East Asia and Muslim EmpiresPeriod 4

1450-1750Test review

Stearns, Chapters 28 and 26

Recovery in ChinaMing ChinaPolitical Development

Mongols collapsed in 1368.

Hongwu established the Ming Dynasty.

Erase memory of Mongol occupation.

Confucian education and civil service reinstated.

Private merchants traded and manufactured porcelain,

silk, and paper.

Ming “Brilliant” Dynasty lasted until 1644.

Intellectual Development

Neo-Confucianism promoted

Yongle Encyclopedia promoted Chinese traditions.

Jesuit missionaries (Mateo Ricci) introduce European

technology and beliefs.

Wider production of printed materials. Novels written in

Chinese.

Largest cities in world

Hongwu controlled nobles with fear

and violence

Exploration

“Comeback Back” Tours (7 between 1405 -1433).

Massive naval and trade fleet headed by Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim eunuch.

Established tributary relations with regions throughout the eastern hemisphere.

Voyages ended in 1433 as Confucian bureaucrats claimed foreign interests had no value to China and

military resources should be directed towards protecting northern frontier from attack.

Recovery in China

Ming China

Indian Ocean Trade Route:

•Multi-Ethnic

•Mostly peaceful

•Depends on Monsoon winds

•Focus on port cities (enclaves) on coast

Zheng He compared to Prince Henry the

Navigator – started school for navigation

Japanese UnificationJapanese UnificationOda NobunagaOda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu

Emperor was a figurehead – no real power

Shogun held real power!

Emperor was a figurehead – no real power

Shogun held real power!

Highly regulated trade – Closed country edict

Threatened by Christianity and Spain in Philippines

Allowed the Dutch, Chinese, and Korea limited trade

Major Achievements:Japanese novels, Kabuki Theater, Literature, art, Castles, block printers.

Women’s rights restricted: lacked education, arranged

marriages,

Ottoman EmpireMehmet II

Mehmet II: 1444-1481- Called “The Conqueror”• 1453 – 80,000 soldiers laid siege to Constantinople and conquered the Byzantine Empire.• Renamed city Istanbul and made it the capital. • The Topkapi Palace “Iron Gate”

Suleyman the Magnificent

Suleyman: (1520-1566) – The Greatest Sultan• Expanded Empire into Romania, Hungary, and parts of Austria.• Turkish Naval Fleet rules the eastern Mediterranean• Patron of the arts, built bridges, public baths, schools and mosques.

The Ottoman Centralized Bureaucracy

SULTANSULTAN

Local Administrators& Military

Local Administrators& Military

Landowners / Tax CollectorsLandowners / Tax Collectors

MuslimsMuslims JewsJews

ChristiansChristians

Led by Sultan – Absolute power

Chief minister, or adviser, to the SultanGrandVizier

Viziers

GrandVizier

Viziers

Positions were based on merit, not birth.

Provincial Governors (Beys)And Military elite -

The Janissaries

Provincial Governors (Beys)And Military elite -

The Janissaries

Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Process of succession was not distinct –

could cause conflict

Who do you think had the real power?

Decline of Ottoman Empire

• Sultans lose power to Vizier’s and Janissaries

• Vague process of succession • Internal government corruption

• Empire became too large to control• Loss of loyalty – no more land to

conquer and give away

• Lack of military technology

• Economy suffered• Silk Road Trade

monopoly ended – European water

routes• Inflation due influx

of silver• Did not industrialize

– craft guilds

• The Siege of Vienna – Suleyman’s forces were

turned back in 1529•Lost the Battle of Lepanto

to Spain in 1571

Mughal DynastyBabur (r. 1526-1530)

• Military general who led his people to victory

• Writer, loved music and art

• Did little to administer the empire

Akbar (r. 1556-1605)

• Great military commander

• Expanded the dynasty to twice the size of what it was

• Reformed government

• Accepted Hinduism –

•allowed intermarriage, no tax on non-Muslims, Hindus allowed high gov’t positions, allowed Hindu temples to be built

• Created the Din-i-Ilahi

Major Achievements• Enormous army

• Cotton textiles – Demand for Asian goods becomes financed by New World silver

• Polo

• Artwork – influence from Europe

• Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Akbar’s Tomb

• Literature: Baburnama (literally: "Book of Babur“)

• Sikhism begins by Guru Nanak

DeclineAurangzeb (r. 1658-1707)

• Restored Jaziya, the tax on non-Muslims.• Razed temples, built mosques on their foundations. • Forbade building of new temples, banned music at court, abolished ceremonies

• Emperors neglect people

• Bureaucracy was corrupt

• Army backwards in technology and tactics

• High taxes on people

• Lack of tolerance for Hinduism

• Tried to conquer all of India

• Peasant uprisings

• European intervention