganizationStructure Technology

Task/Procedure

Fundamental Component of an Organisation ?

THAT’S ALLthank youthank you