East Asian Geography

Geography Class work

1. What is an archipelago? 2. Name 3 archipelagos3. What is the Ring of Fire?4. What physical barriers separate China from other

regions?5. Name the 6 main regions of China6. What are China’s major rivers?7. Why is Korea considered a bridge between China

and Japan?8. What is the main geographic feature of Korea?9. What is Japan’s most densely populated area?10. Why have the Japanese relied more on the sea than

the land?

China

Chapter 15

• http://bodyodd.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2010/05/10/2299480.aspx?GT1=43001

Location

• The Chinese believed they lived in the center of the earth

• Physical barriers limited contact b/w China and other early civilizations– Gobi Desert– Mongolian & Tibetan Plateaus– Himalayas– Rain Forests

Gobi Desert•Cold Desert

Land & People

• 1.3 billion people live in China

• They are packed into Eastern China

• Why?– 80% of the land is rugged and mountainous– 20% of the land is flat– 10% of the land is arable, good for farming

• People have constructed terraces on hills and mountain sides to increase farming

Terraced Farm

Terraced Farm

Regions of China

• 6 major Regions

• The Heartland – North & South

– From Beijing in the north to the border with Vietnam

• The Northeast – Manchuria

• Mongolia

• Xinjiang – pronounced (sheen jee ahng)

• Xizang – pronounced (shee dzahng)

COPY ME!!!!

Heartland North

Major Characteristics

Heartland South

Manchuria

Mongolia

Xinjiang

Xizang

The People

• 95% of the people in China are ethnic Chinese, Han

• Other ethnic groups live in remote regions– Mongols– Tibetans– Tajiks

• Mandarin is the official government language, 1000s dialects

The Heartland

The Heartland • North China

• Warm or hot summer

• Cold Winter

• Varied unpredictable rainfall

• Home to industry – Beijing and Tiajin

• South China

• Mild humid climate

• More farmable and industrial

• Rice, tea, vegetables are grown

Manchuria: The

Northeast

Manchuria

Northeast China – once Manchuria

• Cold Climate

• Sparsely populated

• Government offers rewards to people to increase the population

• Full of natural resources

–Oil, iron, aluminum ore, coal, lead, zinc

Mongolia

Mongolia

• Home of the Gobi Desert

• Extreme temperatures – hot and cold

• Home to irrigation projects to increase farming

Xinjiang: The Northwest

Xinjiang

Xinjiang

• Important oil producing region

• Home to many non-Chinese people

–Kazakhs, Muslims

• Isolated from the heartland because of terrain

UigharsMuslim Non-Chinese people of the Zinjiang Region

Xizang: The Tibetan Plateau

Xizang - Tibet

• Home of the Himalayas

• Most of the region is barren and treeless

• China took over Tibet in 1958 to develop its resources

–Mineral mining

–Hydroelectric power

Chinese Rivers

• Huang He – Yellow River

–Name comes from yellow/brown soil of the river bed (loess)

–Floods – 1931 killed 4 million people

–Floods – provide valuable fertile soil for farming

Huang He River

Chinese Rivers

• Chang – also called the Yangzi River

–Carries most of China’s trade

–Shanghai

–Used to create hydroelectric power

–3 Gorges Dam

Three Gorges Dam – the worlds largest DAM

• Why was it built?

• What are the predicted benefits?

• What are the human costs?

• What are the environmental costs?

• Yi Chang – Chong Qing >300 miles

Three Gorges Dam – the world’s largest dam

• Construction began early 1990s

• Began working late 2008

Length 7661 ftHeight 331 ftFlooded archealogical sitesDisplaced more than 1 million people

Three Gorges Dam

• The Dam Comparison Chart http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001334.html

• The Dam Facts– Forty thousand builders will work for 16 years to complete Three

Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River. – The dam will benefit some two million Chinese by controlling flooding

on the lower Yangtze River, generating hydroelectric power, and reducing pollution caused by the burning of coal.

– The dam may also cause problems, such as causing flooding upstream, possibly causing an earthquake, displacing people, eliminating tourist trade to the area, and destroying important archaeological artifacts.

From - The River Dragon Has Come! Dai Qing. M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1998.

• If built according to plan, Three Gorges will become the world's largest dam

• Submerging 13 cities, 140 towns, 1,352 villages • The resettlement of 1.9 million people• The dam will also bury hundreds of

archeological sites• Put several highly endangered species in

jeopardy• Deface the magnificent beauty of the Three

Gorges Region

Chang River

Chinese Rivers

• Xi – West River

• Flows through south China

• Guangzhou (Canton) is a major port on the river

• Tens of millions of Chinese are crowded onto the Xi delta

• Good climate, fertile soil

Xi River

Shanghai

Guangzhou

Early History

Achievements of Early Chinese Civilizations

• Farming – calendars, equipment, irrigation

• Communication – writing, pictographs, ideographs – over 10,000 characters

• Production – bronze, silk, pottery

Government

• Mandate of Heaven – people owed complete obedience to the ruler because they gained the right to rule from the heavens

• People expected good government and could rebel if they didn’t receive it

• Dynasties used the Mandate of Heaven to keep power for long periods of time

Early Civilizations

•Shang 1650bc-1027bc

•Zhou 1027bc – 200bc

• Organized Government• Weapons – chariots• Irrigation & Flood Control• Religion – polytheistic• Writing – pictographs,

ideographs• Metal work – bronze• Mandate of Heaven – power to

rule through gods• Confucius• Daoism, Legalism

Powerful Empires

Dynastic Rule – Family control

• Qin 221bc – 206bc

• Han 206bc – 220ad

• Tang 618-907• Song 960 - 1279• Mongol 1279-

1368• Ming 1368-1644• Qing 1644-1911

• Built Great Wall of China – 1500 miles• Silk Road – Trade between East and West• Education• Calendar - • Literature – moveable type printing press• Medicine – anesthetics, acupuncture• Farming – wheelbarrow, mill & water wheel• Transportation – roads, compass, ships• Religion – Islam, Christianity, Judaism• Military – gun powder• Art

Homework for the rest of the Year

• Page 333

• 4-6

• Page 336

• 3-5

• Page 348

• 2 (a, g, h, i) 3-6

• Page 354

• 3, 4

• Page 359

• 3-5

Confucius & Confucianism• China’s best known philosopher, born 551 BC• Developed behavioral ideas for peace and

harmony• 5 relationships guide society

– Ruler & ruled– Father & son– Older brother & younger brother– Husband & wife– Friend & friend

• The superior should set the example; the superior is responsible for the inferior

Confucianism

• The family and society should be placed above the individual

• An emphasis on education– “By nature, men are pretty much alike; it is

learning and practice that set them apart.”

Lao Zi & Daoism

• Emphasis on the relationship between people and nature

• “Those who know the Dao do not speak of it; those who speak of it do not know it.”

• Disagreed with Confucius rules of society

Daoism and its influence

• Made advances in science and technology

• Development of the magnetic compass, and gun powder

• Influenced art and literature because of beliefs about nature

Legalism – Han Feizi

• He rejected Confucius ideas of behavior

• He wanted harsh laws from strong rulers

• “The ruler alone possesses power”

• Ideas used in Qin Dynasty, 221 BC

Buddhism

• One of few foreign influences to impact China

• The other thoughts focused on life on earth, Buddhism offered an escape from suffering on earth

• Promised salvation for good, punishment for evil

Diversity

•The Chinese accept parts of each belief system

Patterns of Life

Equality

• All people were not equal• Age, sex, education, and occupation

placed people into groups–Gentry–Peasants–Artisans–Merchants–Soldiers

Patterns of Life ChartSocial Group Characteristics

Gentry • List 4 characteristics

Peasants • List 4 characteristics

Family • List 6 characteristics

Women • List 4 characteristics

The Gentry

• Wealthy landowners, educated by Confucian classics

• They looked down on those who performed physical labor

• Government officials & scholars, collected taxes, and advised the emperor

Peasants

• A vast majority of the people

• Owned land or paid taxes to farm the land

• Feared the harsh system of punishment

• Enjoyed leisure time

Artisans & Merchants

• Produced the goods the Gentry and peasants did not

• Achieved social mobility through educating their children

• At times an entire village supported the education of only one student

Family Life

• Patriarchal – women had to obey men• Families lived together with many

generations, Joint family• Filial Piety – family before self,

obedience to parents, respect ancestors

• Arranged marriage to strengthen your position in society

Role of Women• Women were inferior to men• Girls valued for their work and

motherhood• Daughters births not celebrated, sons

births revered• Binding of the feet began about 950 AD

–Bound feet were beautiful• No longer practiced

Foot Binding

• A Chinese woman with bound feet. The exact origins of footbinding are obscure - it may have begun among dancers at the imperial court - but by the late Tang the custom spread among the upper classes and then throughout Chinese society at large, persisting into the 20th century. The "lily-foot" produced by footbinding, and the stilted gait of the women effectively crippled by it, were highly erotic to Chinese men, and, although the custom has been associated with sociological phenomena such as the more general deterioration of the status of women in urbanized China, at bottom footbinding seems to have been a case of mass sexual psychopathology. It involved considerable pain, and not infrequently death through infection, for young girls to have their feet tightly wrapped and gradually bent until the arch was broken and the toes turned under to produce the desired shape.

• http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=7EF3BAF3-E6EB-4A00-8010-17BBDD0EBD14&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Shoe for a bounded foot• The shoe is

slightly larger than a cigarette pack

Imperialism in China

Europe vs. China before 1700s

• China’s manufacturing and development exceeded Europe’s

• The Chinese denied European countries trading rights

• “…we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange and ingenious and have no use for your country’s manufactures.”

Europe vs. China after 1700s

• The powerful nations of Europe had the power to challenge the Chinese (The Industrial Revolution)– Ships & Military

• Chinese Qing Dynasty began a long period of decline– High taxes, floods & droughts, famine, revolts

European Imperialism Begins

• Europeans began showing disrespect to the Chinese Emperor by no longer bowing

• Europeans wanted to be equal trade partners, not second rate trade partners

• British began trading Indian Opium to the Chinese

• The Chinese became addicted to opium and broke

Timeline: Imperialism to Communism

• Groups of 2 or 3

• Pages 343-348

• Create 10 timeline cards– Front – picture or symbol with title– Back – dates, people, full description of event

• Due at the end of class

The Opium Wars Late 1700s-1839

• The Chinese tried to halt opium trade by instituting harsh penalties (death) to traders and users

• The Chinese destroyed a British shipment of opium and a war started

• The Chinese had outdated and inferior weapons

• The British destroyed the Chinese

Treaty of Nanjing – ended Opium War

• An ‘unequal treaty’• The British set up the terms of peace

– The Chinese had to pay for the opium– The British took Hong Kong– Other ports were opened to the British– Set up extraterritoriality rights – westerners

accused of crime in China could be tried at home courts

• US, Russia, France set up similar treaties

China smothered with foreign influence

• Japan, Britain, Germany, Russia, France all set up spheres of influence in China

• Sphere of Influence – an area where a foreign nation has special economic privileges

• US tried to institute an ‘Open Door’ policy to make trade equal for every nation in China

Chinese Revolt against foreign influence

• Peasants revolted against Qing Dynasty

• Taiping Rebellion 1851– 20 million people killed over 14 year period– Beginning of long, slow revolution– Battle between adopting western technology

and keeping Confucian culture

• Battles continued between those who wanted to modernize and traditionalists

Boxer Rebellion – 1900

• Foreign missionaries and business people vs. anti-foreign Chinese, Fists of Righteous Harmony, or Boxers

• Boxers with encouragement from the empress Xi attacked and killed missionaries and business people

• Western armies destroyed the revolt

Boxer Rebellion

Political Cartoon Examples

Political Cartoon Examples

Imperial Rule ends 1911

• Civil war erupts after the death of Empress Xi

• Leaders

• Dr. Sun Yatsen – democratic leader

• General Yuan Shikai – war lord

• Chiang Kai-shek – nationalist leader

• Mao Zedong – communist leader

Long March – 1920-1930s

• Nationalists led by Chiang Kai Shek try to remove Communists from China

• Communists relocate to northwest China

• 90,000 started

• 7,000 alive at end

Japanese Invasion – 1930s

• Mao and Shek combine forces to remove Japanese

• Communists win control of government after WWII

Communists rule China

• Due Tuesday–Homework page 354 1-4

• Homework Due Thursday May 31st

–Page 359 1-5

Bingo Terms

• Terraced Farm• Heartland• Rice• Beijing• Gobi• Loess• 3 Gorges Dam• Calendar• Compass• Ideographs• Bronze• Silk• Mandate of Heaven• Confucius• Daoism

• Legalism• Buddhism• Gentry• Peasants• Patriarchal• Filial Piety• Foot Binding• Portugal• Industrial Revolution• Opium• Treaty Nanjing• Taiping Rebellion• Boxer Rebellion• Chiang Kai-shek• Mao Zedong

Writing Question

• How did China’s role in the world change because of the Industrial Revolution?

Economic Development in China

• Homework Due Thursday May 31st

•Page 359 1-5