easy, tasty, small fruits...can grow in warmer parts of the state. •northern highbush blueberry...
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www.fruitsinfo.org
Easy, Tasty, Small FruitsBlueberries, Passionfruit, and Hardy Kiwi
Oregon State Extension
www.blueberrycouncil.org
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College of
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Penn State Extension
Blueberries
Blueberries
• Varieties• Growth• Site Selection• Cultivars/Pollination• Pruning• Harvest• Protection from Animals• Month by Month Tasks• Problems
Varieties
• Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) found in Maine and Canada
• Rabbit eye blueberry (V. ashei) grown in the southern United States. Can grow in warmer parts of the state.
• Northern highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum), the species most widely grown in Maryland.
• Southern highbush blueberry (cross between Northern highbush and V. darrowii, native to the South). Can grow west of Frederick MD.
Growth
Washington State University
Site Selection
Blueberries(Plant morethan 1 varietyfor highest yield)
Min. distancebetween rows(ft.)
Betweenplants (ft.)
Annual yieldper plant (lbs.)
Yrs. from plantingto first crop
Av. lifespan(years)
6 5 6-8 3-4 20-30
• Full Sun (can take some shade)• Avoid windy, dry sites• pH 4.3-5.3
Amending Before Planting
• Ideally the Fall before Planting• Strive to amend the planting site (not just
holes) with compost, peat moss, shredded leaves. Site should be 1/3 organic material in order to improve water holding capacity.
• If pH is above 6.0, sulfur and iron sulfate are needed 6-8 inches deep before planting.
• Ideal pH 4.3-5.3
• If plants are already planted, work sulfur in about 12-18 inches around the plant.
Clemson University
Decreasing Soil pH
Approximate pounds of sulfur and iron sulfate needed per 100 sq. ft. of soil to reduce the soil pH to 4.5
**It is not necessary to use iron sulfate if soil pH is below 6.0. Sulfur alone will suffice to lower the pH.
Soil TestpH
Sandy SoilSulfur*
Sandy SoilIron Sulfate
Loam orClay Soil
Sulfur*
Loam orClay SoilIron Sulfate
7.5 1.2 4.2 3.5 12.2
7.0 1.0 3.5 2.9 10.0
6.5 .75 2.6 2.3 8.0
6.0** 1.2 ---- 3.5 ----
5.5** .8 ---- 2.4 ----
5.0** .4 ---- 1.2 ----
*flowers of sulfur or elemental sulfur.**It is not necessary to use iron sulfate if soil pH is below 6.0. Sulfur alone will suffice to lower the pH.
Bluetta Short, compact bushes with medium vigor. Medium size, crack-resistant fruit with good flavor.
Bluejay Very vigorous bushes with mummy berry disease resistance. Large, firm, slightly tart berries. Fruit does not drop or crack.
Blueray Very productive and vigorous variety that performs well in hot climates. Large, high quality berries.
Bluecrop Leading variety; hardy and consistent with vigorous, upright canes. Fruit is large, firm, and crack-resistant.
Coville Large, crack-resistant fruit holds well on canes. Very productive and upright canes.
Late Blue Small, firm, flavorful fruit borne on erect, vigorous canes.
Elliott Very late and ornamental bush with red wood. Small to medium size fruit does not crack or drop.
Cultivars/PollinationNorthern Highbush (listed in order of ripening)
Pruning – Late Winter(constantly renew the older, decreasingly productive canes by cutting them out to force new canes)
2 Year Old Plants (at Planting)
• After planting prune 50-60% of the wood
• Take off any flowers
2-5 Year Old Plants• Light pruning in Feb/March
• Remove small twigs/branches from the middle of the bush
• largest berries are produced on moderately vigorous wood (branches 12- to 18-inches in length)
• Remove weak growth
Over 6 Year Old Plants• Healthy plant should be 5-7 feet tall
• Produce 3-5 new canes per year
• Remove canes over 1 inch diameter
• Remove lowest branches and branches in the middle of the bush
• Cut back overly long canes
• After pruning should have 12-18 canes of varying ageUniversity of Maryland
Harvest
• In general berries hold well on bushes
• Best quality when picking is done every 5-7 days
• Do not stack berries more then 4-5 inches deep
• Can store up to two weeks at 33° to 35°F and 85 percent humidity.
• At 70°F expect two to three days of shelf life.
Oregon State University
Protection from Animals
University of Kentucky
Growing Blueberries – Month by Month
Things to do When to do them
Adjust Soil pH Year before planting
Plant Blueberries bare-root plants March
Prune plant At planting or late winter
Control weeds Through season
Monitor for Pests/Disease Through season
Make sure animal control is in place June
Harvest ripe berries (after a few years) Late June-September (mostly July/August)
Clean up fallen leaves, fruit, debris October
Problems• Cold spring temperatures could destroy flowers
• Require about 500-750 hours of cold dormancy (this is usually met by early February). After chilling requirement plants usually lose dormancy and can be increasingly susceptible to cold injury.
• Pests and Disease problems are usually minimal.
• Remove; rake up from the ground and dispose of any infested or diseased fruit.
• Hand pull or gently cultivate around plants to control weeds which can harbor insect populations.
• Prune properly to improve spray coverage, encourage air circulation and sunlight penetration. Prune out dead, damaged or decaying branches, canes or stems.
• Keep plants vigorously growing by fertilizing according to our recommendations and keeping plants watered during dry periods.
https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-018/Section03-Home-Fruit-Disease-and-Insects.pdf
Bugbuide.net
Insect Stem Gall
Scale Insects
Washington State University
Twig Blight
North Carolina State University
North Carolina State University
Mummy Berry Cups
Mummy Berry
Insectimages.orgFruit Worms
forestryimages.org
Blueberry Tip Borer
Growables.org
Hardy Passionfruit -Maypops
http://tcpermaculture.blogspot.com
Passionfruit
• Varieties
• Growth
• Harvest
• Month by Month Tasks
• Problems
http://tcpermaculture.blogspot.com
VarietiesPassifloraincarnata -Maypop
Passifloracaerulea
Passifloraincarnata- Alba
Logees.com
Maypop.com
Terri Valenti
Terri Valenti
en.academic.ru
Growing Passiflora
• Full Sun
• Maypops – pop in May or… June
• Will grow up on anything!
• Better soil better plant
• Will spread – can become invasive. Keep contained in container
• Relatively problem freehttp://www.finegardening.com
Harvest
• Late Summer till Frost maypops will be mature
• Signs of ripeness• Goes from Kermit the Frog
green to light green/yellowish
• Wrinkly skin
• Seeds will be moist (dry seeds are not ready)
http://tcpermaculture.blogspot.com
Growing Hardy Passion Fruit – Month by Month
Things to do When to do them
Plant kiwifruit vines in spring after threat of frost May
Control weeds Through season
Tie new growth to trellis as needed June through September
Harvest ripe passion fruit Late August - October
Clean up fallen leaves, fruit, debris November
Passionfruit Problems
• Will spread – can become invasive. Keep contained in container.
• Fusarium Wilt – soil borne disease
Cornell University
http://www.waldeneffect.org
Cornell University
Terri Valenti
Hardy Kiwi
University of Minnesota
Hardy Kiwi
• Types• Species
• Varieties
• Growth• Site Selection
• Pruning
• Harvest
• Month by Month Tasks
• Problems
Old House Journal
Hardy Kiwi Species
• Fuzzy Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa), Hardy Kiwi (Actinidia arguta), Artic Beauty Kiwi (Actinidia kolomikta)
• Kiwi’s require a male and female plant of the same type to get fruit.
• Issai (Hardy Kiwi) is somewhat self-pollinating
https://commons.wikimedia.org
http://www.goodnewsgardening.com
Artic Kiwi
Artic Kiwi (Actinidia
kolomikta)
Growth: Compact growth habit (less labor)Leaves: tri-color green-white-pink variegated foliageFruit: small grape-sized berries. Shelf-life: Fresh berries generally have a limited shelf life due to small size and high sugar content.Maturity: Fruit in a few years
Hardy Kiwi
(Actinidia arguta)
Growth: Vigorous, prune several times a year Leaves: Attractive foliage with glossy green leavesFruit: Large grape-sized berries, higher yieldsShelf-life: Longer shelf-life vs. Artic KiwiMaturity: Fruit in about 5 years
Hardy vs. Artic Kiwi
Hardy/Artic Kiwi Varieties
Arctic Beauty
• This name is the common name for kiwi of the species Actinidia kolomikta, rather than being a true variety.
Ananasnaya (Anna)
• The name of this variety in Russian means "pineapple like." Many nursery catalogs will refer to this variety as "Anna." The fruit is of very good quality, with a sweet aroma and intense flavor. The skin is green and develops a purple-red blush in the sun. A very vigorous vine, this variety is currently the only "standard" that we have to compare to others.
Dumbarton Oaks
• Named after the public garden in which an old vine of this variety was growing and from which plants of this variety were originally propagated. Has good flavor.
Geneva
• Several Geneva selections are available through nurseries. Fruit ripens earlier than either Anna or Issai, and that it has a good flavor.
Issai
• The only self-fertile variety (not requiring a male pollinator). It is from Japan and is less vigorous than other hardy kiwi varieties, with small fruit and good flavor. Fruit ripens unevenly within a cluster.
Meader
• Available as both a male and a female. Make sure to order the female if you want fruit from it. The fruit is medium sized.
University of Minnesota
Growing Hardy Kiwis
• Full Sun with some shade
• Slightly acidic, well drained soil
• Plant vines about 10 feet apart
• Kiwifruit vines are either male or female
• up to 8 females to 1 male
• Prune in winter and during season
• Vines fruit about 5 years after planting
• Kiwifruit vines are vigorous and heavy. Plant vines near a very sturdy structure.
University of Minnesotahttp://www.fassadengruen.de
Kiwi Supports
• Like grapes must be supported for good growth
• Typical T-post system with posts are approx. 10 feet apart and 6 feet wide
• Plant vines 10 feet apart
• Plants are more vigorous than grapes
Kiwi Pruning – First Two years
A Prune to two buds at planting.
B Train one shoot as trunk, remove all others (growing season, year 1).
C Head back trunk as shoot growth at terminal loses vigor (growing season, year 1).
D Continue to remove lateral shoots, let trunk grow beyond wire, then head to just below top wire (growing season, year 1).
E Choose two shoots to form cordons (lateral trunks). Head back to 1/4 inch diameter in dormant season (growing season, year 1).
F Shoot growth, year 2. Oregon State University
Pruning after Fruiting
Pruning Tips
Dormant Pruning
• Flowers are produced on current season shoots from 1 year old wood
• Shoots from older wood rarely produce flowers
• Up to 70% of the plant could be pruned off
• Fruiting canes develop on the base of the last year’s growth
• Prune last year’s fruiting arms
• Fruiting arms should be 8-12” apart on the cordon
Summer Pruning
• Prune out diseased, twisted wood
• Vigorous wood coming from the trunk or older wood
• Terminal growth 4-6 leaves past the last flower
• Summer pruning will be SUBSTANTIAL
http://growingtaste.com
Harvest
• A mature Hardy Kiwi Vine will on average produce 50 pounds of fruit
• Once fruit begins to soften it can be picked and allowed to fully ripen as commercial crops
• Fruit will hold in refrigerator for 2 months if allowed to fully ripen off the vine http://permaculturenews.org
Growing Hardy Kiwi – Month by Month
Things to do When to do them
Plant kiwifruit vines in spring after threat of frost May
Control weeds Through season
Tie new growth to trellis as needed June through September
Prune excessive growth (several times) June through September
Harvest ripe berries after testing a few Late September - October
Clean up fallen leaves, fruit, debris November
Prune dormant vines in early winter December
Hardy Kiwi Problems
• Somewhat frost sensitive• Rabbits are known to chew
bark in winter• Hardy Kiwi are being said to
be invasive in some soils in the North East but has not met criteria to be listed as invasive.
Cornell University
Hardy Kiwi invading a forest in Massachusetts
Late Frost Damage
http://www.waldeneffect.org
Cornell University
Hardy Kiwi – Disease
Problem: Phytophthora Crown and Root RotCause: Soil borne Pathogen - Soggy/Poorly Draining Soil
Effect: Reddish brown rots/crowns
http://pnwhandbooks.org
Problem: Botrytis Rot (Gray Mold)Cause: Fungus - Rain/high humidity
Effect: Mold causing mature fruit to rot
University of California
University of California
Problem: Crown GallCause: Bacterial disease – wounded vines
Effect: Growths that form and eventually encircle trunk
University of California
Problem: Bleeding CankerCause: bacterium – not common - weakened vines
Effect: Rusty Cankers that bleed (cut 12 inches below canker for control)
University of California
Problem: Armillaria Root RotCause: Fungus – brown/whitish shoestring like mass
under back from other crops or oak treesWet/Poor Drained soil
Effect: Rusty Cankers that bleed (cut 12 inches below canker for control)
University of California
University of California
Problem: Bacterial BlightCause: Bacterial disease – wounded areas,
chilling injury/rain/over wateringEffect: Yellowish petals, brown sunken spots
on petals/buds
Hardy Kiwi Pests
Japanese beetles
Root Knot Nematodes
https://bioweb.uwlax.edu
Two-spotted spider mites
http://entnemdept.ufl.edu
Leaf Rollers
http://ucanr.edu
Thrips
University of Arizonia
Where to Purchase Plants
• https://www.noursefarms.com/• Blueberries
• http://www.starkbros.com/• Blueberries, Hardy Kiwi
• http://ediblelandscaping.com/• Blueberries, Hardy Kiwi, Passionfruit
• http://www.logees.com• Hardy Kiwi, Passionfruit