earth’s biomes. abiotic and biotic factors influence the structure and dynamics of aquatic biomes...
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Earth’s BiomesEarth’s Biomes
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Abiotic and biotic factors influence the structure and dynamics of aquatic biomes
Varying combinations of both biotic and abiotic factors Determine the nature of Earth’s many
biomesBiomes
Are the major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water
Abiotic and biotic factors influence the structure and dynamics of aquatic biomes
Varying combinations of both biotic and abiotic factors Determine the nature of Earth’s many
biomesBiomes
Are the major types of ecological associations that occupy broad geographic regions of land or water
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The examination of biomes will begin with Earth’s aquatic biomes
The examination of biomes will begin with Earth’s aquatic biomes
30N
Tropic of Cancer
Equator
30S
Continentalshelf
Lakes
Coral reefs
Rivers
Oceanic pelagiczone
Estuaries
Intertidal zone
Abyssal zone(below oceanicpelagic zone)
Key
Tropic ofCapricorn
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Aquatic biomes Account for the largest part of the
biosphere in terms of area Can contain fresh or salt water
Oceans Cover about 75% of Earth’s surface Have an enormous impact on the
biosphere
Aquatic biomes Account for the largest part of the
biosphere in terms of area Can contain fresh or salt water
Oceans Cover about 75% of Earth’s surface Have an enormous impact on the
biosphere
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Many aquatic biomes Are stratified into zones or layers
defined by light penetration, temperature, and depth
Many aquatic biomes Are stratified into zones or layers
defined by light penetration, temperature, and depth
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(a)
Littoralzone Limnetic
zone
Photiczone
Benthiczone
Aphoticzone
Pelagiczone
Intertidal zone
Neritic zone Oceanic zone
0
200 m
Continentalshelf
Photic zone
Pelagic zone
Aphoticzone
Benthiczone
2,500–6,000 m
Abyssal zone(deepest regions of ocean floor)
(b)
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LakesLakes
Figure 50.17
An oligotrophic lake in Grand Teton, Wyoming
A eutrophic lake in Okavango
delta, Botswana
LAKES
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WetlandsWetlands
Figure 50.17
WETLANDS
Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia
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Streams and riversStreams and rivers
STREAMS AND RIVERS
Figure 50.17A headwater stream in theGreat Smoky Mountains
The Mississippi River farform its headwaters
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EstuariesEstuaries
Figure 50.17 An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia
ESTUARIES
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Intertidal zonesIntertidal zones
Figure 50.17
INTERTIDAL ZONES
Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast
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Oceanic pelagic biomeOceanic pelagic biome
Figure 50.17 Open ocean off the island of Hawaii
OCEANIC PELAGIC BIOME
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Coral reefsCoral reefs
Figure 50.17 A coral reef in the Red Sea
CORAL REEFS
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Marine benthic zoneMarine benthic zone
Figure 50.17 A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community
MARINE BENTHIC ZONE
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Climate largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes
Climate Is particularly important
in determining why particular terrestrial biomes are found in certain areas
Climate largely determines the distribution and structure of terrestrial biomes
Climate Is particularly important
in determining why particular terrestrial biomes are found in certain areas
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Climate and Terrestrial Biomes
Climate and Terrestrial Biomes
Climate has a great impact on the distribution of organisms, as seen on a climograph
Climate has a great impact on the distribution of organisms, as seen on a climograph
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Desert Temperate grassland Tropical forest
Temperatebroadleafforest
Coniferousforest
Arctic andalpinetundra
Annual mean precipitation (cm)
Ann
ual m
ean
tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
100 200 300 400
30
15
0
15
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The distribution of major terrestrial biomesThe distribution of major terrestrial biomes
30N
Tropic ofCancer
Equator
Tropic ofCapricorn
30S
Key
Tropical forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
Temperate grassland
Temperate broadleaf forest
Coniferous forest
Tundra
High mountains
Polar ice
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Tropical forestTropical forestTROPICAL FOREST
A tropical rain forest in Borneo
Rainfall varies from region to region in these biomes, but is the prime determinant of the
vegetation growing area. These biomes display stratification (layering) in which the
canopy obtains the most sunlight, but very little reaches the ground below.
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DesertDesert
Figure 50.20
DESERT
The Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona
This biome is characterized by sparse rainfall (less than 30 cm/year). These ecosystems
are extremely fragile and diverse as plants have developed remarkable abilities to store
water.
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SavannaSavanna
Figure 50.20
SAVANNA
A typical savanna in Kenya
This biome is a showcase for large herbivores and their predators. However, the
dominant herbivores are actually insects, especially ants and termites. Grasses and
scattered trees are the dominant vegetation. There is a distinct rainy and dry season, and
the large grazing animals must migrate to greener pastures during the periods of seasonal
drought.
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ChaparralChaparralCHAPARRAL
An area of chaparral in California
Figure 50.20Dense, spiny, evergreen shrubs dominate these biomes, which are midlatitude coastal areas with mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers.
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Temperate grasslandTemperate grassland
Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota
Figure 50.20
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
Seasonal drought, occasional fires, and grazing by large mammals prevent establishment of woody shrubs and trees. These biomes contain soil that is both deep and rich in nutrients, providing fertile land for agriculture.
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Coniferous forestConiferous forest
Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado
CONIFEROUS FOREST
Cone-bearing trees such as pine, spruce, fir and hemlock dominate these biomes. This
biome is also referred as the taiga, and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth, receiving
heavy snowfall during the winter. The trees in these forests are being logged at an
alarming rate, and the old-growth stands of these trees may soon disappear.
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Temperate broadleaf forestTemperate broadleaf forest
Figure 50.20
TEMPERATE BROADLEAF FOREST
Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina
Dense stands of deciduous trees are the trademark of these biomes. They occur throughout midlatitudes where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees. The trees that inhabit these biomes drop their leaves before winter when temperatures are too low for effective photosynthesis.
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TundraTundraTUNDRA
Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumnPermafrost, bitterly cold temperatures, and high winds are responsible for the absence of
trees in this extreme biome. Although very little rainfall is received over the course of a
year, water cannot penetrate the underlying permafrost and accumulates in pools on the
shallow topsoil during the short summer. This biome accounts for 20% of Earth’s land
surface.