earthquakes
DESCRIPTION
Earthquakes. Earthquake. The sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust. Fault. A break in the Earth’s crust where movement takes place because of tectonic plate movement. NORMAL FAULT. The hanging wall has moved down relative to the footwall. Split Mtn. Gorge. REVERSE FAULT. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
EARTHQUAKES
![Page 2: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Earthquake
The sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust
![Page 4: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fault
A break in the Earth’s crust where movement takes place because of tectonic plate movement
![Page 5: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
NORMAL FAULT
The hanging wall has moved down relative to the footwall.
![Page 6: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Split Mtn. Gorge
![Page 7: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
REVERSE FAULT
The hanging wall has moved up relative to the footwall
![Page 8: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Jazida do Urubu, Brazil
![Page 9: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
STRIKE-SLIP
Movement is horizontal and parallel http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo/flash/8_1.swf
![Page 11: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Focus
The place inside Earth where the earthquake wave began
![Page 13: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Epicenter
The place on the surface of earth directly above the focus
![Page 14: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Seismic Waves
Body waves: earthquake waves that travel through the layers of the Earth
![Page 15: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Primary Waves (P-waves) Fastest Travel through solids, liquids and gases http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Onde_co
mpression_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ondes_compression_2d_20_petit.gif
![Page 16: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Secondary Waves (S-waves)
Slower and travel only through solids http
://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Onde_cisaillement_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ondes_cisaillement_2d_20_petit.gif
![Page 17: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Surface Waves
Earthquake waves that travel only through the crust
Slowest but cause more damage
![Page 18: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Love and Rayleigh Waves
Love: move rock side-to-side
Rayleigh: move rock in circles
Animations
![Page 19: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Richter scale
Measures the size of Earthquakes by recording the arrival times of seismic waves
![Page 20: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Japan March 2011 9.0 undersea earthquake Tsunami with 38 m waves that moved 10 km
inland 18,000 dead 4711 injured 14,921 missing 125,000 damaged or destroyed buildings Energy: 600 million times Hiroshima bomb Moved Japan 2.4 m closer to the Americas Dropped 400 km vertically by over 2 feet 900 aftershock earthquakes
![Page 22: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Soil Liquification
![Page 23: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Japan 2011
![Page 24: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Japan March 2011 The earthquake shifted the Earth's axis by 25 cm
(9.8 in). This deviation led to a number of small planetary
changes, including the length of a day and the tilt of the Earth.
The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth's mass.
The axial shift was caused by the redistribution of mass on the Earth's surface, which changed the planet's moment of inertia. Because of conservation of angular momentum, such changes of inertia result in small changes to the Earth's rate of rotation. These are expected changes for an earthquake of this magnitude.
![Page 27: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Haiti 2010
7.0 magnitude 52 aftershocks
larger than 4.5 magnitude
316,000 died 300,000 injured 1 million homeless
![Page 28: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Sumatra
2010 7.8 magnitude Caused tsunami
3 m high 600 m inland
20,000 lost their homes
435 killed 100’s missing
![Page 30: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
San Francisco
1906 Caused a great fire $5 Billion worth of
damage Magnitude 7.9 3,000 deaths San Andreas fault
shifted 296 miles
![Page 32: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Pakistan
2005 7.6 Magnitude 79,000 deaths $5.4 billion damages
![Page 34: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Alaska 1964 Magnitude
9.2 10,000
aftershocks Triggered a
Tsunami Reverse
fault
![Page 37: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Alaska 1964
![Page 38: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Chile
1960 Magnitude 9.5 Largest ever $500 Billion 6000 dead Tsunami hit
Chile, Hawaii, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines
![Page 41: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Earthquakes](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081520/5681538f550346895dc19366/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/10_largest_world.php