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Geology is a young science Geology = study of solid Earth Roots are in observations of natural world

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Ch. 1 Introduction notes for EASC 116

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Easc116 introduction

Geology is a young science

Geology = study of solid EarthRoots are in observations of

natural world

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Nicolaus Steno (1669)

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1669: Nicolaus Steno

Originated three basic principles:

1) Superposition

- in series of layers, oldest layer is on bottom

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Steno’s Basic Principles

2) Original Horizontality

- sediments (layers) are deposited parallel to Earth’s surface

- forces act on rx after they were deposited

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Steno’s Basic Principles

3) Lateral Continuity- sediment deposited to the edge

of its depositional environment- rock layers continue laterally for

a distance

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Lateral Continuity

Determined by field

mapping or drilling

http://faculty.icc.edu/cresnick/images/elkbsn3.jpg
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Principle of Uniformitarianism

1787: James HuttonPhysical, chemical, & biologic

laws unchanged through time- forces which appear small can

produce features very largeEx: Colorado River and Grand

Canyon

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Uniformitarianism

Important: Processes are the same, but the rates change

Ex: Earth’s harsh early atmosphere & lack of plants speeded erosion

Ex: Banded iron formations

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Physical Geology

Studies:

1)Earth Materials- minerals- rocks

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Physical Geology

Studies: - changes on

Earth’s surface

& interior

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Physical Geology

2) dynamic forces that cause change (both external & internal)

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THEME:

EARTH IS DYNAMIC!

(and)

Everything is connected

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4 parts to Earth’s system:

1) Atmosphere - carbon dioxide (CO2)

- free oxygen (O2)

- water vapor (H2O)

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4 parts to Earth’s system:

2) Hydrosphere – includes:

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4 parts to Earth’s system:

3) Biosphere – all life

4) Geosphere – planet

Earth’s structure = crust, mantle, core

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4 parts are interrelated:

Ex: Clear cutting a forest

Biosphere:

Atmosphere:

Geosphere:

Hydrosphere:

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4 parts are interrelated:

Ex: Volcanic eruption

Biosphere:

Atmosphere:

Geosphere:

Hydrosphere:

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Uniformitarianism

Important: Processes are the same, but the rates change

Ex: Earth’s harsh early atmosphere & lack of plants speeded erosion

Ex: Banded iron formations

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All parts are interrelated:

Ex: building a dam

Biosphere:

Atmosphere:

Geosphere:

Hydrosphere:

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Glen Canyon Dam

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Science

Attempts to understand, explain, and predict events

- collects data to discover patterns in natural world

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Geologists at Work

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Tools of Geology

Rock Hammer

Maps

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Detective Analogy

Geologists are solving a mystery

Scene of Clues Crime

the Crime Solved

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Scientific Process

Ask a question:

Why doesn’t my #!*#*! car start?

1) Collect facts by observation or measurement

Gas gauge, lights, radio, etc.

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Scientific Process

2) Explain how or why it happens(hypothesis)

Battery is dead3) Design experiment to test

validity of hypothesis Try to jump start battery

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Scientific Process

4) Accept, modify, or reject hypothesis after extensive testing

Theory – well-tested framework that best explains the observations

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Scientific Revolution

New information leads to a better explanation of observations

Occurs due to:a) new approach to the

question

b) new technology

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Scientific Revolution in Geology

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Continental Drift

1915:

Alfred Wegener

- hypothesized the supercontinent Pangaea (“all land”)

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Pangaea

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2 byo rx

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Both 2 byo & ½ byo rx

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Scientific Revolution

New information leads to a better explanation of observations

Occurs due to:a) new approach to the

question

b) new technology

Page 43: Easc116 introduction

WWII

New technology = fathometer-used to map ocean floor

topography

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Harry Hess

1962:

Hypothesized sea-floor spreading

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Plate dynamics

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Hydrothermal Vents

http://www.amnh.org/nationalcenter/expeditions/blacksmokers/index.html
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Plate map

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Plate Tectonics Theory

Plate – rigid slab of lithosphere

Plates move independently

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Types of Plate Boundaries

1) Divergent – plates pull away from each other

- caused by magma rising to create new seafloor

- “sea-floor spreading”

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Types of Plate Boundaries

2) Convergent – plates collide

Can be marked by:

a) deep-sea trenches

b) mountains

c) volcanic activity

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Types of Plate Boundaries

3) Transform

- plates slide laterally

- characterized by shallow EQ’s

Ex: San Andreas Fault

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Geologic Time

“Deep time”

Earth = 4.6 billion years old

Relative Dating – putting rocks/events in chronological order

1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.

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Geologic Time Scale

Paleozoic Era (“ancient life”)

“Age of Invertebrates”

- ended with largest mass extinction in Earth’s history

(over 90% organisms were extinct by 245 mya)

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Geologic Time Scale

Mesozoic Era (“middle life”)

“Age of the Dinosaurs”

- ended with extinction of dinosaurs (66 mya)

Page 57: Easc116 introduction

Geologic Time Scale

Cenozoic Era (“recent life”)

“Age of Mammals”

Will the Cenozoic Era end?


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