earth’s system spheres
DESCRIPTION
Earth’s system spheres. Interacting series of spheres or layers Atmosphere Hydrosphere Geosphere Biosphere. Atmosphere. Relatively thin gas layer Nitrogen (78%); oxygen (21%); minor gases incl. Ar , CO2, water vapor Gravity holds it in place 99% below 30 km altitude. Hydrosphere. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Earth’s system spheres
• Interacting series of spheres or layers– Atmosphere– Hydrosphere– Geosphere– Biosphere
![Page 3: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Atmosphere
• Relatively thin gas layer
• Nitrogen (78%); oxygen (21%); minor gases incl. Ar, CO2, water vapor
• Gravity holds it in place
• 99% below 30 km altitude
![Page 4: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hydrosphere
![Page 5: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Biosphere•Contains all life forms on Earth•Overlaps with upper-most geosphere •Contains all of the hydrosphere and smallamount of lowerasthenosphere
![Page 6: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Geosphere
• Extends from Earth’s surface to center of the Earth
• Layered feature• Lithosphere – solid rock• Asthenosphere – weak
material• Crust is very thin• Denser toward center of
Earth
![Page 7: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Note the various layers (spheres) present in the diagram
• Note how the continental material depresses the weaker underlying layers
• Note relative thickness of oceanic vs continental crust
Earth’s outer layers
![Page 8: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Key elements in Earth’s crust
![Page 9: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Layers of the geosphere
• Crust– Continental– Oceanic
• Mantle (gradational)• Outer core (liquid)• Inner core (solid)
![Page 10: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Processes forming Earth
• Major role players in generating natural hazards; all are interrelated– Tectonic cycle– Rock cycle– Hydrologic cycle– Biochemical cycle
![Page 11: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Tectonic cycle
• Cratonic material (solid center of continents); passive area; away from edges
• Active and passive plate margins• Large-scale processes deform Earth’s crust;
earthquakes and volcanoes are generated
![Page 12: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Heat transfer methods
![Page 13: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Lithospheric plates• Note continental vs. oceanic plates
![Page 14: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Types of plate boundaries
• Divergent• Convergent– Oceanic – oceanic – Oceanic – continental
• Transform
![Page 15: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Relationship of plate boundaries
![Page 16: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Example of divergent boundary
• Note direction of movement
![Page 17: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Types of plate convergenceOceanic - continental
• What features are formed?
Continental – continental
• How does this differ from the figure to the left?
Oceanic-oceanic convergence forms island arcs
![Page 18: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Continent – continent convergence
• How does this differ from previous collisions?
![Page 19: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Example of continent-continent collision
![Page 20: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Transform faults
• What is different here?
![Page 21: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Example of transform faulting
• What is missing fromother faulting situations we have seen?
![Page 22: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rock cycle
![Page 23: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Hydrologic cycle
• The water balance on Earth
![Page 24: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Biogeochemical cycle
• Carbon and nitrogen are cycled through the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere– Respiration– Photosynthesis– Decomposition
![Page 25: Earth’s system spheres](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062218/56816410550346895dd5bb48/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Carbon cycle• C is in all organic substances; also in all
spheres