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EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
OUTDOOR ILLIUMINATION OF
ARSENAL TOWER
(T.R.N.C G.MAGOSA]
SUPERVISED BY: PROF.HALDON GURMEN
PREPARED BY: SAMER EL-REFAI
SPRING 1993
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to have a special thanks to my supervisor prof.
Haldon GURMEN for providing me all the required documents
and directing me through my project.
Also I would like to thank my department and my teachers
for all their helps in all my academic years.
PREPHASE:
In this project which is the illumination of the ARSENAL
TOWERby using the knowledgment of the outdoor
illumination and the flood lighting calculations we
succeeded to organise things such that they lead to be
acceptable solution.
We have been very careful about sutisfying the
illuminance needed by selected the light sources just
to be suitable to the color of the wall to be
illuminated and its area.
We also were very earful about the arrangement of
the light sources so that the illuminance must be
satisfied and the people will not be efficted by the
reflection of the regularity coefficient.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
-CHAPTER ONE
-PLANING
-THE FORM OF BUILDING
-CARRYING OUT A FLOOD LIGHTING PROJECT
-SURFACE MATERIAL OF THE FACADE
-SELECTION OF THE LEVEL OF ILLUMINATION
CHAPTER TWO
-EQUIPMENTS USED IN FLOOD LIGHTING
-UNITES USED IN ILLUMINATION
CHAPTER THREE
-CALCULATION TECHNIQUES
-COMPUTER PROGRAM OF ILLUMINATION
-RESULTS
-PLAN OF INSTALLATION
-COST OF THE PROJECT
CONCLUSION
APPENDIX
INTRODUCTION
As an introduction to lighting and a review of the entire
~istory of light , from the first uses of sunlight ,to the
development of candles, down through the oilburner and then
~o the lamps ,would be a book itself .Also the topic is
concerned with the use of artificial light as a modern and
~1exible design medium. Before going through the proce
dures of this project, a few things to be discussed about
the ages of lamp :that the first lamp consisted of a glass
bulb containing bamboofiber ,that had been reduced to carbon
with the production of the first tungsten filament lamp,
the efficiency of the lamp was more than doubled.By intro
ducing the fluorescent lamp, i.e,the second age of light
,introduction revolutionized the field of lighting when it
was demonstrated that a fluorescent lamp produced more light
at a lower cost than the incandescent lamp.The approach to
lighting began to change by the third age of light ,that
has been called "AGE of REFINEMENT''it is difficult to
comment on a period that it still developing ,for this
reason a lighting - engineer must followed FOUR simple steps
in application
of lighting:
1- Determine the desired level of illumination (usual
ly based on a published recommendation) .
2- Select a luminary that will produce this level .
3- Calculate the required number of luminaries .
~ayout the installation for uniformity of
illumination
=ccording to the place to be illuminated as an
a~tificial illumination . It can be divided into two
~oups as indoor and outdoor illumination.
~~E ARSENAL TOWER was chosen for outdoor
illumination needs two methods of calculation .
UMEH METHODEcan explain the practical method to
determine the number of fittings . The number of fittings
can be calculated by dividing the total flux to flux of one
iitting only.
The second method which is DIRECT ILLUMINANCE CALCULA-
TION METHOD . By using this method and applying the comput
er program including the intensity matrix, the illuminance
at each point on the surface of the walls were obtained.
C H A P T E R 0 N E
OUTDOOR ILLUMINATION
a) PLANING
A flood lighting installation project can only be carried
successfully if a true study has been made of the building
ncerned. The light engineer should become familiar with all
=actors relating to lighting installation for the building.It
~s essential she /he should first study the features of the
=acade under various conditions and with sunlight falling upon
it at different angles in order to decide which are the most
attractive features .
b) THE CONTRAST BETWEEN THE FACADE AND THE BACKGROUND:
The contrast between the facade and its
background are changes continuously with changes in
weather conditions when, for example , the rays of the
sun fall directly on the facade and there is a
cloudless sky, the facade will be brighter then the
background because of the greater reflection . Sunlight
falling directly on the building causes hard shadows .
c) CARRYING OUT A FLOOD LIGHTING PROJECT:
The following points should be cosiderd when
p:aning a flood light installation
i) Direction of view,
It ought to decide on the main direction from which
~~e building is viewed Generally there will be
e~al , but often one can be decided upon the main
direction of view.
ii) Distance,
decide on the normal distance the view and the building
based on the main direction on the view. Whether one can
see all or none of the architectural details on the facade
will depend on the distance chosen.
iii) Surrounding and background,
It must be obtain a clear idea of the background
against which the building will be seen .If the
surrounding and the background are dark a relatively
small amount of light is needed to make the building
lighter then the background .the colors of the light
already present in the background of the building,
even street lighting , must then be taken into
consideration
iv) Obstacles,
Trees and fences around the building can form a decora
tive part of an installation . An attractive way of
dealing with these is to place the sources of light
behind them .Two advantages are gained:
FIRSTLY the light sources are not seen by viewer ,and
SECONDLY the trees and fences are silhouetted against
the light background of the facade .The impression of depth
is therefore heightened.
SURFACE MATERIAL OF THE FACADE:
In determining the illumination level needed for a
-"'caae in order to obtain the required brightness ,the
~-=lection factor and way the building surface material
~eflected the lights are important to borne in mind . The
:=ferent material .
;:able below indicates the reflection factors of a number of
ERIAL
bite marble granite ight concrete or stone
dark concrete r stone
· ·tation concrete paint ~te brick
ov brick brick
STATE REFLECTION FACTOR
fairly clean fairly clean
fairly clean fairly clean very dirty clean clean new dirty
0.60 -0.65 0.10 -0.15
0.40 -0.50 0.25
o.os -0.10 a.so 0.80 0.35 * o.os
i"":he total reflection from a facade depends on the following
-,~~e material of the facade
~i}~he incident angle of the light
~~~)The position of the observer in relation to the
~e=:ection material (specular reflections)
lor of the material is also an important factor.
- ~= the color is used.
lor of the surface material is accentuated if
CTION OF THE LEVEL OF ILLUMINATION
The lighting level needed of facade to effect a
~ain brightness contrast depends upon such factor as the
_ _.-!:ection factor of the surface building material , the
tion of building in relation to its surroundings , the
-e=a~ brightness of this surroundings and the dimension of
building.
he following table presents some recommended
~l::l!Ilination level for various surface building material
_sed on building in either poorly lit ,well lit or brightly
lit surroundin~s.
ES OF SURFACE STATE P.L.S W.L.S B.L.S
------------------- ------- ------- ------ ite marble £.clean 25 50 100
ight concrete im- ·tation £.clean so 100 200
concrete paint £.clean 100 250 400
ite brick £.clean 20 40 80
ellow brick £.clean 50 100 * 200 ·te granite concrete £.clean 150 300 600
or dark stone £.clean 75 150 300
red brick £.clean 75 150 300
concrete v.dirty requires at least 150 - 300
red brick dirty requires at least 150 - 300
C H A P T E R T W 0
EQUIPMENT USED IN FLOODLIGHT a) Low pressure sodium lamps
~igh pressure sodium vapor lamps .
Height pressure mercury vapor lamps
etal hailed lamps .
In this project the high pressure sodium
apor lamps (SON - T 400 W) were considered
SSURE SODIUM VAPOR LAMPS (SON)
They have played an important role in the expending field of
dlighting. SON lamp is efficient, versatile light sources
start with their high luminous capacity means more light for
HIGH
__ ss money -a - feature for often decisive importance where
--1..qnting is implored for long periods of time . This plus the
:easing , warm golden white lights make, SON lamps an attrac
e proposition for a wide range of application both in and
--~nnrs . Also SON lamps have balanced color rendering, reli
:e and stable operation excellent lumen maintenance and short
"tion time
TYPE OF HIGH PRESSURE SON:
SON lamps : High pressure sodium vapor lamps , for outdoor
indoor use, with assintered aluminum oxide discharge tube
=c~osed in cater bulb .
-~) SON - T lamps :with centered aluminum oxide discharge
enclosed in a clear, tubular hard glass outer bulb.
APPLICATION:
Floodlightingb) Public lighting
Industrial lighting
Sports lighting
Airports lighting.
Road lighting.
Note : Technical data of this type of lamp were given
appendix.
GBTING UNITS AND DEFINITION
CANDELA
nits of luminous intensity , originally the luminous
......::~ensity of a specified candle burning at a specified
ELA : ( Cod )
nites of luminous intensity. Also called the new interna
nal candela . Equal to the luminous intensity of a surface
f black - body radiator operated at the temperature of solidify-
platinum.
LUMINANCE :( L)
The luminous intensity in a given direction by the
area of the surface perpendicular to that direction.
:.UMEN : ( Lm )
The flux emitted in unit solid angle by a uniform
source of one candela. It is unit of luminous flux.
~n~NANCE : ( E )
nous flux on a surface element divided by the area of the
el nts, in lumen per square meter of flux.
CE INTENSITY: ( symbol: I I unit :cod)
quantity which describes the light giving power of a source
y particular direction. If Fis the luminous flux emitted
a cone of very small angle W, having its apex the source
·ts axis .
-~FLECTION FACTOR: ( n)
,e reflection factors describes the relationship between
· .cident luminous flux and the reflected luminous flux. This
~r depends upon the reflection properties of the surface of
terial to be illuminated.
INTENSITY: ( I max)
e maximum intensity of the beam is the maximum intensity
•••• aeeia 1000 iumen of the iamp tiux.
C H A P T E R T H R E E
METHOD OF CALCULATION:
There are two possible ways of calculating the types
and numbers of flood lighting needed to achieve the desired
illumination, the lumen method and the luminous intensity
method . For a large facade the lumen methode should be
used. This is upon a certain avarage luminous efficiency.
For high and small object church steeples chimneys
, etc ... , the luminous intenci ty method should be used
This is based on the luminous intencity relation in
a certain direction.
THE LUMEN METHOD:
This method consists in caculating the number of
lumens to be directed on to facade in order to obtain a
certain illumination level The number of lumens can be
calculated by means of formula below:
/t : ----~- * E --- n
Where/t is the total number of lamp lumens ,i.e. the
total luminous flux produced by all lamps .
A is the surface of the be facade to
illuminated in m
E : is the desired illumination in lux , on the
facade .
/soo c
q
--------=a I
: aaoH~~w X~IaNa~NI ~SOONIHO~
------------- - N
· sasso1
· p8p88U 8JUeu1mn111 84+ JO 6u1+e1nJ1eJ 84+ u~
+e +u1od 84+ JO S8+eu1p~OOJ 84+ +U8SJ8~d8~ x ! x 8+eu1mn111
4J14M 8ue1d 84+ +d8J~8+U1 s1xe ~O+J8~o~d 84+ 4J14M +E +U.
a4+ JO aJeJ~ns a4+ JO S8+eu1p~o0J 84+ a~e ox! ox
a~a4M
4 I ox = ox ' ox<---- ox I I
4 I ox = ox ' ox<---- ox I I
ll I X = X ' X <----- X I I
ll I x = X ' X <----- X I I
pol{+am 4Jeo~dde l+1su8+U1 6u1sn lg
poq~aw uo1~vtnotv~
~GOH~~w ~~~HIG ~H~ DNISn ~o X~M ~H~
· pa+eu1mn111
aq o a aue1d al{+ uo 1em~ou sa){1 ~+s
uraaq +ll.611 al{+ l{JTllM +12 81.6u12 al{+ sr :JI
pa+12uamn111 apl2Jl2J
al{+ JO l{J1l{A aJeJ~ns al{+ pue ~O+Ja~o~d
al{+ uaaA+aq aJUl2+S1P al{+ : p1es 8q ueJ os1e
pa.6u12~~e a~12 s.6u1++1J al{+ l{J1l{M uo 18A81
al{+ aAoq12 +Ja~qo a4+ JO +saq.61q 8ll+ s1 :q
o a16ue al{+ +12 l+1sua+u1 snou1mn1 al{+ s1 :r
· aoeJ~ns aq4 uo 4u1od qoea
+e saoueu1um111 puv ueum r 0001 .rad sa1+1sua+u1 ' sa1.6ue
aq4 pau1e4qo aq ueo +1 atue~.6o~d pa4e1a~ aq4 .6u1un~ AH (TT
x1puadde aq4 u1 uaA1.6
e1ntu~OJ pa+e1a~ O+U1 sa+u1od asaq+ .6u1+n+ 14sqns (1
aancaooaa
USING COMPUTER PROGRAMING
GER X,Y
XMIN,XMAX,YMIN,YMAX,INCX,INCY,H
XO,YOXl,Yl
CUBE,B,Dl,D2,ALFA1,ALFA,A,Al,C,Cl,GAMA1,GAMA,FACTOR
'Elf ( 3, FILE=' ILLUM. DAT' , STATUS=' NEW' )
ITE ( *, *) I ENTER XMIN AND XMAX'
(*,*)XMIN,XMAX
TE (*,*)'ENTER YMIN AND YMAX 1
(*,*)YMIN,YMAX
TE (*,*)'INCREAMENT FOR X ANDY'
(*,*)INCX,INCY
ITE (*,*)I INTER XO AND YO'
TE (*,*)'INTER H'
D
O=XO/H
O=YO/H
TE (3,100) XO,YO,H
(*,*)H
POIDIAT (21X,'XO=',F4.1,8X,'YO=',F4.1,8X,'H=',F4.1//
6X,'X',6X,'Y',9X,'C',9X,'GAMA',8X,'COS CUBE',SX,'FACTOR'/
,65('-'))
7 Y=YMAX,YMIN,-INCY
7 X=XMIN,XMAX,INCX
-x/H
.:Y/H
CIIIE=l/(((l+Xl*Xl+Yl*Yl))**(l.S))
+Xl*XlO+Yl*Yl((l+XlO*XlO)/(l+Xl*XlO))
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
OUTDOOR ILLIUMINATION OF
ARSENAL TOWER
(T.R.N.C G.MAGOSA]
SUPERVISED BY: PROF.HALDON GURMEN
PREPARED BY: SAMER EL-REFAI
SPRING 1993
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to have a special thanks to my supervisor prof.
Haldon GURMEN for providing me all the required documents
and directing me through my project.
Also I would like to thank my department and my teachers
for all their helps in all my academic years.
PREPHASE:
In this project which is the illumination of the ARSENAL
TOWERby using the knowledgment of the outdoor
illumination and the flood lighting calculations we
succeeded to organise things such that they lead to be
acceptable solution.
We have been very careful about sutisfying the
illuminance needed by selected the light sources just
to be suitable to the color of the wall to be
illuminated and its area.
We also were very earful about the arrangement of
the light sources so that the illuminance must be
satisfied and the people will not be efficted by the
reflection of the regularity coefficient.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
-CHAPTER ONE
-PLANING
-THE FORM OF BUILDING
-CARRYING OUT A FLOOD LIGHTING PROJECT
-SURFACE MATERIAL OF THE FACADE
-SELECTION OF THE LEVEL OF ILLUMINATION
CHAPTER TWO
-EQUIPMENTS USED IN FLOOD LIGHTING
-UNITES USED IN ILLUMINATION
CHAPTER THREE
-CALCULATION TECHNIQUES
-COMPUTER PROGRAM OF ILLUMINATION
-RESULTS
-PLAN OF INSTALLATION
-COST OF THE PROJECT
CONCLUSION
APPENDIX
INTRODUCTION
As an introduction to lighting and a review of the entire
~istory of light , from the first uses of sunlight ,to the
development of candles, down through the oilburner and then
~o the lamps ,would be a book itself .Also the topic is
concerned with the use of artificial light as a modern and
~1exible design medium. Before going through the proce
dures of this project, a few things to be discussed about
the ages of lamp :that the first lamp consisted of a glass
bulb containing bamboofiber ,that had been reduced to carbon
with the production of the first tungsten filament lamp,
the efficiency of the lamp was more than doubled.By intro
ducing the fluorescent lamp, i.e,the second age of light
,introduction revolutionized the field of lighting when it
was demonstrated that a fluorescent lamp produced more light
at a lower cost than the incandescent lamp.The approach to
lighting began to change by the third age of light ,that
has been called "AGE of REFINEMENT''it is difficult to
comment on a period that it still developing ,for this
reason a lighting - engineer must followed FOUR simple steps
in application
of lighting:
1- Determine the desired level of illumination (usual
ly based on a published recommendation) .
2- Select a luminary that will produce this level .
3- Calculate the required number of luminaries .
~ayout the installation for uniformity of
illumination
=ccording to the place to be illuminated as an
a~tificial illumination . It can be divided into two
~oups as indoor and outdoor illumination.
~~E ARSENAL TOWER was chosen for outdoor
illumination needs two methods of calculation .
UMEH METHODEcan explain the practical method to
determine the number of fittings . The number of fittings
can be calculated by dividing the total flux to flux of one
iitting only.
The second method which is DIRECT ILLUMINANCE CALCULA-
TION METHOD . By using this method and applying the comput
er program including the intensity matrix, the illuminance
at each point on the surface of the walls were obtained.
C H A P T E R 0 N E
OUTDOOR ILLUMINATION
a) PLANING
A flood lighting installation project can only be carried
successfully if a true study has been made of the building
ncerned. The light engineer should become familiar with all
=actors relating to lighting installation for the building.It
~s essential she /he should first study the features of the
=acade under various conditions and with sunlight falling upon
it at different angles in order to decide which are the most
attractive features .
b) THE CONTRAST BETWEEN THE FACADE AND THE BACKGROUND:
The contrast between the facade and its
background are changes continuously with changes in
weather conditions when, for example , the rays of the
sun fall directly on the facade and there is a
cloudless sky, the facade will be brighter then the
background because of the greater reflection . Sunlight
falling directly on the building causes hard shadows .
c) CARRYING OUT A FLOOD LIGHTING PROJECT:
The following points should be cosiderd when
p:aning a flood light installation
i) Direction of view,
It ought to decide on the main direction from which
~~e building is viewed Generally there will be
e~al , but often one can be decided upon the main
direction of view.
ii) Distance,
decide on the normal distance the view and the building
based on the main direction on the view. Whether one can
see all or none of the architectural details on the facade
will depend on the distance chosen.
iii) Surrounding and background,
It must be obtain a clear idea of the background
against which the building will be seen .If the
surrounding and the background are dark a relatively
small amount of light is needed to make the building
lighter then the background .the colors of the light
already present in the background of the building,
even street lighting , must then be taken into
consideration
iv) Obstacles,
Trees and fences around the building can form a decora
tive part of an installation . An attractive way of
dealing with these is to place the sources of light
behind them .Two advantages are gained:
FIRSTLY the light sources are not seen by viewer ,and
SECONDLY the trees and fences are silhouetted against
the light background of the facade .The impression of depth
is therefore heightened.
SURFACE MATERIAL OF THE FACADE:
In determining the illumination level needed for a
-"'caae in order to obtain the required brightness ,the
~-=lection factor and way the building surface material
~eflected the lights are important to borne in mind . The
:=ferent material .
;:able below indicates the reflection factors of a number of
ERIAL
bite marble granite ight concrete or stone
dark concrete r stone
· ·tation concrete paint ~te brick
ov brick brick
STATE REFLECTION FACTOR
fairly clean fairly clean
fairly clean fairly clean very dirty clean clean new dirty
0.60 -0.65 0.10 -0.15
0.40 -0.50 0.25
o.os -0.10 a.so 0.80 0.35 * o.os
i"":he total reflection from a facade depends on the following
-,~~e material of the facade
~i}~he incident angle of the light
~~~)The position of the observer in relation to the
~e=:ection material (specular reflections)
lor of the material is also an important factor.
- ~= the color is used.
lor of the surface material is accentuated if
CTION OF THE LEVEL OF ILLUMINATION
The lighting level needed of facade to effect a
~ain brightness contrast depends upon such factor as the
_ _.-!:ection factor of the surface building material , the
tion of building in relation to its surroundings , the
-e=a~ brightness of this surroundings and the dimension of
building.
he following table presents some recommended
~l::l!Ilination level for various surface building material
_sed on building in either poorly lit ,well lit or brightly
lit surroundin~s.
ES OF SURFACE STATE P.L.S W.L.S B.L.S
------------------- ------- ------- ------ ite marble £.clean 25 50 100
ight concrete im- ·tation £.clean so 100 200
concrete paint £.clean 100 250 400
ite brick £.clean 20 40 80
ellow brick £.clean 50 100 * 200 ·te granite concrete £.clean 150 300 600
or dark stone £.clean 75 150 300
red brick £.clean 75 150 300
concrete v.dirty requires at least 150 - 300
red brick dirty requires at least 150 - 300
C H A P T E R T W 0
EQUIPMENT USED IN FLOODLIGHT a) Low pressure sodium lamps
~igh pressure sodium vapor lamps .
Height pressure mercury vapor lamps
etal hailed lamps .
In this project the high pressure sodium
apor lamps (SON - T 400 W) were considered
SSURE SODIUM VAPOR LAMPS (SON)
They have played an important role in the expending field of
dlighting. SON lamp is efficient, versatile light sources
start with their high luminous capacity means more light for
HIGH
__ ss money -a - feature for often decisive importance where
--1..qnting is implored for long periods of time . This plus the
:easing , warm golden white lights make, SON lamps an attrac
e proposition for a wide range of application both in and
--~nnrs . Also SON lamps have balanced color rendering, reli
:e and stable operation excellent lumen maintenance and short
"tion time
TYPE OF HIGH PRESSURE SON:
SON lamps : High pressure sodium vapor lamps , for outdoor
indoor use, with assintered aluminum oxide discharge tube
=c~osed in cater bulb .
-~) SON - T lamps :with centered aluminum oxide discharge
enclosed in a clear, tubular hard glass outer bulb.
APPLICATION:
Floodlightingb) Public lighting
Industrial lighting
Sports lighting
Airports lighting.
Road lighting.
Note : Technical data of this type of lamp were given
appendix.
GBTING UNITS AND DEFINITION
CANDELA
nits of luminous intensity , originally the luminous
......::~ensity of a specified candle burning at a specified
ELA : ( Cod )
nites of luminous intensity. Also called the new interna
nal candela . Equal to the luminous intensity of a surface
f black - body radiator operated at the temperature of solidify-
platinum.
LUMINANCE :( L)
The luminous intensity in a given direction by the
area of the surface perpendicular to that direction.
:.UMEN : ( Lm )
The flux emitted in unit solid angle by a uniform
source of one candela. It is unit of luminous flux.
~n~NANCE : ( E )
nous flux on a surface element divided by the area of the
el nts, in lumen per square meter of flux.
CE INTENSITY: ( symbol: I I unit :cod)
quantity which describes the light giving power of a source
y particular direction. If Fis the luminous flux emitted
a cone of very small angle W, having its apex the source
·ts axis .
-~FLECTION FACTOR: ( n)
,e reflection factors describes the relationship between
· .cident luminous flux and the reflected luminous flux. This
~r depends upon the reflection properties of the surface of
terial to be illuminated.
INTENSITY: ( I max)
e maximum intensity of the beam is the maximum intensity
•••• aeeia 1000 iumen of the iamp tiux.
C H A P T E R T H R E E
METHOD OF CALCULATION:
There are two possible ways of calculating the types
and numbers of flood lighting needed to achieve the desired
illumination, the lumen method and the luminous intensity
method . For a large facade the lumen methode should be
used. This is upon a certain avarage luminous efficiency.
For high and small object church steeples chimneys
, etc ... , the luminous intenci ty method should be used
This is based on the luminous intencity relation in
a certain direction.
THE LUMEN METHOD:
This method consists in caculating the number of
lumens to be directed on to facade in order to obtain a
certain illumination level The number of lumens can be
calculated by means of formula below:
/t : ----~- * E --- n
Where/t is the total number of lamp lumens ,i.e. the
total luminous flux produced by all lamps .
A is the surface of the be facade to
illuminated in m
E : is the desired illumination in lux , on the
facade .
/soo c
q
--------=a I
: aaoH~~w X~IaNa~NI ~SOONIHO~
------------- - N
· sasso1
· p8p88U 8JUeu1mn111 84+ JO 6u1+e1nJ1eJ 84+ u~
+e +u1od 84+ JO S8+eu1p~OOJ 84+ +U8SJ8~d8~ x ! x 8+eu1mn111
4J14M 8ue1d 84+ +d8J~8+U1 s1xe ~O+J8~o~d 84+ 4J14M +E +U.
a4+ JO aJeJ~ns a4+ JO S8+eu1p~o0J 84+ a~e ox! ox
a~a4M
4 I ox = ox ' ox<---- ox I I
4 I ox = ox ' ox<---- ox I I
ll I X = X ' X <----- X I I
ll I x = X ' X <----- X I I
pol{+am 4Jeo~dde l+1su8+U1 6u1sn lg
poq~aw uo1~vtnotv~
~GOH~~w ~~~HIG ~H~ DNISn ~o X~M ~H~
· pa+eu1mn111
aq o a aue1d al{+ uo 1em~ou sa){1 ~+s
uraaq +ll.611 al{+ l{JTllM +12 81.6u12 al{+ sr :JI
pa+12uamn111 apl2Jl2J
al{+ JO l{J1l{A aJeJ~ns al{+ pue ~O+Ja~o~d
al{+ uaaA+aq aJUl2+S1P al{+ : p1es 8q ueJ os1e
pa.6u12~~e a~12 s.6u1++1J al{+ l{J1l{M uo 18A81
al{+ aAoq12 +Ja~qo a4+ JO +saq.61q 8ll+ s1 :q
o a16ue al{+ +12 l+1sua+u1 snou1mn1 al{+ s1 :r
· aoeJ~ns aq4 uo 4u1od qoea
+e saoueu1um111 puv ueum r 0001 .rad sa1+1sua+u1 ' sa1.6ue
aq4 pau1e4qo aq ueo +1 atue~.6o~d pa4e1a~ aq4 .6u1un~ AH (TT
x1puadde aq4 u1 uaA1.6
e1ntu~OJ pa+e1a~ O+U1 sa+u1od asaq+ .6u1+n+ 14sqns (1
aancaooaa
USING COMPUTER PROGRAMING
GER X,Y
XMIN,XMAX,YMIN,YMAX,INCX,INCY,H
XO,YOXl,Yl
CUBE,B,Dl,D2,ALFA1,ALFA,A,Al,C,Cl,GAMA1,GAMA,FACTOR
'Elf ( 3, FILE=' ILLUM. DAT' , STATUS=' NEW' )
ITE ( *, *) I ENTER XMIN AND XMAX'
(*,*)XMIN,XMAX
TE (*,*)'ENTER YMIN AND YMAX 1
(*,*)YMIN,YMAX
TE (*,*)'INCREAMENT FOR X ANDY'
(*,*)INCX,INCY
ITE (*,*)I INTER XO AND YO'
TE (*,*)'INTER H'
D
O=XO/H
O=YO/H
TE (3,100) XO,YO,H
(*,*)H
POIDIAT (21X,'XO=',F4.1,8X,'YO=',F4.1,8X,'H=',F4.1//
6X,'X',6X,'Y',9X,'C',9X,'GAMA',8X,'COS CUBE',SX,'FACTOR'/
,65('-'))
7 Y=YMAX,YMIN,-INCY
7 X=XMIN,XMAX,INCX
-x/H
.:Y/H
CIIIE=l/(((l+Xl*Xl+Yl*Yl))**(l.S))
+Xl*XlO+Yl*Yl((l+XlO*XlO)/(l+Xl*XlO))
l=(l+Xl*Xl+Yl*Yl)*(l+X10**2+(Yl**2*((l+X10**2)/(l+XlO*Xl))**2)
2=SQRT(D1)
ALFA1=AC0S(B/D2)
ALFA=((ALFA*lS0)/3.145926)
-SQRT(l+X10**2)
=ATAN((Yl*SQRT(l+X10**2))/(l+XlO*Xl))-ATAN(YlO/F)
-((Al*lS0)/3.145926)
l=ATAN ((TAN(ALFAl*SQRT(l+TAN(Al)*TAN(Al)))/TAN(Al+.00001))
C:((Cl*lS0)/3.145926)
l=ATAN(SQRT((TAN(ALFA1))**2*(l+(TAN(Al))**2)+(TAN(Al))**2))
...-..a=((GAMAl*lS0)/3.1415926)
((A.LT.O).AND.(X.GT.XO))
((A.LT.O).AND.(X.LT.XO))
((A.GT.O).AND.(X.GT.XO))
((A.GT.O).AND.(X.LT.XO))
r.-..--:ruR=CUBE*27/H**2
'!'B(3,200)X,Y,C,GAMA,CUBE,FACTOR
C=l80-C
C=180+C
C=360-C
C=C
IL"lJIINAT(14X,13,4X,13,7X,F5.l,6X,F5.1,8X,F7.5,5X,F7.4)
IRUE
•FILE(3)
E(3)
,p
R E S U L T S
DISTANCES
ANGLES
INTENSITY
ILLUMINANCE
IN
IN
IN
IN
(m)
degree
(cd/k lm)
(lux)
I
XO =0.0 I
YO =2.4 h=5
Results obtained by the computer program:
Distances in (m)
Angles in degrees
Light Intensity in (Cd
/klm)
Illuminance in (lux) .
400W (SON-T)
I I
COS38 X y C 0 I E
0.0 2.0 180.0 45.58 0.8 55.0 82.72
0.0 4.0 180.0 28.72 0.476 323.5 289.5
0.0 6.0 180.0 17.19 0.262 460.0 226.6
0.0 8.0 180.0 9.4 0.149 590.0 165.3
o.o 10.0 180.0 3.95 0.089 592.7 99.2
0.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 0.0568 612.0 65.4
0.0 14.0 0.0 2.97 0.038 599.0 42.8
0.0 16.0 0.0 5.27 0.0265 584.0 29.1
0.4 0.4 152.5 49.0 0.66 78.0 96.8
0.4 0.8 147.0 33.17 0.414 316.3 246.2
0.4 1. 2 139.0 22.26 0.239 44.0 200.4
0.4 1. 6 127.5 15.2 0.14 527.0 138.7
0.4 2.0 111.0 10.9 0.085 569.2 90.95
0.4 2.4 90.0 8.75 0.055 583.0 60.3
0.4 2.8 68.9 8.21 0.037 568.2 39.5
0.4 3. 2 52.4 8.6 0.026 560.1 14.6
0.8 0.4 133.9 55.8 0.414 55.0 42.8
0.8 0.8 127.56 42.0 0.30 165.5 93.34
X' Y' C 3 I E a cos e
0.8 1. 2 120.0 31. 76 0.185 303.6 105.6
0.8 1. 6 111.0 24.78 0.116 409.7 89.34
0.8 2.0 100.9 20.0 0.075 505.2 71. 23
0.8 2.4 90.0 17.1 0.05 588.1 55.3
0.8 2.8 97.1 15.34 0.034 585.6 37.43
0.8 3. 2 68.95 14.4 0.024 566.7 25.6
1. 2 0.4 122.65 62.13 0.239 5.4 24.3
1. 2 0.8 117.15 50.2 0.185 96.3 33.5
1. 2 1. 2 111.0 40.72 0.131 137.4 42.7
1. 2 1. 6 104.4 33.65 0.089 240.9 40.3
1. 2 2.0 97.3 28.74 0.061 322.4 37.0
1. 2 2.4 90.0 24.78 0.043 403.8 32.6
1. 2 2.8 82.7 2.2 0.03 456.2 25.73
1. 2 3.2 75.6 20.4 0.022 505.1 20.9
1. 6 0.4 115.64 67.0 0.139 5.1 1. 33
1. 6 0.8 111.0 56.77 0.116 9.3 2.03
1. 6 1. 2 106.1 48.14 0.089 104.6 17.5
1. 6 1. 6 100.9 41. 2 0.066 161. 4 20.0
1. 6 2.0 95.5 35.78 0.048 200.3 18.1
1. 6 2.4 o.o 31. 6 0.035 227.8 15.0
1. 6 2.8 84.5 28.4 0.026 324.6 15.9
1. 6 3.2 79.0 26.0 0.02 324.8 12.2
> 2. 0 0.4 111. 0 70.6 0.085 5.8 1. 0
2.0 0.8 107.1 61. 8 0.075 6.5 1. 0
2.0 1. 2 103.0 54.0 0.061 44.6 5.1
2.0 1. 6 98.7 47.4 0.048 112.1 10.12
2.0 2.0 94.4 42.0 0.037 149.0 10.36
2.0 2.4 90.0 37.57 0.028 178.2 9.38
2.0 2.8 85.6 34.0 0.022 216.4 8.98
2.0 3.2 81.25 31. 2 0.017 271. 4 8.7
2.4 0.4 107.8 73.35 0.055 5.2 0.54
2.4 0.8 104.33 65.7 0.05 6.7 0.36
2. 4 1. 2 100.9 58.65 0.043 17.0 1. 4
X' Y' C 0 cos3e I E
2.4 1. 6 97.3 52.4 0.035 67.2 4.4 2.4 2.0 93.67 47.16 0.028 109.1 5.7 2.4 2.4 90.0 42.71 0.023 145.2 6.3 2.4 2.8 86.34 39.1 0.018 168.1 5.7 2.4 3. 2 82.7 36.0 0.014 197.3 2.8 2.8 0.4 109.9 74.13 0.037 4.7 0.33 2.8 0.8 102.41 68.6 0.034 6.6 0.42 2.8 1. 2 99.4 62.22 0.03 4.8 0.27 2.8 1. 6 96.3 56.5 0.026 30.0 1. 47 2.8 2.0 93.15 51. 5 0.022 68.4 2.8 2.8 2.4 90.0 47.12 0.018 113.0 3.8 2.8 2.8 86.85 43.4 0.015 142.3 4.0 2.8 3.2 83.75 40.3 0.012 168.0 3.8 3.2 0.4 103.5 77.1 0.026 3.8 0.19 3.2 0.8 100.9 71. 0 0.024 6.0 0.27 3.2 1. 2 98.2 65.24 0.022 3.1 1. 28 3.2 1. 6 95.5 60.0 0.02 8.0 0.3 3.2 2.0 92.76 55.0 0.017 39.2 1. 3 3.2 2.4 90.0 51. 0 0.014 87.3 2.3
3.2 2.8 87.24 47.2 0.012 109.0 2.45
3.2 3.2 84.2 44.0 0.01 134.2 2.52
XO =O YO =1. 9
SON-T 400W
h=5
,,,,
X' Y' C 0 COS3€J I E
-1. 6 0.4 113.6 64.85 0.139 6.2 1. 62
-1. 6 0.8 107.75 55.0 0.116 17.9 3.9
-1. 6 1. 2 101.5 47.0 0.089 109.0 18.24
-1. 6 1. 6 95.0 40.5 0.066 167.0 20.7
-1. 6 2.0 88.32 35.6 0.048 198.0 17.87
-1. 6 2.4 81. 72 32.0 0.035 246.5 16.22
-1. 6 2.8 75.33 29.3 0.026 303.7 14.85
-1. 2 0.4 12 0. 12 59.5 0.24 7.0 3.2
-1. 2 0.8 113.12 48.0 0.19 114.5 41. 2
-1. 2 1. 2 105.2 39.14 0.13 173.0 42.3
-1. 2 1. 6 96.65 32.71 0.09 243.3 41. 2
-1. 2 2.0 87.77 28.24 0.06 342.5 38.6
-1. 2 2.4 79.0 25.27 0.043 399.0 32.3
-1. 2 2.8 70.77 23.4 0.03 456.0 25.7
-0.8 0.4 131. 1 52.34 0.414 82.0 63.8
-0.8 0.8 122.6 39.0 0.3 204.0 115.0
-0.8 1. 2 112.2 29.5 0.185 320.0 111. 3
-0.8 1. 6 100.0 23.4 0.116 436.0 95.0
-0.8 2.0 86.7 19.7 0.075 508.2 71. 7
-0.8 2.4 73.8 17.8 0.05 555.0 52.17
-0.8 2.8 62.4 17.1 0.034 540.6 34.6
-0.4 0.4 150.2 44.5 0.66 125.0 155.0
-0.4 0.8 142.0 29.0 0. 414 363.0 282.5
-0.4 1. 2 129.1 18.7 0.24 503.0 227.0
-0.4 1. 6 109.2 12.7 0.14 573.0 151. 0
-0.4 2.0 83.3 10.2 0.085 578.0 92.4
-0.4 2.4 59.8 10.14 0.055 556.0 57.5
-0.4 2.8 43.67 11.13 0.04 527.0 39.6
o.o 0.4 o.o 40.44 0.8 121. 0 182.0
0.0 0.8 0.0 23.58 0.476 395.0 353.5
o.o 1. 2 o.o 12.05 0.262 512.0 252.2
o.o 1. 6 o.o 4.25 0.149 588.0 164.7
X' Y' C 0 cos3e I E
0.0 2.0 0.0 1. 2 0.089 608.0 101. 7
0.0 2.4 0.0 5.14 0.057 583.0 62.5
o.o 2.8 0.0 8.1 0.038 550.0 39.3
0.4 0.4 150.2 44.5 0.66 125.0 155.0
0.4 0.8 142.0 29.0 0. 414 363.0 282.5
0.4 1. 2 129.1 18.7 0.24 503.0 227.0
0.4 1. 6 109.2 12.7 0.14 573.0 151. 0
0.4 2.0 83.3 10.2 0.085 578.0 92.4
0.4 2.4 59.8 10.14 0.055 556.0 57.5
0.4 2.8 43.67 11.13 0.04 527.0 39.6
0.8 0.4 131. 1 52.34 0.413 82.0 63.8
0.8 0.8 122.6 39.0 0.3 204.0 115.0
0.8 1. 2 112.2 29.5 0.185 320.0 111. 3
0.8 1. 6 100.0 23.4 0.116 436.0 95.0
0.8 2.0 86.7 19.7 0.075 508.2 71. 7
0.8 2.4 73.8 17.8 0.05 555.0 52.17
0.8 2.8 62.4 17.1 0.034 540.6 34.6
1. 2 0.4 120.12 59.5 0.24 7.0 3.2
1. 2 0.8 113.12 48.0 0.19 114.5 41. 2 '
1. 2 1. 2 105.2 39.14 0.13 173.0 42.3
1. 2 1. 6 96.65 32.71 0.09 243.3 41. 2
1. 2 2.0 87.77 28.24 0.06 342.5 38.6
1. 2 2.4 79.0 25.27 0.043 399.0 32.3
1. 2 2.8 70.77 23.4 0.03 456.0 25.7
1. 6 0.4 113.6 64.85 0.139 6.2 1. 62
1. 6 0.8 107.75 55.0 0.116 17.9 3.9
1. 6 1. 2 101.5 47.0 0.089 109.0 18.24
1. 6 1. 6 95.0 40.5 0.066 167.0 20.7
1. 6 2.0 88.32 35.6 0.048 198.0 17.87
1. 6 2.4 81.72 32.0 0.035 246.5 16.22
1. 6 2.8 75.33 29.3 0.026 33.7 14.85
, ' XO =O YO =1.56 h=5
(SON-T 400W)
i! :t
X' Y' C 0 cos3e I E
-0.4 0.4 147.4 40.3 0.66 197.1 244.6
-0.4 0.8 135.7 25.3 0. 414 412.0 320.7
-0.4 1. 2 115.8 16.0 0.239 560.2 251.7
-0.4 1. 6 86.9 12.0 0.14 584.4 153.8
-0.4 2.0 59.3 11. 8 0.085 553.2 88.4
-0.4 2. 4 41. 4 13.3 0.055 520.4 27.6
-0.8 0.4 128.0 49.0 0.414 102.3 79.6
-0.8 0.8 117.1 36.5 0.29 231. 7 126.3
-0.8 1. 2 103.6 28.0 0.184 345.3 120.1
-0.8 1. 6 88.5 23.0 0.116 448.7 97.9
-0.8 2.0 73.5 20.6 0.075 501. 2 70.7
-0.8 2.4 60.6 19.7 0.05 505.4 47.5
-1. 2 o. 4 117.5 57.0 0.24 20.3 9.2
-1. 2 0.8 109.0 46.3 0.185 123.1 42.8
-1. 2 1. 2 99.2 38.1 0.131 178.4 43.9
-1. 2 1. 6 89.0 32.5 0.089 235.1 39.3
-1. 2 2.0 78.8 28.8 0.061 377.2 38.7
-1. 2 2.4 69.4 26.6 0.043 385.1 31.1
-1. 6 0.4 111.0 63.0 0.139 6.8 1. 8
-1. 6 0.8 -104.4 53.7 0.116 41. 3 9.0
-1. 6 1. 2 97.0 46.1 0.089 118.2 19.8
-1. 6 1. 6 89.2 40.3 0.066 169.2 21. 0
-1. 6 2.0 81. 6 36.0 0.048 198.8 17.9
-1. 6 2.4 74.0 33.0 0.035 284.1 18.7
-2.0 0.4 107.4 67.3 0.085 6.4 1. 0
-2.0 0.8 101.6 59.3 0.075 12.1 1. 7
-2.0 1. 2 95.5 52.3 0.061 67.5 7.7
-2.0 1. 6 89.4 46.7 0.048 120.2 10.9
-2.0 2.0 83.0 42.2 0.037 148.3 10.3
X' Y' C 0 cos38 I E
-2.0 2.4 73.3 38.7 0.028 183.1 9.6
-2.4 0.4 104.6 70.5 0.055 5.9 0.6
-2.4 0.8 99.7 63.6 0.050 3.1 0.3
-2.4 1. 2 94.6 57.3 0.043 20.5 1. 7
-2.4 1. 6 89.5 52.0 0.035 71. 2 4.7
-2.4 2.0 84.3 47.3 0.028 109.2 5.7
-2.4 2.4 79.4 43.6 0.023 139.8 6.1
-2.8 0.4 102.6 73.0 0.037 5.8 0.4
-2.8 0.8 98.3 66.8 0.034 4.2 0.3
-2.8 1. 2 94.0 61. 0 0.03 7.4 0.4
-2.8 1. 6 89.6 56.0 ' 0.026 34.2 1. 7
-2.8 2.0 85.2 51. 7 0.022 78.1 3.2
-2. 8' 2.4 80.8 48.0 0.018 104.3 3.5
-3.2 0.4 101.1 75.0 0.026 4.9 0.2
-3.2 0.8 97.3 69.4 0.024 5.8 0.3
-3.2 1. 2 93.5 64.2 0.022 5.1 0.2
-3.2 1. 6 89.6 59.5 0.02 6.3 0.2
-3.2 2.0 85.8 55.3 0.017 39.8 1. 3
-3.2 2.4 82.0 51. 7 0.014 70.4 1. 9
-3.6 0.4 ' 100.0 76.5 0.019 4.6 0.16
-3.6 0.8 96.5 71. 5 0.018 5.7 0.19
-3.6 1. 2 J
93.1 66.7 0.017 5.8 0.19
-3.6 1. 6 89.7 62.3 0.015 5.0 0.14
-3.6 2.0 86.3 58.4 0.013 12.1 0.3
-3.6 2.4 82.9 54.8 0.011 39.2 0.8
[lJ >< a ~ ~
,
II 11 ,, ii
>;_ \\ ::z. "o ~ ~ - (o l :::) VJ ...., p C:, f:! i)· " ,c._, s: rt-. ~ 0 -. (o p h-- r-- '1
Ir '--2 ( 0:, 01 I',.. l i ' {\
)
'
~
~
?,-
~ n ,- ~ 0- .t-- 6'"
~-------.-
r: (\l
CQST OF T/-f f t::>ROJECT
\;v ny DI ~11< \ Cs l,\TiCtV ~)
"d1 Y D 1_s:/f 1@- I} 111.:. vv '.:3)
"(< .Sv·J/TCH
( \..( GC> 1..,\J)
L()(v\? )
1)1/Y) 7 L. PVC
r o~ LABoR
I / TOTAL
1
.i 1.__
i
1
JD
1
i
WO% oF··
Csi:>ST
6cx.~oc-1c,
- - -------- ---··~ ·-· ··-·~ -·- ~··------~ .•.... - ....•. ~---~···--~,~~ ..• - .. - .. ~---------------
I 111
CONCLUSTION
The most important aim of this project is to
improve my knowledge about the outdoor illumination is
relevant for my educational studies and the latest
improvment in flood lighting calculations was used
during the establishment.
I paid attention to some factors , during the
calculation of the flood lighting ,such as the
selectionof the light source must sutisfy the illuminace
needed , the color of light required , the area of the
building, etc .... ,should be considered.
The light sources should be arranged so that
illuminance must be sutisfied. The coefficient of
regularity and reflection from walls illuminated of
area will not effect the traffic or people who are
working on the street
As aresult, this project is showing me how to
organise things such that they lead to acceptable
solutions .
APPENDIX
:D FORMULAS IN PROJECT
:i+\ ,.,.')''
r.
f ... \}
,~_{" .. ;•-
!J,,:1 I.,: . \ i~!jiJ/ 0lij 1: ~ \:.: S'.J ~ t;; W ~; l1 ~ ~ ~ ,ii J:, ;., w ;; \~ r.: ;: ~ ;;s i;'. ~ ~ R 1" IA JJ- ~ M a, a.: U ;; ~I L. :: A ).'I "r.J Q' la U JIil ~ » li:c ,:f ;;; ;g R' ;,~\,: tf ; a.I l:.f Ji: ;: ::: ,; j,S :! ::; :; i
)$ LIGHTING e .v , i n g D !3 ~: i g n el n d En 9 '1 nee r· ·i n g Cent I'' e c e r .A ·i de cl . L i g h t i 11 g O o s i •:;J 11_ • _· ..
73
,, i ng c o cle ,1 ·j I'' 8 · t y p G type
L VO li 1 h 7 Htff 00?··\•I 50N1. ,,DO\'/
- J ' 1 LI :< f' 1 c1 mp s p 0 I' l (1 rn i n a i r: e d i s si p al. i o n
1\7 ,00 1 Ii] i , CJ 0
k t. ume n
\•latt
l i 8 I, i; 0 LI t p U t I'' [l t i 0 H' cl 1 i •J h t . () LI t p LI t r· cJ t i 0
G 7 67
.. '• ! I"'
,1 Ct O !'' ( fl C> i:1 d 'I 1 9 ht j ll 8 ) , o.oo
uni . 3 p .:., c i n •J / IH, i 9 ht r i.'1 t i o .l. e nqt h v1 i ",.:: Cr· o s '3 vii 5 e * ' :k
L<.Hi<;.ith 0 .
vi ·i ~I!: h o
H,l 0
· 11 lJ 0 0
luxcode [%) N 1 82
N2 99
N3 1 0 D
~! ,. -· 10D
!Jf·
.,
I•
I ., ·1
i,., ! .· .. ) =,:.,.,,·:" I
• &: n i.. ~·.: R 5:.1 i1 ~ ti 11 ~ GI ,c ,1" u ~ c:; u;: i1 IQ,IJ" :a••• 11 • • ,c"' •.., u •a•.,•..-,:. ic a.*'"'~ t: w .ti ;;i: .i: = JI ::1 ci;;::;;:: =:::.;::::: -r-r-v-: ;.: -·'---------·---· - --· -----------=- - ·- - -- - --, -------.-·-- - * --~ ·• ·--- -- ~ ••..•••..
l,) a ·c e·····-··-·::---, -~ ~ u-ru·uri:n- • • • ~~ - - ~ = Q • ~ • • u • u • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • w M • • • e • M •~a~•~=•;~~ ~
. ····•.··· ··················-····-···2-- -··-···
)HILIPS LIG~TING B.V. L 1 SJ h 1: i n 'J Do ~ i ~In i1 n d E n 9 i n e «r- ·I n 9 Co n t 1:· ,~
:ompu~er Airled Lighting Design.
I c omout e r A1decl Light1119 o e s i q n I DA lABASE :? , 00 , 6pf'i 119 1000 . I ·Phil 11~s Li \111 t 1 n g 8 , v , . .: ... ,~·, . "· "
. umrn.;ifr'r:! (HIR) nurnb e r:
te e s ur i 118 code unii na i re t vp a 1:1mr typo
LVO 11 1 Li 7 HNF 003-1'1 ·
r SONT 1100\·I
I-Table *
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o .» J G\2 llf2 Iii:! G12 Gl2 612 612 Gl2 Gl2 G12 G\2 2.S / L\02 599 GOO G01 60? (i03 601, G06· CiOU 610, GOO 5.0 I GOG GOG ~08 589 590· 507 509 509 GD2 597 · 592 7 , !:> I 5 (J 11 5 () !5 li CJ 5 5 (l e 5 0 4 ':J i3 D 5 0 9 '.l 7 11 ~ , 7 ti o ) S '/ 7
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