(Sent 13/5/2013)

KIJ Tanakrom Pangam

5510539006

Earthquake disaster prevention in Thailand; Pattern II Literature Review

Since the 21th Century, Disasters have increased in higher rate such as

floods, conflagrations, typhoons and earthquakes (Miller et al., 2012). In the past,

the Kobe‘s earthquake was impacted to worldwide as the great disaster. The old

English bank was insolvent when bank debtors’ building and business were

collapsed. Because the majorities of the Kobe’s business had been borrowed

capital from the Singapore‘s branch. The domino effect had been started.

Recently, The Fukushima’s earthquake made more destroyer to constructions and

building than the Kobe did. Previous experiences causing Japan prepared

expediencies to encounter a coming disaster. Therefore Japanese government

prevented with Tsunami breaking walls, strengthening constructions and

buildings under 8 Richter scale simulating. But the conservation was inadequate

to break a damage. After the earthquake and tsunami that occurred on March

11, 2011 causing devastation across Japan.

The earth plates near the Pacific Ring of Fire have frequently been

vibrating and effecting several countries construction material (Chini et al., 2013).

The curious approach that subsiding cavities from ex-oilfields cause seism is

observing. The previous oil borings in Indonesia made depressed to oil dome

structures which support oilfields structure brunt. A great deal of minor

earthquakes in Indonesia and Myanmar were happened resulting in economic

loss. Thailand is preparing preventative measures against earthquakes.

In the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean, a great deal of lives have

been missed because of tsunami circumstance, and nearly partial of the lives

missed transpired concerning the 2004 Indian Ocean circumstance. Prospective

tsunami event situations have been imitated in these zone by a numerical

researchers to estimate the risk degree. The risk degree is dependent upon a

diversity of circumstances, as an example of the tsunami height, the flooding

area, and the reaching time. Otherwise, the recent estimation of the risk degrees

do not concentrate on the tsunami hazard to a coastal population. According to

(Suppasri et. al.,2011), a recent procedure to estimate the risk to the coastal

population in the zone that embraces the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.

The procedure is uncomplicated and unites the utilization of willingly attainable

tsunami information, far-field tsunami imitation procedure to affect the localized

risk and worldwide population information. An earthquake-created tsunami was

imitated, subsequent an earthquake that had a magnitude greater than 8.5 Mw

and transpired along a possible subduction zone. The 2004 Indian Ocean

circumstance looked as if a “worst case scenario”; otherwise, it has been

evaluated that a probability tsunami transpiring in a coastal zone with a high

population denseness, could produce meaningfully larger fatality.

In Sri Lanka, selective extenuating possible destruction of victims in the

hereafter is hereby primeval informing and speedily voidance unprotected

coastwise residential district of secure regions, and specified voidance

programming is regularly performed supported on flooding maps. Therefore, the

demonstrate report abstract quantitative molding fulfilled to build tsunami

flooding maps on a grid of 10 m resolution of three cities on the south coast of Sri

Lanka. The events provide the tsunami reaching time contours and the spatial

dispersion of the magnitude of flooding. The greatest stream speed in addition to

the hydrodynamic power in these three cities due to an event similar to the 2004

tsunami(Wijetunge et al.,2008).

The probability of earthquake risk map of Thailand and nearing areas is

created. Thailand is situated neighboring the Andaman shove in the west and the

Sunda curve in the south which are the borders intermediate to the Eurasian

plate and Indo-Australian plate. The great deal of energetic geology in this zone

have made happen seismic which pretends Thailand. Earthquakes registered from

1912 to 2006 by the Thai Meteorological Department and the US Geological

Survey are utilized in the investigation. Two diminution pattern for energetic

geology zone which provide positive correlations with factual calculated

increasing speed are utilized in forecasting top level increasing speed in Thailand.

Map of top level increasing speed at stone area with 2% and 50% prospect of

overstep in 50 years are created. Because the top level increasing speed due to

10% prospect of overstep in 50 years, the greatest increasing speed are

concerning 0.25 g. in the northern part of Thailand and 0.02 g in Bangkok.

Because the top level increasing speed at 2% prospect of overstep in 50 years,

the greatest increasing speed are concerning 0.4 g. and 0.04 g in Bangkok (Palasri

et. al.2010).

According to Erdik et al. (2011), many factors affect the severity of

earthquake damage including the earthquake source, wave intensity and

transmission, soil characteristics, building structure types, and the population

distribution. When analyzing the building damage in a wide area, examining the

seismic response of individual buildings can be extremely time consuming and

may not reveal overall disaster prevention effects.

An intensive coastal plants belt of Pandanus odoratissimus to decrease the

tsunami force was quantitatively examined by an increase one-factor numerical

form which combine deviation topography and tsunami attribute. The drag and

immobility energy were adopted as the complete hostility produced by the plant

growth. It was discovered that a comparatively minor tsunami swell was further

ruinous proportionately enormous menstrual cycle tsunami wave of the equal

level, despite the fact that impenetrably mature plants impressively decreased

the tsunami force regarding the minor tsunami swell. An extremely moderate

earth incline was in addition further exposed to strike by tsunami swell than a

proportionately extreme earth incline. Furthermore, impenetrably raising coastal

plants on moderate earth incline scattered tsunami force further expeditiously

than the similar plants on proportionately extreme earth incline (Nandasena et.

al. 2008)

To design a retaining wall, conventional Mononobe–Okabe method, which

is based on the pseudo-static approach and gives the linear distribution of seismic

earth pressures in an approximate way, is used to compute the seismic earth

pressures. Pseudo-dynamic approach is used to compute the seismic earth

pressures on a rigid retaining wall by considering the effects of time, phase

difference in shear and primary waves and soil amplification along with the

horizontal and vertical seismic accelerations and other soil properties. Design

value of the seismic active earth pressure coefficient is found to increase with

increase in the seismic accelerations, phase difference in body waves and soil

amplification, whereas the reverse trend is observed for the passive case.

Influence of various soil parameters on seismic passive earth pressure is more

significant than that for the active case under harmonic seismic loading. Results

are provided in the combined tabular and graphical non-dimensional form for

both the seismic active and passive earth pressures. Present results are compared

with the available results in literature to validate the proposed non-linearity of

seismic earth pressure distribution.

Examining the seismic reaction of clay pile-raft system with elastic and

cadaver piles utilizing separator and numerical report. Separator reports showed

that interaction between pile-raft and clay will cause a significant softening in the

clay adjacent to the pile-raft which produced a lengthening of resonance period in

near-field soil compared to the far-field soil. The difference of response among

the raft and the soil at both near- and far-field indicates that ground motion at

both near- and far-field cannot be representative of raft motion. There is also

significant difference between elastic and cadaver pile response. It has been

shown in a previous study that, for cadaver pile, the soft clay acts as an inertial

loading medium rather than a supporting medium. For this reasons, the bending

moment diagram extends deep into the soft soil stratum. However, for elastic

pile, the supporting effect of the surrounding clay is much more significant than in

cadaver pile. As a result, the bending moment envelope for elastic pile under

earthquake shaking is very similar to the head-loaded test results, with an active

length of pile below which no significant bending moment occurs(Kang et

al.2012).

According to Ho & Kuang (2012), seismic response spectra are amongst one

of the most important tools for characterizing earthquake ground motions. In

design practice, the response spectra are presented with-out including any load

history, hence the nonlinear analysis of structures based solely on conventional

earthquake response spectra is theoretically unsound, particularly for long-period

or vertically irregular high-rise buildings. In this paper, a concept of seismic

damage evolution is introduced and the method of analysis for characterizing the

process of seismic damage to structures under earthquakes is presented. Seismic

damage evolution spectra for analysis and design of high-rise buildings are then

developed as an effective means of describing and simplifying earthquake ground

motions. These spectra are shown to be very useful in selecting the ground

motion-time history and, particularly, validating the equivalent static-load analysis

and design of high-rise buildings under near-fault pulse-like ground motions. Case

studies of the seismic inelastic performance of two vertically irregular, tall

buildings are presented considering the seismic damage evolution spectra.

the effect of the horizontal and vertical components of ground motions

(HGM and VGM, respectively) on the seismic response of Reinforced Concrete(RC)

buildings designed to modern capacity design principles and located in the vicinity

of active faults. Fiber-based analytical models are used to monitor the global and

local response of twelve reference structures, including verifying the response

modification factor and tracing the member shear supply-demand response using

a ductility- and axial force-sensitive shear strength approach. The simulation

models are subjected to near-field earthquake records with increasing severity up

to collapse, including and excluding VGM. The results indicate that the lower the

contribution of horizontal seismic forces to the seismic response, the higher is the

significance of VGM. The fluctuation of axial forces in vertical structural members

significantly increases when including VGM. This not only has direct consequences

on tension and compression response but also has impact on shear capacity. The

diverse range of buildings and performance criteria and large number of

incremental dynamic analyses confirm the importance of including VGM in

seismic design and assessment of contemporary RC buildings, and hence cast

doubts on the reliability of pre-code structures located in the vicinity of active

faults(Mwafy,2012).

The hybrid steel–concrete stringent structure span is created of steel or

mixed supporting beam joining inflexibly to RC platform, and has utility of

humiliate prolongation expense, rapid establishment, and greater hostility and

flexibility throughout an earthquake. According to Nie et. al.(2010), a recent

model of steel–concrete mixed stringent joining is improved and investigated by

delimited material examination. The collating with different form of joining

appears that this recent form of joining has a positive constructive execution from

imprisoning of concrete by steel and forbidding the warping of steel by concrete.

An exploratory operation is current to understand the conduct of

rectangular pillars in the process of uniaxial and biaxial bending. According to

Rodrigues et. al.(2012), informing on two pillars investigated under uniaxial

flexure in single crosswise guidance and afterwards surrendered to different

uniaxial investigate in the additional guidance. The investigated outcome

examination concentrated on the donation of binding, fleece and blunder

constituent to the worldwide distortion. The exploratory outcomes were

differentiated with comfortable procedure for pillar reaction. The Park and Ang

damage index is computed and differentiated with the physical damage

observed.

The remained of a great deal of structures in the southern part of Thailand

with lesser structural harm beneath 2-6 m depth under the water surface in the

2004 Indian Ocean tsunami disaster propose that it is essential to adjust the

formulas prescribed by FEMA-55 [2000] for calculating tsunami burdens. The

climate monitoring edifice of the Meteorological station at Takua Pa, Phang Nga is

practiced as the investigated case. The edifice tolerated only lesser structural

harm to the pillars and supporting beams. Otherwise, majority of the

nonfunctional members for example In cartography adobe juries were harmed,

exclude a minority which donated to important retain intensity opposite the

tsunami assail. The FEMA-55 burden is adjusted with the substantial edifice

execution from an area burden examination. The greatest rapidity that transpired

at the location in that occurrence is estimated, and a rapidity appropriate for

calculation of tsunami burden for the southern part of Thailand is

advocated(Lukkunaprasit, 2010).

According to literature reviews, the prevention of earthquake in Thailand is

not a main stream of Thailand constructions because marginal cost of structure.

Otherwise, Seismic study reports perform possibility of harm. The government of

Thailand should support budget or subsidize for the building in the possible risk

areas preventing building structure. And Safety standard of Earthquake Act should

be legislate to prevent loss.

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