East Asia in the 20East Asia in the 20thth c c

Opposite PathsOpposite Paths

1800 1840 1868 1900

We

alt

h &

Po

we

r

China

Japan

Central ThemeCentral Theme

the connection between economic the connection between economic conditions and government conditions and government interventions.interventions.

Post-Dynastic ChinaPost-Dynastic China

1912-19371912-1937

How would you characterize How would you characterize China during this time?China during this time?

China, 1912-1937China, 1912-1937(post-dynastic system / pre-WWII)(post-dynastic system / pre-WWII)

“Phantom Republic”1912-1927

Republic – Nationalist control

1927-1937

ChinaChina

1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”

Early, factions vie for power :Early, factions vie for power : Republican revolutionariesRepublican revolutionaries

LandlordsLandlords

Foreign powersForeign powers

ChinaChina

1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”

Republican Republican revolutionariesrevolutionaries Led by Sun Yat-senLed by Sun Yat-sen

Western educatedWestern educated

““Fundamentals of National Fundamentals of National Reconstruction”Reconstruction”

ChinaChina

1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”1912-1927: the “Phantom Republic”

CommunismCommunism• Why now? Beliefs? Supporters?Why now? Beliefs? Supporters?

• Led by Mao ZedongLed by Mao Zedong• Aimed at peasant Aimed at peasant reformreform

ChinaChina

1927-1937: Republic1927-1937: Republic

Nationalists establish controlNationalists establish control Party militarizesParty militarizes

Led by Chiang Kai-ShekLed by Chiang Kai-Shek

19341934 KMT’s brutal KMT’s brutal

crack down on crack down on communists communists leads to Long leads to Long MarchMarch

KMTKMT = control = control coastal areascoastal areas

CommunistsCommunists = = influential in influential in hinterlandshinterlands

Imperial JapanImperial Japan

1905-19371905-1937

19101910 Japan’s emerging Japan’s emerging

Asian empireAsian empire

• 1894-1895: Sino-1894-1895: Sino-Japanese WarJapanese War

• 1904-1905: Russo-1904-1905: Russo-Japanese War Japanese War

• Result = Korea & Result = Korea & Taiwan w/ eyes on Taiwan w/ eyes on ManchuriaManchuria

Japan expands during 20Japan expands during 20thth century century for lots of reasonsfor lots of reasons

And thisAnd this

……is an implicit challenge to Westis an implicit challenge to West

……leads Japan on the road to warleads Japan on the road to war

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

Reasons to ExpandReasons to Expand::

1.1. NeedNeed• Island nation, limited resources, limited Island nation, limited resources, limited

farmland, overpopulationfarmland, overpopulation

2.2. Anti-Western SentimentAnti-Western Sentiment• Racial equality?Racial equality?• Limiting of navy?Limiting of navy?• End of emigration to U.S.?End of emigration to U.S.?

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

U.S. Immigration Law of 1924U.S. Immigration Law of 1924

Barred Chinese Barred Chinese & Japanese & Japanese immigrationimmigration

Reduced Italian Reduced Italian immigrationimmigration

Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922]

Washington Naval Conference[1921-1922]

U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67

1930 speech of military leader:1930 speech of military leader:““We are like a great crowd of people packed into a We are like a great crowd of people packed into a

small narrow room, and there are only three small narrow room, and there are only three doors through which we might escape, namely doors through which we might escape, namely emigration, advance into world markets, and emigration, advance into world markets, and

expansion of territory. The first door…has been expansion of territory. The first door…has been barred to us by the anti-Japanese immigration barred to us by the anti-Japanese immigration

policies of other countries. The second door…is policies of other countries. The second door…is being pushed shut by tariff barriers…Japan should being pushed shut by tariff barriers…Japan should rush upon the last door [expansion of territory].” rush upon the last door [expansion of territory].”

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

1930’s American observation:1930’s American observation:““In every classroom is a world-map or map of Asia In every classroom is a world-map or map of Asia

which shows Japan in red as a very small land which shows Japan in red as a very small land indeed, compared to the mainland nations of indeed, compared to the mainland nations of

Asia…In a perfectly bland manner some villager, Asia…In a perfectly bland manner some villager, on looking at such a map, will suggest how nice it on looking at such a map, will suggest how nice it

would be to [acquire] a bit more of China.” would be to [acquire] a bit more of China.”

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

1920s & 1930s, mark further industrial 1920s & 1930s, mark further industrial advance of Japanadvance of Japan

• Great Depression = sparks further Great Depression = sparks further militarization of Japanese governmentmilitarization of Japanese government

Germany? Spain?Germany? Spain?

• ExampleExample: : 1931 – Manchurian Incident1931 – Manchurian Incident

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

JapanJapan

1905-1937: Imperial Japan1905-1937: Imperial Japan

Histories IntertwinedHistories Intertwined

China & Japan China & Japan

1937-19451937-1945

1937 – Japan launches invasion of 1937 – Japan launches invasion of coastal Chinacoastal China

Imperial spirit led to control of Imperial spirit led to control of islands & much of SE Asia as wellislands & much of SE Asia as well

• Cultural & economic imperialismCultural & economic imperialism Branded as: Branded as:

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

or an or an

““An Asia for Asians”An Asia for Asians”

20th Cent. Japan20th Cent. Japan

StrategyStrategy• Embargo Embargo → →

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor• Defensive Defensive

perimeter perimeter → → island island hoppinghopping

• Fight to the Fight to the death, death, suicide suicide missions missions → → more direct more direct strikesstrikes

WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined

A terrified baby after Shanghai is attacked by JapanA terrified baby after Shanghai is attacked by Japan

WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined

August 6August 6thth & 9 & 9thth, 1945 , 1945 Hiroshima = 140,000 Hiroshima = 140,000

deaths by the end of 1945 deaths by the end of 1945 (200,000 total) (200,000 total)

• Buildings leveled for a 1.5 Buildings leveled for a 1.5 miles radiusmiles radius

Nagasaki = 70,000 deaths Nagasaki = 70,000 deaths by the end of 1945 by the end of 1945 (140,000 total)(140,000 total)

Explosion had temp Explosion had temp exceeding 7,000 exceeding 7,000 ooC (Sun’s C (Sun’s surface temp. = 6,000 surface temp. = 6,000 ooC).C).

WWII – Histories IntertwinedWWII – Histories Intertwined