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EAST COASTTACTICAL AIRCREW COMBAT

TRAINING SYSTEMFACILITY EXPANSION

CONCEPT STUDYLgn

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Ocean EngineeringaiESAPEAKE DIVISIONNAVAIL FACILITIES ENGINEERING (X)MIANDWASHINGION NAVY YARD

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-- : TACTICAL AIRCREW COMBAT..- ~~TRAINING SYSTEM.-.--.. FACILITY EXPANSION~~CONCEPT STUDY -"

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NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMANDWASHINGTONDEC 20374

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DISCLAIMER NOTICE

THIS DOCUMENT IS BEST QUALITYPRACTICABLE. THE COPY FURNISHEDTO DTIC CONTAINED A SIGNIFICANTNUMBER OF PAGES WHICH DO NOTREPRODUCE LEGIBLY.

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UnclassifiedSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGEla. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION lb. RESTRICTIVE MARKINGSUnclassified

2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3. DISTRIBUTION AVAILABILITY OF REP.Approved for public release:distribution is unlimited

2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE

4. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 5. MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT #FPO-I-81(26)

6a. NAME OF PERFORM. ORG. 6b. OFFICE SYM 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATIONOcean Engineering& ConstructionProject officeCHESNAVFACENGCOM

6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and Zip Code) 7b. ADDRESS (City. State, and Zip )BLDG. 212, Washington Navy YardWashington, D.C. 20374-21218a. NAME OF FUNDING ORG. 8b. OFFICE SYM 9. PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT INDENT #

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11. TITLE (Including Security Classification)" East Coast Tactical Aircrew Combat Training System Facility Expansion Concept

Study12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)T.J. O'Boyle13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b. TIME COVERED 14. DATE OF REP. (YYMMDD) 15. PAGES

FROM TO 81-9 11016. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if nec.)FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP TACTS, East Coast Tactical Aircrew Combat

Training System

19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary & identify by block number)This brief study was performed as per the request of the naval Air SystemsCommand. This report presents the results of a facility concept study andpreliminary cost estimates for the future expansion of the East Coast TacticalAircrew Combat Training System (TACTS). The present TACTS is located (Con't)20. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21. ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 3

SAME AS RPT.22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b. TELEPHONE 22c. OFFICE SYMBOLJacqueline B. Riley 202-433-3881DD FORM 1473. 84MAR SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

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BLOCK 19 (Conbt)

approximately 30 miles east of Kitty Hawk. North Carolina. and consists offour template type towers. These towers are in 81 ft., 93 ft.. and two towersin 105 ft. of water. The direction of the proposed expansion is unknowntherefore, the exact water depths at each new remote location is uncertain.These water depths could range from 150 ft. to 6000 ft. depending on thedirection of expansion. Each proposed expansion would require as many asthree new remote structures and would use the existing TACTS towers as themaster stations for these remotes. The study considered vertical extensionsto the existing towers to facilitate required line of sight microwave datatransmission to and from range expansion units. Expansion areas consideredresulted in conceptualizing structures for shallow and deep water conditions.

S

................................................

EAST COAST TACTICAL AIR CREWCOMBAT TRAINING SYSTEM

FACILITY EXPANSION STUDY

SEPTEMBER 1981

T. J. O'BOYLF

Approved: S. C. Ling, DirectorEngineering Analysis

Division

OCEAN ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT OFFICE

CHESAPEAK~E DIVISIONNAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND

WASHINGTON, DC 20374

TABLE OF CONTENTS zi

1.0 NTRODUCTiON 1

1.1 Scope of Report 11.2 Criteria I

1.2.1 Environmental 11.2.2 Expected Life 31.2.3 Antenna Excursion and Rotation 3

1. 1.3 Concepts 31.3.1 200 Ft. Tower Extension 31.3.2 Shallow Water Range Expansion Structure 51.3.3 Deep Water Range Expansion Structure 5

2.0 THE 200 FOOT EXTENSION CONCEPT 5

2.1 Stability of TACTS Towers with the 200 Foot Extension 52.2 Preliminary Cost Estimate 6

3.0 SHALLOW WATER RANGE EXPANSION CONCEPT 8

3.1 Floating Structure Concept 8" 3.2 Fixed (Template) Structure Concept 9

3.3 Guy Wire Tower Concept 9

* 4.0 DEEP WATER RANGE EXPANSION CONCEPT 11

4.1 Semi-Submersible Concept 11* 4.2 Spar Buoy Concept 11

4.2.1 Stability Analysis 114.2.2 Preliminary Cost Estimate 16

5.0 CONCLUSION 17

5.1 200 Foot Extension Concept 175.2 Shallow Water Range Extension Concept 185.3 Deep Water Range Extension Concept 185.4 Floating Structure Maintenance 19

5.5 Summary of Preliminary Cost Estimates 19

REFERENCES 20

* i APPENDICES

A. 200 Foot Extension Stability Analysis and Cost Estimate* -B. Wave Forces on Guy Wire Tower and Preliminary Mooring Analysis

C. Spar Buoy Displacement During Operational EnvironmentD. Spar Buoy Displacement During Survival Environment

....-. .- L..

LIST OF FIGURES

S Filh,

1.0-1 Index Map Showing Approximate Location of TACTS Towers 2

1.0-2 200 Foot Tower Extension 4

2.0-1 Location of Two Proposed Expansions 7

4.0-1 Semi-Submersible Concept 12

4.0-2 Semi-Submersible Mooring Concept 13

4.0-3 Sketch of Spar Buoy Concept 14

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LIST OF TABLES % %

2.0-i Stability of TACTS Offshore Towers with 200 Foot Antenna Extension 6

2.0-2 Preliminary Cost Estiamte of the 200 Foot Antenna Extension 8

, 3.0-1 Preliminary Cost Estimate for the Guy Wire Tower Concept 10

4.0-1 Prelinimary Cost Estimate for the Spar Buoy using Kevlar Mooring Lines 16

4.0-2 Preliminary Cost Estimate for the Spar Buoy using Polyester Mooring Lines 17

5.0-1 Summary of Preliminary Cost Estimates 19

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,•. 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Scope of Report

This brief study was performed as per the request of the Naval Air Systems Command.

This report presents the results of a facility concept study and preliminary cost es-

timates for the future expansion of the East Coast Tactical Aircrew Combat Training Sys- -. ,

tem (TACTS)*. The present TACTS is located approximately 30 miles east of Kitty Hawk,

. North Carolina and consists of four template type towers. These towers are in 81 ft.,

93 ft., and two towers in 105 ft. of water, (see Figure 1.0-1).' The direction of the pro-

posed expansion is unknown therefore, the exact water depths at each new remote location is

uncertain. These water depths could range from 150 ft. to 6000 ft. depending on the

direction of expansion. Each proposed expansion would require as many as three new remote

structures and would use the existing TACTS towers as the master stations for these remotes.

The study considered vertical extensions to the existing towers to facilitate required line 3Wof sight microwave data transmission to and from range expansion units. Expansion areas

considered resulted in conceptualizing structures for shallow and deep water conditions. - -

1.2 Criteria

1.. 1.2.1 Environmental

For this study, it was assumed the environment in the proposed range ex-

pansion areas would be similar to the criteria used for the design of the existing TACTS

Towers. Some modifications to these criteria were made for the different water depths. A

*Formerly named East Coast Air Combat Maneuvering Range (EC/ACMR)

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listing of the assumed environment used in the analysis of the guy wire tower concept and

the spar buoy concept can be found in Sections 3.3 and 4.2.1, respectively, of this report .

1.2.2 Expected Life

P It was assumed that the structures would be designed for a 20 year life.

1.2.3 Antenna Excursion and Rotation

NAVAIRSYSCOM indicated that the horizontal excursion of the floatin"

structures would not be of concern because it would be possible to track and locate each

structure. The limiting factor in the amount of antenna rotation (pitch and yaw) that can

be tolerated is the antenna beam width. For this report it was assumed that the antenna

rotation would be limited to approximately + 100.

- 1.3 Concepts

1.3.1 200 ft. Tower Extension

The use of some of the existing towers as the master for the proposed TACTS

|- expansion necessitates the fabrication and installation of an extension to the struc-

tures. Because the TACTS range uses microwave transmission to relay the data from the re-

. mote stations to the master, the receiving antenna on the master must be at a high enough

elevation to allow line of sight operation with the remotes. Adding a 200 ft. extension to

the deck of the existing TACTS tower, to be used as the master, raises the antenna to an ele-

vation of 275 ft. above the water, (see Figure 1.0-2), and keeping the antennas on the new

remotes 75 feet above the water surface results in an approximate line-of-sight separation

distance of 26 NM.

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1.3.2 Shallow Water Range Expansion

" For water depths less than 200 ft., either a floating or fixed structure

" could be used. The floating type would have to be one with relatively shallow draft, similar ,

to a semi-submersible. The fixed structure could be either a template structure like the

-. original TACTS towers or a guy wire tower. The guy wire tower concept was considered to be

feasible. This study concentrated on the guy wire type of shallow water structure because of

-" this task's short time frame and as stated above, the existing TACTS towers are of the tem-

7' plate type.

*: 1.3.3 Deep Water Range Expansion Structure

For the areas where the water depths can reach 4000 to over 6000 ft., the

only viable remote structure would be of the anchored/floating type. There is no evidence

that any unmanned, floating structure with these operational criteria has ever been moored

in these water depths for an extended period of time. Therefore, there is no way to place a

risk factor on this concept but the risk cannot be ignored. Two possible types ofU- floating structure designs are the semi-submersible and the spar buoy. Either type may per-

form equally well and conform to the operational criteria, however, the spar buoy was the

concept investigated in this report.

2.0 THE 200 FOOT EXTENSION CONCEPT

2.1 Stability of TACTS Towers With the 200 Foot Extension

,-o.

The construction and installation of the four offshore towers of the Tactical Jk

Aircrew Combat Training System (TACTS) was completed in August 1977. The location of

5 I

S the towers and two of the proposed expansion areas are depicted in Figure 2.0-1. Four

years of operational experience have revealed over water data transmission problems in tht

existing tracking system which made it necessary to consider an engineering change to the P

- original towers. The suggested solution to these problems is addressed in reference (W,

and this solution was to put a 100 ft. extension on the structures. However; these exten-

sions were never installed. The stability calculations for the now proposed 200 ft. exten-

S.-sion, presented in Appendix A of the report, are an adaptation of the work done in references

(1) and (2). The factors of safety from these calculations are presented in Table 2.0-1.

The factor of safety for compression failure is relatively low for the deeper water depths

but this is for a short term loading and is felt to be adequate.

TABLE 2.0-1

Stability of TACTS Offshore Towers with 200 foot Antenna Extension:

b TACTS Offshore Water Factor of Safety forTower Depth Pile Foundation

Tension CompressionFailure Failure

1 81 feet 1.61 1.42

2 93 feet 1.44 1.20" 3&4 105 feet 1.41 1.19

2.2 Preliminary Cost Estimate

4" Reference (1) had indicated the 100 foot extension could be preassembled

S'. on shore in sections and transported to the erection site by helicopter. This procedure

0"- -would not be possible for the 200 ft. extension because the weight of each section could

exceed the lift capacity of the helicopter. Also, the top deck of the TACTS Towers would

have to be modified to accept the stand alone 200 ft., extension and an additional walk-way

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: be placed around the perimeter. This tower modification would be a separate installation

and could be preassembled and brought out on a barge then raised into place by a crance

and welded on. Table 2.0-2 presents a preliminary cost estimate summary. A detailed

breakdown of this cost estimate appears in Appendix A.

TABLE 2.0-2

Preliminary Cost Estimate for the 200 foot Antenna Extension:

Material $124,500Labor 126,160

InstallationPlatform Mod 67,800

' Tower Extension 173,550

$492,010

A&E Platform Mod &Tower Design 10% Above $ 49,200SIOH 107 Above 49,200

$590,410

TOTAL (9/81 Present $) $600,000

NOTE: Does Not Include Antenna Cost

3.0 SHALLOW WATER RANGE EXPANSION CONCEPT

3.1 Floating Structure Concept

As stated earlier in this report, a floating structure would have to be de-

'• signed as a semi-submersible because a shallow water depth requires a structure with a

small draft. A spar type structure requires a much greater draft and may come dangerously

8 •

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close to the sea bottom during a storm. The concept of using a floating structure in

shallow water was not addressed in this study.

3.2 Fixed (Template) Structure Concept .4..

This concept uses the same type of structure in the shallow water areas as

used in the original TACTS range. During a phone conversation with Tera, Inc., on 1 September -I.

1981, it was indicated that a jacketed structure for shallow (150') water may cost $5M each.

" This was a very rough cost and would be for an existing used structure that would be bought

as is. There would be no design, fabrication, or construction control. These structures

would be transported to the site, off loaded into place, and piles driven through the jacket

- to hold it in place. This may be a good concept if the funding is available and the schedule .

is such that the structures are needed quickly.

.. '

" 3.3 Guy Wire Tower Concept

This concept places a slender tower in the ocean and holds it upright with

. mooring lines that are under tension. The guy wire tower was modeled as a cylindrical pile,

Pinned at the sea floor and held rigid at the point where the mooring lines are attached.

L The survival environment assumed was as follows:

Water Depth 100, 150 amd 200 ft.

Wave Height 61.3 ft.

Wave Period 13.6 sec.

Astronomical Tide 4.4 ft.f.* I",.

Storm Tide 3.3 ft.

" Surface Current 4.7 ft./sec.

- I9

The wave force distribution for these water depths on a 24 inch and 36 inch-4,

Idiameter column were calculated. The results of these calculations can be found in

* Appendix B. The wind area above the work platform was calculated assuming there would

... be the same assemblage of material as found on the TACTS towers at present. For this

report, the wave forces were placed on a 36 inch diameter pile in 100 feet of water to

determine the horizontal force the anchors would have to overcome. Also, this horizontal

force was needed to do a preliminary design of a mooring system. This concept uses a three

legged chain mooring. It is important to not, that no analysis of the antenna movements was

,' performed and this may not be the final mooring configuration and may indeed contain many

more legs. The total horizontal force and mooring calculations can be found in Appendix B.

Based on the above concept assumptions, a summary of the preliminary cost estimate can be

found in Table 3.0-1.

TABLE 3.0-1

Preliminary Cost Estimate for the Guy Wire Tower Concept:

Site Survey $ 50,000 -'. o

Material, Construction Tower,Stake Pile Anchor, New Chain 517,000

Installation (25 Days)Equipment 537,700Labor 111,700

1,166,900

A&E Design 6% AboveExcept Site Survey 70,000

SIOH 10% Above 116,000

TOTAL (Present $) $1,403,600

NOTE: Does Not Include Post Installation Inspection

."

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4.0 DEEP WATER RANGE EXPANSION CONCEPT..; ..

4.1 Semi-Submersible Concept

This report does not evaluate the semi-submersible concept. It was felt

that the short time allotted for analysis of the deep water areas would be best spent on

the spar buoy concept. Furthermore; Alan C. McClure Associates, Inc., investigated the

semi-submersible (see Figure 4.0-1), and reported their findings to NAVAIRSYSCOM. There was

no time to look over their concept to see if ti conformed with the operational criteria or

if their proposed mooring system was strong enough to withstand the environmental loads (see .-.

Figure 4.0-2).

- 4.2 Spar Buoy Concept

4.2.1 Stability Analysis

The preliminary concept shown in Figure 4.0-3 was analyzed ut dr

the environmental operational conditions listed below:

Water Depth 6000 ft.

. Wave Height 40 ft.

Wave Period 13.6 sec.

Surface Current 4.3 ft./sec.

Bottom Current 1.3 ft./sec.

Wind Speed 60 mph.

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It was found that the baffel placed below the anchor attachment points

did not contribute enough of a compensating force to offset the overturning forces. Be- -:

cause of this, the baffel was replaced with an equivalent weight which was moved further

below the primary floatation. This resulted in a much greater separation between the

center of buoyancy and center of gravity. This increased separation produced the needed

righting moment.

The revised structural configuration was subjected to the operational

environment and five consecutive waves to determine if the concept would conform

to the ± 100 roll, pitch and yaw constraint. The analysis indicated the structure

assumes an initial angle of approximately -5.50 due to the wind and current. Fron"

this initial angle the variation in pitch ranges from -10.50 to 7.80. The yaw is

less than + 10. The pitch may be reduced by further separation of the center of buoy-

ancy and center of gravity. A series of plots depicting the time history of the structure's

movement can be found in Appendix C. After five waves had passed, the structure

had moved along the water surface in the direction of the wave and current a distance

of approximately 185 feet.

It is important to remember that the results presented in this report are

for only one environmental loading condition. The chosen wind, wave, and current direc-

I. tions may not result in the maximum load but give an indication of the structure's response.

Preliminary analysis done on this concept, assuming the structure

did not move, resulted in mooring line loads as high as 250,000 pounds for the sur-

vival condition. Allowing the structure a limited amount of movement in both the opera-

.tional and survival environment results in lcwer mooring line loads of approximately."'l

150,000 pounds during operation and approximately 160,000 pounds in survival condi-

[7.

.tions. The plots of the structure's movement, found in Appendix D, for the 61.3 foot.

survival wav, and 150 knot survival wind show the angle of pitch has increased.

However, this increase is not enough to endanger the top deck on the tower. Also, the

.structure had moved approximately 320 feet after the five waves have passed. This lower

mooring line load during the survival conditions results in a lower overall cost estimate.

No stiffness analysis was done on the structure for this report. It is

-assumed the individual members within the structure can be choosen so each will be strong

enough to withstand the maximam loads.

4.2.2 Preliminary Cost Estimate

The first cost estimate prepared for the spar buoy concept was based on

" the original mooring line load of 250,000 pounds (see Table 4.0-1). It was also decided

to use a Kevlar mooring line which has very little elongation. As seen in Table 4.0-1,

..the 3 Leg mooring cost is the most expensive part of this concept.

TABLE 4.0-1

Preliminary Cost Estimate for the Spar Buoy using Kevlar Mooring Lines.

Site Survey $ 150,000,.Material, Construction 800,000

3 Leg Mooring 5,216,000Installation (15 days)

Equipment 307,000Labor 60,250

- A&E Design 67' Aboveexcept site survey 383,000

SIOH 107, Above 638,325


.,NOTE: Does Not Include Post Installation Inspection

16 ~1

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Allowing the structure to have limited movement reduced the loads on the

mooring lines. This load reduction together with the possibility of changing the mooring

. line material to a Polyester may substantially lower the cost of each moored structure.

The polyester (Stable Braid) mooring line has approximately 2.5% elastic elongation .7"

when used at 20' of breaking strength, which is the working (operational) load.

This is the lowest stretch standard double braid rope available. Table 4.0-2 is

a summary of the cost estimate for the Spar buoy concept with the reduced mooring lint

loads and replacing the Kevlar with the polyester mooring line.

TABLE 4.0-2

Preliminary Cost Estimate for the Spar Buoy using Polyester Mooring Lines,

Site Survey $ 150,000

Material/Construction 800,0003 Leg Mooring 2,123,000

Installation (15 days)Equipment 307,000

I Labor 60,250A&E Design 6/' Above

except site survey 200,000SIOH 10% Above 330,000


NOTE: Does Not Include Post Installation Inspection

5.0 CONCLUSION

5.1 200 Foot Extension Concept

Placing a 200 foot, stand alone tower extension on the existing TACTS towers

could reduce the factor of safety for compression failure of the pile foundation to 1.19.

17

rJ Because the environmental loading condition responsible for this reduction in safety factor

would not be long term, this value is felt to be satisfactory. This factor of safety was

U calculated based on the original strengths of the TACTS towers. Prior to the design of the

- extension, an extensive engineering analysis would be needed to ensure the towers have

retained 100/ of their original strength.

*5.2 Shallow Water Range Expansion Concept

The use of a template structure would be the option with the lowest risk factor.

The continuing successful use of the present TACTS range indicates this type of structure

can endure the environment.

The installation of a guy wire tower may involve unseen probles that

would increase the cost. As mentioned earlier in this report, the guy wire tower

may have many more mooring legs than the three used in this report. This concept

appears to have a lower preliminary cost estimate but there is a much higher risk factor

- with this concept than there is using a template structure.

The use of a floating structure was not addressed, therefore, the adequacy

of this concept cannot be determined.

5.3 Deep Water Range Extension Concept

There is no way within the timeframe of this task to place a risk factor on this

concept because no one has ever moored an unmanned platform, like the ones described in this

.. report, in this water depth. The technology exists to accomplish the design and installa- N"

18

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tion of this type of structure, however, the lack of experience could contribute to making

this a very high risk undertaking. Even so, it is felt this concept could be successfully

engineered. It is also important to consider that during the life of the structure, part or

-. all of the mooring system may have to be replaced.

P. 5.4 Floating Structure Maintenance

During the design life of the floating structures, each one should be

removed from it's mooring and brought back to shore every five years. At this time

" the entire structure could be refurbished. The cost of this maintenance was not

- included in the cost estimate. Also, the impact of the down time for the range while this

maintenance is being done has not been factored into the estimate.

5.5 Summary of Preliminary Cost Estimates

A summary of all the preliminary cost estimates can be found in Table 5.0-1.

All the costs presented in this table are based on assumptions presented in this report. Zr.

TABLE 5.0-1

L, Summary of Preliminary Cost Estimates

Concept Present $ Cost

.-1 200 Foot Extension $600K

Fixed Template Tower $5,000K

Guy Wire Tower $1,404K

*, Spar Buoy Using Kevlar $7,555K

Spar Buoy Using Polyester $3,970K

19-

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REFERENCES

1. Tactical Aircrew Combat Training System (TACTS) Antenna Extension Feasibility Study,FPO-I Technical Note TR-lE-40, January 1980 " .

* 2. Chern, C., Feasibility Study on the Construction and Cost Estimate of an Offshore* .* Microwave Antenna Support Tower, Key West, Florida; FPO-l, October 1980

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