December 2014

Earth Science

Table of Contents

1. Layers of the Earth 2. Rock and Rock Cycle 3. Minerals and examples4. test and Moh’s Scale of Hardness 5. igneous rock 6. sedimentary rock 7. metamorphic rock 8. properties of soil 9. weathering

10. erosion and deposition 11. volcanoes 12. earthquakes 13. landslides and floods 14. bibliography

Layers of the Earth● The crust is about 4,000 miles away from the

Earths core, its the layer of the Earth we live on and is made up of rocks, minerals, and soil.

● The next layer of the Earth is the mantle it is about 1,800 miles thick and has three layers 1. solid rock 2. molten rock 3. solid rock.

● The next layer is the outer core it is 3,000 below Earth's surface and is made up of boiling hot lava and is magnetic.

● The inner core is up to 13,000 degrees fahrenheit but has so much pressure the rock can not melt.

Rocks and Rock Cycle ● the rock cycle is when rock changes

from one rock to another● heat and pressure melts and

reforms rocks into three different types metamorphic,sedimentary, and igneous rocks over and over

● the rock cycle is also much like the water cycle

Moh’s Scale of Hardness

● Moh’s scale of hardness measures the hardness of rocks

● it is a test of rocks properties

● this test compares resistance between minerals

Minerals and Examples

● igneous-obsidian ● sedimentary-limestone ● metamorphic-hornfels

Igneous Rock● igneous rocks are made of

magma or lava ● they are formed when lava or

magma cools off and hardens ● an igneous formed inside by

magma is called an intrusive igneous rock

● an igneous rock formed by lava outside of the Earth is called an extrusive igneous rock

Sedimentary Rocks● sedimentary rocks form

slowly, it takes years ● they're made of small pieces of

other rocks, shells and bones these bits are called sediment

● sediment is found at the bottom of bodies water

● they take many years to form

Metamorphic Rocks

● metamorphic rocks formed by heat and pressure

● they form in the Earth ● the heat and pressure

causes a physical or chemical change

Properties of Soil ● almost ALL Earth is covered

in soil ● it can be inches or even

miles ● there are three “ingredients”

in soil: clay, sand and silt ● clay: soft soil, sand: ruff soil,

silt: medium soil

Weathering

● weathering breaks down rocks

● it turns rocks into sediments ● it does so by rain, rivers,

wind, ice, heat and cold

Erosion and deposition

● erosion moves sediments ● this includes rocks falling, rivers

and people ● deposition is the depositing of

sediments ● it usually forms a triangular-shaped

pile of sediments at the end of a river

Volcanoes

● volcanoes turn magma into lava

● they turn lava into igneous rocks

● they do this by erupting molten rock

● when the erupt molten rock it cools into igneous rocks

Earthquakes ● earthquakes rumble and

shakes ● it only happens in area at a

time● the are measured Richter

Magnitude Scale thought up by Charles F. Richter

Landslides and Floods

● landslides are when rocks and sediments slide down a mountain or cliff

● they can cause a lot or a little amount of damage

● floods are when there is an excessive amount

of water somewhere ● it is caused by too much rain, overflowing

rivers, and even melting snow

Bibliography

● StudyJams● Geology for kids● Rocks for kids● Geography4● Rock hound kids ● weatherwizkids