east-west differences and implications for cognitive neuroscience · theta activity from frontal...
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East-West differences and implications for
cognitive neuroscience
Stan Gielen
Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Singapore, September 16 2015
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Cognition - Cultural patterns of cognition - Good lifeEvil and Happiness in past and modern thought
Human nature wants to “understand” and “explain” events in the world
• Bad and good demons/gods
• Monotheism: there is a good, allmighty god. An allmighty god who allows
crimes is a criminal himself devil
• Why does shit happen ?
Leibniz (1646-1716): the universe is the best possible God could create !
• The Lisbon earthquake in 1755 Kant, Voltaire, Rousseau, Goethe
• If God is dead (Spinoza, Nietzsche), human subjects have to act properly
The distinction between natural evils (e.g. the Lisbon earthquake, disease)
and moral evils (e.g. 9/11, Auschwitz) is relatively recent.
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What is happiness ?
• For the Greek: a gift, depending on the whims of the Gods
• For the Romans: prosperity and divine favor
• For Christians: the promise of an end to all suffering in the eternal bliss
at the end of the world to come and entrance to Heaven
• Enlightment: happy in this life !
• Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence
• Rights of Man in the French revolution
• In 19-th and 20-th century: pursuit of happiness (“the American
dream”)
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What to do to make people feel happy ?
• Adequate basic (living) conditions
• Stable and reliable (living) conditions
• Trust, confidence
• Respect diversity and use it
• People believe that they are in control
How do people act to be in control ?
How do they make decisions ?
How do people respond to unexpected events and
uncertainty in the external world ?
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Planning/Anticipation/Decision making
• Behavioral aspects of planning and decision making
• Neuronal mechanisms involved in top-down control
• Effect of attention on neuronal processing and brain
connectivity
• Shaping your brain and making you happy ?
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Anatomical connectivity
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Functional connectivity
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Functional connectivity
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Neuronal plasticity and communication
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Brain Function
• Hearing, Vision
• Playing soccer
• Memory
• Intelligence
• personality
• Cultural pattern
nature-nurture
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Neuronal mechanisms involved in top-down control
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Overt and covert attention
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P4P3O2O1FzCzPz
1 s
70 V
Brain rhythmsEyes closed
Alpha-rhythm (about 10 Hz)
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Oscillatory gamma activity in the brain related to attention to visual stimuli
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Attention to tactile stimuli
M.Bauer, J. Neurosci. 2006
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Role of alpha-rhythms in selective attention
Optimal task
performance
requires alpha
activity in brain
areas not involved
in a task.
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When visual stimuli are presented simultaneously in the left and right
hemifields and subjects attend to the left hemifield, posterior alpha
activity decreases in the contralateral right hemisphere. At the same
time, alpha activity remains strong in the left hemisphere.
Jensen et al., TINS 2012
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Human Brain Mapping 30:1791-1800 (2009)
Larger alpha-activity just before
stimulus: more false alarms !
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Human Brain Mapping 30:1791-1800 (2009)
Larger alpha-activity: more false alarms !
Alpha activity reduces
neuronal sensitivity
We can predict false alarms !
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alpha (10 Hz)
Theta (4-6 Hz)
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OOHPS !
Theta activity from frontal cortex is anti-correlated
with alpha posterior
Event-related potential (ERP)
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Errors were followed by increase in θ-activity in
frontal cortex, followed by a decrease in occipital α
and sensorimotor β activity.
Human Brain Mapping 30:1791-1800 (2009)
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alpha (10 Hz)
Theta (4-6 Hz)
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Strategies for planning and anticipation
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Planning and control
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How to control an unknown system?
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Time delays should be incorporated for tracking a moving
target !
Δt1
Δt2
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Eye and hand tracking in 3D
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Eye and hand in 3D
tracking tracing
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Eye-Hand Tracing
azimuth elevation
1
12
2
3
34
4
1
2
3
4
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Tracking/tracing in version/vergence directions
Eye-hand coordination for tracking/tracing in 3D
Hypotheses:
• Gaze leads finger position by a constant time ΔT- If the frequency of saccades is constant, we should see more fixations at high
path curvatures (where arm velocity is small)
1
2
3
4
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Gaze leads hand position ?
Gaze position – hand position = hand velocity * lead time
slope
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Gaze leads hand position both in time and
distance
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.180
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Finger velocity at saccade endpoint in m/s
Dis
tance b
etw
een g
aze a
nd f
inger
in m
SG 2009-02-12 Cassini - oblique - slow r = 0.421, p = 5.03e-006
y = 0.29*x + 0.02
data 1
linear
0.0 0.1
Finger velocity (m/s) at saccade offset
0.0
0.1
Y=0.29x+0.02
Gaze position – hand position = hand velocity * lead time
Dis
tan
ce
be
twe
en
ga
ze
an
d fin
ge
r (m
)
• Gaze lead hand position by constant time to “explore” future trajectory and to guide the hand
• And by a constant distance, to control position of the hand on target !
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Planning and uncertainty
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Introduction
When do you make a boat reservation if you want to take your
girl friend out for sailing ?
time
26
24
22
20
80
76
72
68
F Co
sunday monday tuesday wednesday
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And when if the weather is highly variable and unpredictable ?
26
24
22
20
80
76
72
68
time
26
24
22
20
80
76
72
68
F Co
sunday monday tuesday wednesday
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Human subjects are extremely good in optimizing predictive
behavior
)()(
)(
ttudt
dy
vttx
Cursor position (x(t),y(t))
y
x
T1
T2
with22 )( t
Instruction to the subject:
make sure that the cursor hits one of the two targets T1 or T2
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Theoretical predictions for stochastic optimal control
Small noise Large noise
))()(
(tanh1
),(2
tyT
ty
Ttyu
NB: for deterministic optimal control T
tyytyu
)())((
*
Tramper, Gielen et al., PLoS One, 2012
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Movement trajectories
Small noise Large noise
Time to go (s)
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Cognition and East-West cultural differences
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Mindfullness meditation
• key element of several Buddhist meditations including Vipassana and
Zen meditation
• paying attention to the present moment characterized by a receptive and
non-judgemental attitude (Kabat-Zinn, 1994)
• meditation includes
• focus attention
• observe the world “as is”
• self observation
• negative feelings : accept pain, fear, greed, anger, hate
• positive feelings : perceive wisdom, love, compassion, joy,
equinimity
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Mindfullness meditation
•mindfulness training is reported to have
- reduced blood pressure
- decreased anxiety,
- depressive symptoms and relapses
- benefits for patients suffering from various types of chronic pain
- dealing with stress problems (Chiesa & Serretti, 2009)
- cognitive functions, including attention and memory
Focused attention meditations involves the development
- sustained attention to a target object,
- monitoring faculty (so as to detect mind wandering),
- the ability to disengage from a distracting object without further involvement (attention switching),
- the ability to redirect focus promptly to the chosen object (selective attention)
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Overt and covert attention
Attention:• alerting (sustained attention or
vigilance),
• orienting (selective attention or
concentration)
• executive attention (divided attention
or conflict monitoring)
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Greater efficiency in attentional processing
related to mindfulness meditation
attention consists of three functionally distinct neural
networks:
• alerting (sustained attention or vigilance),
• orienting (selective attention or concentration)
• executive attention (divided attention or conflict
monitoring)
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Greater efficiency in attentional processing
related to mindfulness meditation
van den Hurk, Gielen et al.Quart. J. Exp. Psychol., 2009
Explanation:•Effect of attentional
training
•concentrative attention
should be mastered
before receptive
attention is cultivated
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Results
• higher levels of selective attention in long-term meditators as compared with
controls
• meditators disengaged more quickly from incorrectly cued visual information
and more flexibly re-directed attention to new information
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Impact of mindfulness-based stress reduction
training on intrinsic brain connectivity
Kilpatrick et al., NeuroImage 2011
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Asking whether function is determined by brain
activity/connectivity or the other way around is a silly question!
Brain Function
• Hearing, Vision
• Playing soccer
• Memory
• Intelligence
• personality
• Cultural pattern
nature-nurture
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Summary
1. The brain selects inputs and sensory processing and thereby
shapes itself
2. Training/practice shapes brain activity brain connectivity
3. Human subjects are able to control sensory perception and the
perception of pain, stress (and happiness ?)
4. Brain research requires a holistic approach to the brain and it’s
activity:
• Activity in one part of the brain does not tell you anything !
• “More is different”
• Complexity is an issue !
• Understanding the brain requires reductionism and holism
5. Presumably different cultural backgrounds lead to different brains,
different cognitive behavior, and different personalities .
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Thank you for your attention
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Article 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be
prohibited in all their forms.
Article 7. All are equal before the law …..
Article 10. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and
impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge
against him.
Article 13. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement …..
Article 17. Everyone has the right to own property …..
Article 18. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion;
Article 19. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression;
Article 23. Everyone has the right to work, ……..
Article 25. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being
of himself and of his family, ……
Article 26. Everyone has the right to education …..
Article 27. Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to
enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
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Hercules at the cross roadsHercules deciding between Virtue and Pleasure
Albrecht Dürer, 1498
engraving
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Typical generally accepted differences between
East and West
East West
Honour/shame guilt/penitence/responsibility
group/family Individual and personal
development
respect for elderly and
traditional way of living
dynamic change, taking risks,
aiming for improvement,
“disruptive” concepts
holistic approach Reductionism/ abstract
concepts