earth science sol review
DESCRIPTION
Earth Science SOL Review. You should know this vocabulary for each unit!. Introduction to Earth Science Unit. The outermost surface of the Earth; the 2 types are continental and oceanic Crust . Found between the crust and core of the Earth; convection currents occur here Mantle . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Earth Science SOL Review
You should know this vocabulary for each unit!
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Introduction to Earth Science Unit
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• The outermost surface of the Earth; the 2 types are continental and oceanic
• Crust
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• Found between the crust and core of the Earth; convection currents occur here
• Mantle
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• Center of the Earth made of iron and nickel; outer part is a liquid while the inner part is a solid
• Core
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• Upper part of mantle and the crust; broken into slabs called tectonic plates
• Lithosphere
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• Plastic layer of the mantle that the lithosphere rides on; moves at the rate your fingernails grow
• Asthenosphere
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• The shape of the land • Topography
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• A line on a topographic map that represents a constant elevation; when they are close together it represents a steep slope
• Contour Line
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• The difference in elevation from one contour line to another; a large interval would be used for mountainous areas
• Contour Interval
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• The amount of space on object takes up; units of cm3 or mL; can be determined using water displacement
• Volume
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• The amount of matter in an object; does NOT depend on gravity; measured using grams
• Mass
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• A measure of the gravitational force exerted by an object; depends on gravity
• Weight
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• How compact an object is; calculated as mass divided by volume; units of g/mL or g/cm3
• Density
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• Lines that run east-west and measure north and south of the equator; called parallels
• Latitude
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• Lines that run north-south and measure east and west of the prime meridian
• Longitude
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• The factors that do not change during an experiment; in the Myth Busters episode this would have included things like the speed of the car
• Constants
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• This is the trial that all the others trials are compared to (or the baseline); in the Myth Busters episode this was the car’s fuel economy without drafting behind a semi
• Control
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• This is the variable that is controlled or manipulated in an experiment; in the Myth Busters episode this was the distance the car was behind the semi
• Independent variable
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• This is the variable that changes as the independent variable changes; in the Myth Busters episode it was the fuel economy (or mpg) of the car while drafting behind the semi
• Dependent variable
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Earth’s Resources Unit
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• A subatomic particle with a positive charge; located in the nucleus of an atom
• Proton
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• A subatomic particle with no charge; located in the nucleus of an atom
• Neutron
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• A subatomic particle with a negative charge; located in the electron cloud of an atom
• Electron
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• An atom that gains or loses one or more electrons and has a charge
• Ion
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• An atom with a different number of neutrons than atoms of the same element; example is carbon-14 (has 2 more neutrons than carbon-12)
• Isotope
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• An object that is inorganic and naturally occurring; also contains crystals and has a consistent internal composition
• Mineral
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• One of the most common silicate minerals that comes in many different colors; used to make glass
• Quartz
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• The mineral that effervesces, or bubbles, in acid; the mineral that makes up limestone
• Calcite
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• The name given to minerals that have basal cleavage (meaning they split into sheets); includes biotite and muscovite
• Mica
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• The property in which a mineral bubbles in acid; responsible for the formation of caves and sinkholes
• Effervescence
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• The way a mineral reflects light; examples include metallic and glassy
• Luster
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• When a mineral breaks into flat planes; biotite and muscovite exhibit this property
• Cleavage
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• When a mineral breaks unevenly; quartz exhibits this property
• Fracture
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• When a mineral glows under ultraviolet (UV) light; fluorite exhibits this property
• Fluorescence
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• Mineral property involving a scratch test; scale of 1-10 with talc being a 1 and diamond being a 10
• Hardness
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• The powdered form of a mineral; pyrite, or fool’s gold, exhibits this property
• Streak
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• The process by which rocks change from one type of rock to another
• Rock Cycle
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• Rock formed by the cooling and crystallizing of magma/lava; examples include granite, basalt, pumice, and obsidian
• Igneous Rock
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• Rock formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments; examples include sandstone, shale, conglomerate, and limestone
• Sedimentary Rock
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• Particles formed by the weathering of rocks• Sediments
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• Type of rock that forms when rock is changed by heat and pressure; examples include marble, quartzite, and gneiss
• Metamorphic Rock
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• Forms when rock melts; molten rock • Magma
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• Type of igneous rock that forms when magma cools slowly beneath Earth’s surface; rocks have large crystals or coarse texture; example is granite
• Intrusive Igneous Rock
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• Type of igneous rock that forms when lava cools quickly at Earth’s surface; rock has small/no crystals or fine texture; examples include pumice and obsidian
• Extrusive Igneous Rock
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• Metamorphic rock property in which the minerals separate into bands or layers; examples include slate and gneiss
• Foliation
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• Metamorphic rock property in which minerals do NOT separate into bands or layers; examples include marble and quartzite
• Nonfoliated
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• The process in which sediment, such as sand, is laid down in a river, lake, or ocean
• Deposition
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• When the pore space between sediments becomes less and less
• Compaction
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• The process in which sediments are glued together to form a sedimentary rock
• Cementation
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• An organic sedimentary rock formed from ancient swamps and forests
• Coal
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• Type of sedimentary rock that contains the mineral calcite; can form from the shells of marine organisms
• Limestone
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• A very common intrusive igneous rock; commonly used for counter tops
• Granite
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• Type of sedimentary rock that is made up of fragments of other rocks; includes sandstone, conglomerate, and shale
• Clastic sedimentary rock
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• The type of energy that uses a dam• Hydroelectric power
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• The type of energy that uses heat within the Earth; oftentimes located near plate boundaries
• Geothermal power
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• The type of energy that uses energy from the Sun
• Solar power
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• The type of energy that is renewed within a human lifetime; includes solar, wind, geothermal, and hydroelectric power
• Renewable energy
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• The type of energy that takes a very long time to form; often uses fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas; includes nuclear power and coal burning power plants
• Nonrenewable energy
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• A form of energy that uses radioactive isotopes such as uranium; uses the process of nuclear fission, or the splitting of a nucleus
• Nuclear Power
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• A renewable energy source that uses wind turbines
• Wind Power
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History of the Earth Unit
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• Law that says that older sedimentary rocks are on the bottom
• Law of superposition
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• Law that says that a fault or igneous intrusion is younger than any layer it cuts through
• Law of cross-cutting relationships
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• The age of an object, such as a rock layer, relative to the ages of layers around it
• Relative age
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• The numeric age of an object, such as a rock; determined using radiometric dating
• Absolute age
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• The remains, impression, or other evidence of an organism preserved in rock; nearly always preserved in sedimentary rock
• Fossil
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• The fossil of an organism that can be used to date rock layers; these organisms were found all over Earth at one time but then went extinct; an example is trilobites
• Index fossil
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• A way to determine the absolute age of rocks by comparing the amount of parent isotopes to the amount of daughter isotopes
• Radiometric dating
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• A type of radiometric dating that uses Carbon-14; used to date organic things, such as wooly mammoths and bones
• Carbon dating
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• The amount of time it takes for half of the parent isotope to decay into the daughter isotope
• Half life
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• The process in which minerals in groundwater replace the organic material of an object; example is petrified wood
• Petrification
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• The longest unit of geologic time; divided into eras
• Eon
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• The unit of geologic time that is divided into periods; examples include Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
• Era
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• Unit of geologic time that is shorter than an era but longer than an epoch; examples include the Jurassic and the Quaternary
• Period
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Plate Tectonics Unit
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• The theory that states that the supercontinent, Pangaea, split apart and the continents drifted to their current locations
• Continental drift
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• The process by which tectonic plates are pushed apart at a mid-ocean ridge
• Sea floor spreading
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• The theory that states that large pieces of lithosphere move around on the surface of the Earth at different speeds and directions
• Plate tectonics
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• Where one plate goes under another• Subduction zone
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• A deep hole in the ocean crust that forms at a subduction zone
• Trench
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• A chain of volcanic islands that form above a subduction zone; examples include the Aleutian and Marianas Islands
• Island arc volcanoes
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• Waves generated by earthquakes• Seismic waves
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• The fastest moving seismic waves; also called primary waves
• P waves
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• The second seismic wave to arrive at a seismograph station; called secondary waves
• S waves
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• Seismic waves that travel on the surface of the Earth
• Surface waves
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• The point along a fault where the initial slip takes place during an earthquake
• Focus
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• The point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake
• Epicenter
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• Plate boundary where two plates are colliding; this type of boundary was responsible for forming the Appalachian Mountains in VA
• Convergent boundary
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• Plate boundary where two plates are pulling away from each other; example is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
• Divergent boundary
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• Plate boundary where two plates are sliding past each other; example is the San Andreas Fault in California
• Transform boundary
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• A fracture in Earth’s crust where rocks slide past each other
• Fault
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• A bend in Earth’s crust; examples include anticlines (A-shaped) and synclines (U-shaped)
• Fold
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• The sudden return of land to its undeformed (or original) shape; happens during an earthquake
• Elastic rebound
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• The difference in arrival time between P waves and S waves; used to determine how far away an earthquake occurred
• Lag time
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• Mountains formed when two continents collide; examples include Himalayas and Appalachians
• Folded mountains
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• a spot located over a mantle plume that remains volcanically active; does not have to be near a plate boundary; example is Hawaii
• Hot spot
![Page 98: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
• Super hot rock material shot out of a volcano• Pyroclastic material
![Page 99: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
• Physiographic region of VA made up of mostly sediment; contains swamps and estuaries; flat topography
• Coastal Plain (or Tidewater)
![Page 100: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
• Physiographic region of VA located between the Valley and Ridge and Piedmont; contains rugged igneous and metamorphic rocks that are over 1 billion years old
• Blue Ridge Mountains
![Page 101: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
• Physiographic region of VA characterized by caves and sinkholes in the limestone (karst topography)
• Valley and Ridge
![Page 102: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
• Physiographic region of VA that contains our state’s most abundant natural resource, coal
• Appalachian Plateau
![Page 103: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Weathering and Erosion Unit
![Page 104: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
• Dark, organic matter found on top of the soil• Humus
![Page 105: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
• Large chunks of weathered bedrock; found on the Earth and on the surface of the moon
• Regolith
![Page 106: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
• Rock found underneath the soil layers• Bedrock
![Page 107: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
• The rock from which the soil forms; it is oftentimes the bedrock underneath the soil
• Parent rock
![Page 108: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
• The ability of water to flow through a material• Permeability
![Page 109: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
• The percentage of pore space in a rock or sediment
• Porosity
![Page 110: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
• The top of the zone of saturation; or the upper surface of an aquifer; will rise and fall with rain and drought
• Water table
![Page 111: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
• A body of rock or sediment that can hold or allow the flow of groundwater
• Aquifer
![Page 112: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
• A dip in the water table that forms due to the pumping of a well
• Cone of depression
![Page 113: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
• Groundwater zone where the pore space is completely filled with water
• Zone of saturation
![Page 114: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
• Groundwater zone where the pore space is mostly filled with air; located above the water table
• Zone of aeration
![Page 115: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
• Fan-shaped deposit of sediment that forms where a river enters a larger body of water; example is where the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of Mexico
• Delta
![Page 116: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
• A fan-shaped deposit of sediment that forms at the base of a mountain
• Alluvial fan
![Page 117: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
• The term for land that has a lot of caves, caverns, and sinkholes; limestone is the rock found in these areas; the Valley and Ridge region of Virginia
• Karst topography
![Page 118: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
• Rain, sleet, snow, hail, etc. • Precipitation
![Page 119: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
• When water vapor turns into water; occurs when temperature drops below the dew point
• Condensation
![Page 120: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
• When water turns into water vapor• Evaporation
![Page 121: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
• The natural flow of water onto Earth’s surface where the water table touches the surface
• Spring
![Page 122: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
• An area of land where all of the water drains to the same place; separated by divides, such as mountain ridges
• Watershed
![Page 123: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
• A large sheet of ice found in very tall mountains; found in the Rockies, Andes, Himalayas, and the Alps; carves out a U-shaped valley
• Alpine glacier
![Page 124: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Oceanography Unit
![Page 125: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
• A mountain under the ocean formed over a hot spot
• Seamount
![Page 126: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
• The flattest regions on Earth; located on the ocean floor
• Abyssal plains
![Page 127: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
• The part of the continent that is underwater; located between the shoreline and the deep ocean basin; includes the continental shelf and the continental slope
• Continental margin
![Page 128: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
• The wedge-shaped deposit of sediments at the bottom of the continental slope
• Continental rise
![Page 129: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
• A flow of sediment that moves from the continental shelf down the continental slope to the deep ocean; can carve out submarine canyons; responsible for forming the continental rise
• Turbidity current
![Page 130: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
• Locating how deep or far away something is using sound waves; used to make topographic maps of the ocean floor
• Sonar
![Page 131: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
• A mountain range located on the ocean floor; extends for 40,000 miles; site of sea floor spreading; form at divergent boundaries; youngest ocean crust found here
• Mid-ocean ridge
![Page 132: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
• A large wave created by underwater earthquakes or landslides; also called a tidal wave, but NOT caused by the moon’s gravitational pull
• Tsunami
![Page 133: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
• Movement of nutrient rich water from the bottom of the ocean to the surface; very important for ocean plants and animals on the continental shelf
• Upwelling
![Page 134: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
• A measure of how salty the water is• Salinity
![Page 135: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
• The rise and fall of water level caused by the gravitational pull of the moon (and to a lesser extent the gravitational pull of the Sun)
• Tides
![Page 136: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Weather Unit
![Page 137: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
• The study of Earth’s atmosphere, including the weather
• Meteorology
![Page 138: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
• The amount of energy absorbed or released when water changes phases
• Latent heat
![Page 139: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
• The movement of matter caused by differences in density; caused by temperature differences; occurs in mantle, ocean, and atmosphere
• Convection
![Page 140: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
• The transfer of energy or heat when objects or molecules come into direct contact
• Conduction
![Page 141: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
• The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves; does not require any matter; the main form of energy transfer in the upper atmosphere where air molecules are very spread out
• Radiation
![Page 142: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
• The curving of wind due to Earth’s rotation; it’s what causes storms to rotate CCW in the northern hemisphere and CW in the southern hemisphere
• Coriolis effect
![Page 143: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
• Global wind belt located between the equator and 30o North and South; winds blow east to west
• Trade winds
![Page 144: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
• Global wind belt located between 30o and 60o latitude; located in the northern and southern hemisphere; winds blow west to east
• Westerlies
![Page 145: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
• Global wind belt located between 60o latitude and the poles; located in both the northern and southern hemisphere; winds blow east to west (like in the trade winds)
• Polar easterlies
![Page 146: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
• Layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface where temperature decreases with height
• Troposphere
![Page 147: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
• The second layer of the atmosphere located above the troposphere where temperature increases with height; contains the ozone layer
• Stratosphere
![Page 148: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
• The third layer of the atmosphere where temperature decreases with height; the coldest layer of the atmosphere; this is also the name for the lower part of Earth’s mantle
• Mesosphere
![Page 149: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
• The outermost layer of the atmosphere where temperature increases with height; contains the ionosphere and the exosphere
• Thermosphere
![Page 150: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
• Part of Earth’s atmosphere where auroras exist; lower part of the thermosphere
• Ionosphere
![Page 151: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
• A brilliant light display caused by solar wind interacting with air molecules in Earth’s upper atmosphere; located above the north and south poles
• Aurora
![Page 152: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
• A molecule made up of 3 oxygen atoms (O3); found in the stratosphere; absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation
• Ozone
![Page 153: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
• A molecule that was commonly found in hairsprays and refrigerants; destroys ozone and is responsible for the ozone hole; short for chlorofluorocarbons
• CFCs
![Page 154: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
• Where two air masses collide• Front
![Page 155: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
• Large body of air with a uniform temperature and humidity; examples are continental polar (cP) and maritime tropical (mT)
• Air mass
![Page 156: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
• Type of front where cold air advances into warm air; symbol is spikes or triangles on a weather map; cumulonimbus clouds and thunderstorms are created
• Cold front
![Page 157: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
• Type of front where warm air slowly advances into cold air; symbol is red semi-circles on the weather map; steady rain is common; low level nimbostratus clouds are created
• Warm front
![Page 158: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
• Type of front created when air masses of similar density collide; the front stalls and steady rain can fall in an area for days; symbol is triangles and semi-circles on opposite sides
• Stationary front
![Page 159: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
• Type of front in which cold air overtakes warm air; can create very violent weather; symbol is triangles and semi-circles on the same side
• Occluded front
![Page 160: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
• A towering thunderstorm cloud; associated with cold fronts; can also be created on hot summer days due to convection (hot air rising and condensing)
• Cumulonimbus cloud
![Page 161: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
• Cotton ball clouds • Cumulus clouds
![Page 162: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
• Low level sheet like clouds • Stratus clouds
![Page 163: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
• Highest altitude clouds found at the top of the troposphere; made of ice crystals
• Cirrus clouds
![Page 164: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
• Temperature at which the rates of condensation and evaporation are equal; dew and clouds form below this temperature
• Dew point
![Page 165: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
• The process in which a solid turns directly into a gas; an example is snow turning into water vapor
• Sublimation
![Page 166: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
• The process in which Earth’s atmosphere acts like the glass in a greenhouse and traps heat; keeps the Earth’s surface warm; Earth would be an ice ball without it
• Greenhouse effect
![Page 167: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
• The gradual increase in Earth’s average temperature due to the addition of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide; caused by the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and gas
• Global warming
![Page 168: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
• Caused by the uneven heat distribution at Earth’s surface
• Wind
![Page 169: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
• Wind blowing during the daytime from the ocean towards the land
• Sea breeze
![Page 170: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
• Wind blowing at nighttime from the land towards the ocean
• Land breeze
![Page 171: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
• Wind blowing during the daytime from the valley up the mountain; eagles and hawks soar on this
• Valley breeze
![Page 172: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
• Cold wind blowing down the mountain side; usually stronger at night during the wintertime
• Mountain breeze
![Page 173: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
• Day to day changes in atmospheric conditions• Weather
![Page 174: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
• The typical weather patterns for a given location over a period of several years; determined by latitude, elevation, proximity to bodies of water (such as an ocean), and position relative to mountains; examples are polar, temperate, and tropical
• Climate
![Page 175: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
• A narrow, violent funnel-shaped column of spiral winds
• Tornado
![Page 176: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
• A tropical cyclone (counterclockwise movement of air) characterized by sustained winds of 75 mph or greater; called cyclones and typhoons in other areas of the world
• Hurricane
![Page 177: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
Astronomy Unit
![Page 178: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
• A saying to remember the order of the planets (Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune)
• My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos
![Page 179: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
• Earth’s twin; has the runaway greenhouse effect
• Venus
![Page 180: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
• The first four planets of our solar system; made up of mostly solid rock
• Terrestrial planets
![Page 181: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
• The outer four planets of our solar system that have massive gaseous atmospheres; made up of mostly hydrogen and helium
• Gas giants
![Page 182: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
• A ring of rocky material located between Mars and Jupiter; separates the inner and outer planets
• Asteroid belt
![Page 183: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
• A ring of rocky and icy material located outside the orbit of Neptune
• Kuiper Belt
![Page 184: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
• A rocky, icy body with a very eccentric orbit and a tail; its tail always points away from the Sun because of solar wind
• Comet
![Page 185: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
• A rocky object that burns up in the Earth’s atmosphere; also called a shooting star
• Meteor
![Page 186: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
• A meteor that reaches and strikes Earth’s surface; usually very small but can be large; leading theory for why the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago
• Meteorite
![Page 187: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
• Caused by Earth’s tilt of 23.5o • Seasons
![Page 188: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
• When the Earth is tilted as far north or south as possible; marks the first day of summer and winter; around June 21st and December 21st
• Solstice
![Page 189: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
• When the sun is over the celestial equator; marks the first day of spring and fall; around March 21st and September 21st
• Equinox
![Page 190: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
• Type of tide that occurs twice a month during full and new moons when the Sun, moon, and Earth are aligned; responsible for a very large tidal range
• Spring tide
![Page 191: Earth Science SOL Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081512/5681677d550346895ddc82bb/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
• Type of tide that occurs twice a month during 1st quarter and 3rd quarter moons; the Sun and moon pull at a right angle relative to Earth, partially cancelling each other’s pulls; responsible for a very small tidal range
• Neap tide
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• When the moon casts a shadow on the Earth and our view of the Sun is blocked; can happen when there is a new moon; the corona of the Sun can be seen
• Solar eclipse
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• When the Earth casts a shadow on a full moon; the moon appears blood red
• Lunar eclipse
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• The center of the Earth or Sun (and other planets and stars) where pressure and temperature are highest; nuclear fusion occurs here in stars
• Core
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• When lighter elements combine to form larger elements; hydrogen combines to form helium in the core of stars
• Fusion
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• The surface of the Sun; the part of the Sun that we see
• Photosphere
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• The outermost layer of the Sun that can be seen during a total solar eclipse
• Corona
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• Dark spots on the photosphere of the Sun; relatively cooler than the rest of the photosphere; 11-year cycle where more of these appear due to Sun’s magnetic field being stronger
• Sunspots
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• Charged particles (or ions) leaving the surface of the sun; causes the tail of a comet to point away from the sun; also responsible for auroras
• Solar wind
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• Theory that says that the Sun, planets, and everything else in our solar system formed from one cloud of gas and dust about 4.6 billion years ago
• Solar nebula theory
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• Theory that states that everything in our Universe started out at a single point about 14 billion years ago; event would have been similar to a massive supernova; evidence for this theory is a red shift in stars and galaxies and cosmic background radiation (or leftover debris from the explosion)
• Big Bang Theory
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• The apparent shortening or stretching of a wave that occurs as a star travels towards (blue shift) or away from (red shift) Earth
• Doppler effect
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• The apparent stretching of the wavelength of light as a star (or galaxy) travels away from Earth; tells us that the Universe is expanding; used as evidence for the Big Bang Theory
• Red shift
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• The apparent shift in a star’s position as the Earth revolves around the Sun; the more the star appears to shift, the closer it is to Earth; can be used to determine a star’s distance from Earth
• Parallax
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• The actual brightness of a star; also called a star’s luminosity; Sun’s is average
• Absolute magnitude
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• How bright a star appears from Earth; depends on the star’s absolute magnitude and its distance from Earth; Sun’s is the brightest because it is so much closer than any other star
• Apparent magnitude
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• A cloud of gas and dust; all stars start out as this
• Nebula
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• A concentrated disk of matter that forms when gravity pulls a nebula together; can turn into a main sequence star if it gets hot enough for fusion to begin
• Protostar
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• Star that forms once nuclear fusion begins in the core; located in a diagonal band on the H-R Diagram; can be red, yellow, orange, white, or blue; red stars are cooler and burn longer than blue stars
• Main sequence star
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• Large, cool star that stars the size of our Sun become after the main sequence stage
• Red giant
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• A small, yet hot, star; the leftover core of a star; form after the red giant stage; our Sun will eventually become one of these
• White dwarf
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• A white dwarf that has cooled down and no longer gives off any light; our Sun, and other small stars, will end its life as one of these
• Black dwarf
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• A very large but relatively cool star; larger than a red giant; blue main sequence stars will eventually swell to form this
• Red supergiant
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• A large explosion in space; occurs during the collapse of a red supergiant
• Supernova
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• A very dense star that forms when gravity collapses on a red supergiant and smashes the matter into neutrons
• Neutron star
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• A single point of infinite density; occurs when the largest stars in the Universe collapse; an object so dense that not even light can escape its gravity
• Black hole
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• A diagram that plots all stars based on how bright they are (their luminosity or absolute magnitude) and how hot they are (their temperature)
• Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) Diagram
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• A collection of billions of stars; there are at least a billion of these scattered across the Universe; the 3 types are spiral, elliptical, and irregular
• Galaxy
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• We are located in one of the arms of this galaxy; it is a spiral galaxy; a black hole may be located at its center; made up of 100 billion stars
• Milky Way Galaxy
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• What you are going to do to the SOL• Dominate!