Eastern Civilizations

• Standard: Analyze the importance of the Byzantine and Mongol empires between 450 CE and 1500 CE.

• Essential Question: What was the importance of the Byzantine and Mongol empires between 450 and 1500 CE?

Justinian and Theodora

• Element: Analyze the importance of Justinian, include the influence of the Empress Theodora, Justinian’s Code, and Justinian’s efforts to recapture the west.

• Vocabulary: Byzantine Empire, Justinian, Empress Theodora, Justinian’s Code

Byzantine Empire

• fifth century• Germanic tribes moved into Europe• the western Roman Empire collapse• the Eastern Roman Empire continued to exist• capital at Constantinople

A mosaic of Justinian

• Mosaic: a picture or decoration made of small usually colored pieces of stone or glass, used often to decorate Byzantine churches and buildings

Emperor Justinian

• became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire in 527

• launched a public building program• building church’s was the emperor’s passion

Nika Rebellion

• AD 532• two groups became disorderly in the

Hippodrome• sparked a city wide riot• because of anger towards the government

The Hippodrome

The Hippodrome today and a map

Nika Rebellion

• Justinian wanted to flee• Theodora– Wife of Justinian– urged him to stay– obtained the role of his

advisor thus creating immense power

Nika Rebellion

• Belisarius broke in with his troops and slaughtered about 30,000 rebels

Empress Theodora

• lived a poor life• worked as an actress• she met and married Justinian• became most powerful woman in Byzantine

history• As the Empress she played a large role by

advising and encouraging Justinian, and by helping him run the empire

A page from Justinian’s Code

The code is now commonly referred to as the Corpus Juris Civilis or “Body of Civil Law”

Justinian’s Law Code

Made up of 4 parts:•The Code: contained nearly 5,000 Roman laws•The Digest: quotes and opinions from famous Roman legal thinkers•The Institutes: a textbooks for students to learn how to use the law•The Novellae: new laws

Justinian’s Law Code

• most important contribution was his codification of Roman law

• The Body of Civil Law• created a single, uniform code• became the basis for much of the legal system

of Europe

Imperial Capital

• Hagia Sophia- “Holy Wisdom”• Viewed churches as the most visible sign of

the close connection between church and state in his empire

Imperial Capital

• Enlarged his palace, built baths, aqueducts, law courts, schools, and hospitals

• Established the preservation of Greco-Roman culture

The Mese or Constantinople’s Main Street

Market Scene in Constantinople 1857 by E. A. Goodall

The Hippodrome

The Hippodrome

Recapture of the West

• by 552 he had almost restored the full Roman Empire

• three years after his death in 565–Byzantium suffered population loss with the

outbreak of a plague similar to the Bubonic Plague– the Lombards had conquered much of Italy– constantly being pushed by Islam

The Walls of Constantinople

Influence of the Byzantine Empire• Element: Describe the relationship between the

Roman and Byzantine Empires; include the impact Byzantium had on Moscow and the Russian Empire, the effect of Byzantine culture on Tsar Ivan III and Kiev, and the rise of Constantinople as a center for law, religion, and the arts.

• Vocabulary: Byzantine Empire, Russian Empire, Moscow, Tsar Ivan III, Kiev, Constantinople

Byzantine Empire

• by 8th century consisted of the eastern Balkans and Asia Minor

• expanded under a new dynasty of emperors, the Macedonians

• ruled from 867 to 1081• by 1025, the largest it had been since the

early 600s

Constantinople

• capital of the Byzantine Empire• becomes new center of trade in the

Mediterranean Sea• culture will flourish with religion and art• Eastern Orthodox Christianity• Hagia Sophia or Holy Wisdom• Mosaics – peaces of tile and glass used as a

picture

Development of the Russian State

Formation:•culture is a blend of Slavic and Greek traditions•Slavic people came from North European forest

Development of the Russian State

Vikings:•called the Varangians or Rus•Russian = Viking + Slavic•Legend: Slavs invited Viking chief Rurik to be their king•862 city of Novgorod founded•Viking Nobles intermarried with Slavic subjects and adopted their culture

Kievan Russia

Rise:•by 880 Oleg, an Novgorod nobleman moved south to Kiev•allowed access to Constantinople•relations were hostile at first with the Byzantine Empire•eventually became trading partners•Kiev became capital of Russian empire

Kievan Russia

Vladimir:•converted to Christianity (Eastern Orthodox)•by 989 held a public baptism of all the citizens of Kiev in the Dnieper River•made contact with several Western countries through trade•eventually Russian kings made alliances with the royalty of Sweden, France, and Germany

Kievan Russia

Mongols:•Russian relations with the West were cut off •during the 13th century•the Mongols conquered Kievan Russia

Kievan Russia

Byzantine Influence:•remained Eastern Orthodox Christians•form of government continued to resemble that of Byzantium•idea of the emperor as supreme ruler of the Church (human representative of Jesus Christ)•relationship between church and state grew together in Russia

Rise of Moscow

Description:•becomes an important trade center for Russia after the fall of Kiev•Ivan I convinced the Patriarch (leading bishop of Eastern Europe) to move from Kiev to Moscow

Rise of Moscow

Ivan III:•became prince of Moscow•openly challenged Mongol rule•took the name of czar for Caesar•wanted to make Russia the third Rome

Rise of Moscow

The Bloodless Standoff:•by 1480 broke from the Mongols•refused to pay his tribute(tax)•Russian and Mongol armies faced at the Urga river•neither side advanced fight•established Russian liberation from Mongol rule

Rise of Moscow

Impact:•ruled for 43 years•Russian state would become a genuine empire

Crisis in the Byzantine Empire

• Element: Explain the Great Schism of 1054 CE.

• Vocabulary: Great Schism of 1054

Byzantine Empire

• both a Greek and Christian state• Greek became the empire’s official language• the empire retained the Christian faith• Christian church of the empire became known

as the Eastern Orthodox Church

Great Schism of 1054

• East-West Schism:• split between the Eastern and Western

Christian Churches• relations were strained because of distance

and language barrier

Great Schism of 1054

• Reason:• split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic,

political, and geographic lines

Doctrinal

East• Patriarch and other bishops

head the Church as a group

West• Pope has authority over all

other bishops

Theological

East• Priests may be married• Divorce is allowed under

certain conditions

West• Priests may not marry• Divorce is not permitted

Linguistic

East• Greek speaking Eastern

West• Latin speaking Western

Political

East• Byzantine emperor claims

authority over the patriarch and other bishops of the empire

West• in the West Pope claims all

authority over all kings and emperors

Geographical

East• Asia Minor and the Balkans

in the Eastern

West• Italy in the Western

distance allowed for the churches to develop differently

The Events

• The Crisis:• the Roman Pope claimed to hold authority over

the four Eastern patriarchs• the four eastern patriarchs claimed the

Patriarch of Rome was only honorary• believed he had authority only over Western

Christians• Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I

excommunicated each other

The Events

• The Result:• led to the split of the Christian church• led to the development of the modern

Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches

Crisis in the Byzantine Empire

• Element: Explain the Ottoman Empire’s role in the decline of Byzantium and the capture of Constantinople in 1453 CE.

• Vocabulary: Ottoman Empire

Mongol Empire

• Element: Analyze the spread of the Mongol Empire; include the role of Chinggis (Genghis) Khan in developing the empire, the impact of the Mongols on Russia, China and the West, the development of trade, and European observations through the writings of Marco Polo.

• Vocabulary: Mongol Empire, Genghis Khan, Marco Polo

Origins• came from Mongolia• north of China in central Asia• pastoral people organized by clans

Unification

• Temujin gradually unified the Mongols

• 1206 elected Genghis Khan (“universal ruler”)

• at a massive meeting in the Gobi

Genghis Khan

• devoted himself to conquest

• created the largest land empire in history

Khanates

• Genghis Khan died in 1227• his empire was divided among his heirs• according to Mongol custom• the separate territories were called khanates

Mongol Expansion

• in 1260, Mongol forces attacked the Song dynasty of China

• Kublai Khan (a grandson of Genghis Khan)• in 1279 completed the conquest of the Song• established the Yuan dynasty in China• ruled China from his capital at Khanbaliq (“the

city of the Khan”), now known as Beijing• died in 1294

Mongol Expansion

• Mongol forces advanced against Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, and Japan

• only Vietnam was conquered• in 1281, Kublai Khan sent warriors to invade

Japan• A typhoon destroyed most of his fleet• Japan would not be invaded again until 1945

Administration

• successful in ruling China• won the support of the Chinese people by

providing stability and economic prosperity• the capital, Khanbaliq, reflected Mongol

prosperity• fell in 1368• Zhu Yuanzhang, the son of a peasant, raised

an army and set up the Ming dynasty

Marco Polo

• Europeans had long been attracted to Asia. Many people, including Christopher Columbus, were

• fascinated by Marco Polo’s account of his travels to the court of Kublai Khan and the exotic East

• renewed interest of Marco Polo’s account will spur in a new desire to travel in Europe during the fourteenth century