earth science practice questions
TRANSCRIPT
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Earth Science Practice Questions
Unit 1 Earth Materials
1. Which of the following is a characteristic of most minerals?W.OrganicX. CrystallineY. LiquidZ. Aggregate
2. Color cannot usually be used to identify minerals becauseW.Most minerals are colorlessX. The streak of a mineral varies from sample to sampleY. Many silicates have a metallic lusterZ. Impurities can change mineral color
3. Which of the following crystals is incorrectly paired with its cleavage shape?W.Muscovite flat sheetsX. Halite cubicY. Calcite rhombohedronZ. Hornblende octahedron
4. Which of the following minerals is NOT a silicate?W.MuscoviteX. HornblendeY. HematiteZ. Quartz
5. Which of the following minerals crystallizes at the lowest temperature?W.OlivineX. AmphiboleY. QuartzZ. Potassium feldspar
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6. Which of the following minerals will release carbon dioxide when reacted with hydrochloricacid?
W.DolomiteX. CorundumY. SphaleriteZ. Gypsum
7. Which element is not found in plagioclase feldspar?W.CalciumX. SodiumY. PotassiumZ. Silicon
8. A silicate mineral with a three-dimensional network of silica tetrahedrons is likely toW.Have lower silicon contentX. Split into three planes of cleavageY. React with hydrochloric acidZ. Have lower oxygen content
9. A rock containing large amounts of halite or gypsum suggests thatW.The rock may have been eroded by a glacierX. The rock may be the remains of an ancient seaY. The rock may have been the result of a cinder cone volcanoZ. The rock may have been exposed to intense heat and pressure
10.Which of the following gemstones is incorrectly paired with its mineral name?W.Emerald berylX. Ruby corundumY. Amethyst quartzZ. Sapphire Aquamarine
11.A dark-colored silicate material is likely toW.Be found in sedimentary rocksX. Contain iron or magnesium
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Y. Have a lower specific gravity than a light-colored silicateZ. Be the primary component of granitic igneous rocks
12.W
hich of the following best describes how some intrusive rock formations, such as StoneMountain, are found on the Earths surface?
W.Deposition and compactionX. Earthquakes and fracturingY. Erosion and upliftingZ. Heat and metamorphosis
13.Intrusive igneous rocks are generallyW.Fine-grainedX. The result of slow coolingY. GlassyZ. Never exposed to the surface
14.Which of the following is an example of an extrusive igneous rock?W.GabbroX. DioriteY. GraniteZ. Pumice
15.Which of the following explains the vesicles found in many extrusive igneous rocks, such asscoria?
W.The very slow cooling of lavaX. The presence of iron and magnesiumY. The rapid escape of gas bubblesZ. The embedding of larger crystals within smaller ones
16.Which type of coal is considered a metamorphic rock instead of a sedimentary rock?W.Lignite
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X. Sub-bituminousY. BituminousZ. Anthracite
17.What is the name given to the larger crystals in a porphyritic rock?W.PhenocrystX. GroundmassY. Vesicular massZ. Pluton
18.Igneous rocks are primarily composed ofW.Sulfide mineralsX. Carbonate mineralsY. Halide mineralsZ. Silicate minerals
19.Which of the following minerals is classified as a light silicate?W.OlivineX. FeldsparY. AmphiboleZ. Biotite mica
20.The upper layers of the oceanic crust are composed primarily ofW.Felsic igneous rocksX. Andesitic igneous rocksY. Mafic igneous rocksZ. Ultramafic igneous rocks
21.Granitic, or felsic, rocks are
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W.The major constituents of oceanic crustX. Low in silica and feldsparY. Found only as extrusive igneous rocksZ. Light-colored
22.Which of the following is NOT true about ultramafic rocks?W.They are extremely denseX. They are generally found on the Earths surfaceY. They are usually dark-coloredZ. They contain high concentrations of iron and magnesium
23.Which of the following extrusive igneous rocks is NOT correctly paired with its equivalentintrusive igneous rock?
W.Rhyolite graniteX. Andesite dioriteY. Basalt pegmatiteZ. Peridotite komatiite
24.When liquid magma cools, the first mineral to crystallize isW.OlivineX. AmphiboleY. Muscovite micaZ. Quartz
25.Which of the following is a process that transforms loose sediments into sedimentary rocks?W.WeatheringX. CrystallizationY. CementationZ. Assimilation
26.Sedimentary rocks are found primarily in theW.Exposed part of the Earths crustX. Lower parts of the Earths crust
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Y. Earths mantleZ. Earths core
27.W
hich of the following is a chemical sedimentary rock?W.BrecciaX. SandstoneY. ShaleZ. Travertine
28.Of the following detrital sedimentary rocks, which consists of particles of the smallest size?W.ConglomerateX. ShaleY. SandstoneZ. Breccia
29.The angular fragments in breccia indicate that the sediments comprising the rockW.Originated from an igneous rockX.Were produced as a result of wind erosionY. Did not travel far from their sourceZ. May have contained fossils at one point
30.Which of these is a sedimentary rock noted for its durability and thus can be found in steep,rugged cliffs?
W.ShaleX. SandstoneY. LimestoneZ. Obsidian
31.TheWhite Cliffs of Dover comprise rocks that areW.Extrusive igneous rocksX. Chemical sedimentary rocks
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Y. Foliated metamorphic rocksZ. Formed entirely of pure elements
32.Most metamorphic activity occurs around a molten igneous body or atW.Sites of mountain formationX. Evaporite deposits around salt flatsY. Deep marine environmentsZ. Caves, sinkholes, and caverns
33.Which of the following metamorphic rocks is incorrectly paired with its parent rock?W.Slate shaleX. Gneiss graniteY. Marble limestoneZ. Quartzite basalt
34.Metamorphic rocks are least likely to have foliated texture if theyW.Also lack lusterX. Are composed of a single mineralY. Undergo thermal metamorphismZ. Experience differential stress
35.Which of the following metals is incorrectly paired with the ore from which it is derived?W.Copper borniteX.Nickel pentlanditeY. Tin scheeliteZ. Titanium rutile
36.Which of the following is NOT a change usually associated with rock metamorphosis?W.Growth of larger crystalsX. Reorientation of mineralsY. Decreased rock densityZ. Transformation of low-temperature minerals
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Unit 2 Sculpturing Earths Surface
37.What drives the process of mass wasting?W.GravityX. Geothermal energyY. Solar energyZ. Water currents
38.Talus slopes are usually created byW.Salt crystal growthX. Repeated frost wedgingY. Expansion resulting from unloadingZ. Biological activity on rocks
39.Sheeting and unloading are likely to occur in a mass ofW.
Limestone
X. SlateY. GraniteZ. Shale
40.The chemical weathering of granite is most likely to result inW.Potassium and plagioclase feldspar particlesX. Talc and gypsum particlesY. Calcite depositsZ. Quartz and clay particles
41.Which of the following silicates is least resistant to weathering?W.OlivineX. Biotite mica
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Y. Potassium feldsparZ. Quartz
42.Soil that is forty percent silt, forty percent sand, and twenty percent clay has the texture ofW.Silty clayX. LoamY. SandZ. Sandy clay
43.Partially weathered bedrock can be found in which soil horizon?W.O horizonX. A horizonY. B horizonZ. C horizon
44.Bauxite deposits form whenW.Veins of intrusive igneous rocks undergo erosion and upliftingX. Pyrite surrounding bauxite ores hydrolyzes to form sulfuric acidY. Chemical weathering leaches other common elements out of the soilZ. Rainwater concentrates aluminum in the bedrock
45.The steepest angle at which granular soil particles can maintain a stable slope is known aswhich of the following?
W.Angle of possessionX. Angle of ataraxisY. Angle of purveyZ. Angle of repose
46.In which type of mass-wasting process does material slide along curved surfaces of rupture,creating crescent-shaped cliffs?
W.SlumpX. RockslideY. Debris flow
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Z. Earthflow
47.The primary components of lahars on the flanks of volcanoesW
.Molten lavaX. A mixture of hot rocks and gases
Y.Water-saturated debrisZ. Dry ash
48.Solifluction is most likely to occur inW.Hot desertsX. Cold desertsY. TundraZ. Tropical rainforests
49.Which is generally true about water in the oceans?W.Transpiration greatly exceeds evaporationX. Runoff greatly exceeds evaporationY. Precipitation greatly exceeds evaporationZ. Evaporation greatly exceeds precipitation
50.Which portion of a streams load travels through saltation?W.Dissolved loadX. Suspended loadY. Bed loadZ. Lateral load
51.If the velocity of a stream suddenly increases, which is most likely to increase?W.Dissolved loadX. Suspended loadY. Bed loadZ. Lateral load
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52.If the speed of a river quadruples, its competence increases by a factor ofW.2X. 4Y. 16Z. 64
53.Which drainage pattern is associated with an isolated mountains or volcanoes?W.DendriticX. RectangularY. TrellisZ. Radial
54.Where would a bedrock channel most likely be found?W.On a mountainX. Through a desertY. In a marine trenchZ. Near the mouth of a river
55.Compared to the mouth, the headwaters of most rivers have aW.Greater discharge and greater gradientX. Greater discharge and lesser gradientY. Lesser discharge and greater gradientZ. Lesser discharge and lesser gradient
56.In a meandering river, the sediments move from the cut bank to theW.Inner bankX. Outer bankY. Upper bankZ. Lower bank
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57.A cutoff from a meandering stream forms aW.Kettle lakeX. Oxbow lakeY. TarnZ. Crater lake
58.The most significant effect of building a dam on a river is theW.Raising of the base level upstream from the damX. Lowering of the base level upstream from the damY. Raising of the base level downstream from the damZ. Lowering of the base level downstream from the dam
59.The repeated flooding of a river can create all of the following exceptW.BackswampsX. Yazoo tributariesY.Natural leveesZ. Deltas
60.Which of the following transitions is most likely to produce an alluvial fan?W.A river entering a lakeX. A river leaving a lakeY. A steep river entering a flat valleyZ. A flat river entering a mountainous region
61.Dams are not permanent solutions to flooding problems because of theW.Eventual increase in river velocity downstream of the damX. Buildup of sediments behind the damY. Destruction of natural levees caused by the damZ. Creation of new lakes and tributaries by a dam
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62.A successful well can be constructedW.In the unsaturated zoneX. Immediately above the water tableY. Immediately above an aquitardZ. Immediately below the zone of soil moisture
63.In a swamp or wetland, the water table isW.At the visible surfaceX. Below the zone of saturationY. Above all existing aquitardsZ. Above the zone of soil moisture
64.Which of the following soils is least permeable?W.HumusX. ClayY. SiltZ. Sand
65.Which of the following is formed when the water table intersects the ground surface?W.AquiferX. Artesian wellY.Non-artesian wellZ. Spring
66.For an artesian well to form, the aquifer must beW.Located beneath the water tableX. Surrounded by aquitards from above and belowY. Situated near a neighboring wells cone of depressionZ. Distant from any recharge area
67.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic land feature of karst topography?
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W.Solution valleysX. Sink holesY. CavernsZ. Mesas
68.A U-shaped valley suggests thatW.A rapid river once flowed through the valleyX. Large amounts of lava oozed through the valleyY. An ice sheet once filled the valleyZ. An alpine glacier once moved through the valley
69.In which of the following places can an ice sheet be found?W.GermanyX.NepalY. GreenlandZ. India
70.When an ice shelf melts, the sea levelW.Decreases because sedimentation decreasesX. Remains the sameY. Increases because runoff increasesZ. Increases because precipitation increases
71.Piedmont glaciers form whenW.Alpine glaciers emerge from mountain valleysX. Rising temperatures cause ice sheets to shrinkY. Multiple alpine glaciers coalesce to form a single formationZ. Plastic flow within a glacier causes the glacier to fracture
72.Crevasses only extend to approximately 50 meters beneath the glaciers surface becauseunder those depths
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W.Eskers seal the cracksX. Ice behaves as a plasticY. Frictional forces cause ice to meltZ. Snowfall replenishes glacial budget
73.Which of the following are created through calving?W.Ice sheetsX. IcebergsY. Alpine glaciersZ. Ice shelves
74.In which of the following processes does a glacier carry unsorted sediments of all sizes?W.AblationX. AbrasionY. PluckingZ. Striation
75.Bowl-shaped depressions in which alpine glaciers begin growing are known asW.AretesX. DrumlinsY. KamesZ. Cirques
76.Which of the following is formed when rising sea levels submerge a glacial trough?W.FjordX. TarnY. EskerZ. Kettle lake
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77.Glacial drift in the outwash plain uncharacteristically consists ofW.Large rocksX. Dry rocksY. Sorted rocksZ. Buried rocks
78.When two valley glaciers coalesce to form a single ice stream, what kind of moraine isformed?
W.Lateral moraineX. Medial moraineY. Ground moraineZ. End moraine
79.Of the following, which is a pluvial lake?W.Lake SuperiorX. Great Salt LakeY. Hudson BayZ. Lake Athabasca
80.The major episodes of the last Ice Age occurred during theW.Oligocene epochX. Paleocene epochY. Pleistocene epochZ. Holocene epoch
81.In which of the following locations is a desert least likely to form?W.On the leeward side of a mountainX. At 20 to 30 degrees latitude above or below the equatorY. On the edges of tectonic platesZ. In the interior of a continent
82.In deserts, wind erosion creates the desert pavement, a fragile surface layer that consistsprimarily of
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W.ClayX. SiltY. SandZ. Pebbles
83.In deserts, blanket deposits of wind-blown silt particles aretermedW.LaharX. DunesY. HumusZ. Loess
84.Short sand dunes that form long ridges parallel to the direction of the prevailing wind areclassified as which of the following?
W.LongitudinalX. BarchanY. TransverseZ. Star
Unit 3 Forces Within
85.The tectonic plates move upon a layer of weak rock known as theW.LithosphereX. AsthenosphereY. Outer coreZ. Inner core
86.Mountainsare most likely to be formed at aW.Continental-oceanic divergent boundaryX. Continental-continental divergent boundaryY. Continental-oceanic convergent boundaryZ. Continental-continental convergent boundary
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87.At a continental-oceanic convergent boundary, W.The continental plate descends beneath the oceanic plateX. The oceanic plate descends beneath the continental plateY.New seafloor is created by the upwelling of magmaZ. Plates grind past each other without construction or destruction of the lithosphere
88.On average, tectonic plates move about how many millimeters a year relative to theasthenosphere?
W.5X. 50Y. 500Z. 5000
89.What is the term for the deep depressions along the axis of the oceanic ridge?W.Reverse faultsX. Transform boundariesY. Rift valleysZ. Deep-ocean trenches
90.Which of the following is true aboutmany continental rift valleys, such as the East Africanrift valley?
W
.The rift valleyswill eventually create a linear seaX. At the rifts, the crust is thicker than in surrounding areas
Y. The rift valleysare at the site of convergent plate boundariesZ. The valleysform as a result of continuous weathering and erosion
91.Volcanic island arcs are most likely to be formed at aW.Continental-oceanic divergent boundaryX. Oceanic-oceanic divergent boundaryY. Continental-oceanic convergent boundaryZ. Oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary
92.Which of the following is created when a transform fault occurs in the oceanic ridge?W.Mantle plumeX. Fracture zone
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Y. Deep-ocean trenchZ. Hot spot
93.Which of the following features are responsible for the Hawaiian volcanoes?W.Divergent plate boundariesX. Convergent plate boundariesY. Transform fault boundariesZ. Mantle plumes
94.Because volcanoes on the island of Hawaii are located above a hot spot, they will graduallybecomeW.More basalticX. More explosiveY. More frequentZ. Extinct
95.The motion of tectonic plates is thought to occur because of which of the following?W.The slow geodynamic rotation of the Earths inner coreX. The interaction between the Earths magnetosphere and asthenosphereY. Convection that occurs in the Earths mantleZ. The magmatic seafloor spreading that occurs at oceanic ridges
96.Which of the following is the thinnest?W.Oceanic crustX. Continental crustY. Oceanic lithosphereZ. Continental lithosphere
97.Which of the following undergoes partial melting at a subduction zone?W.The buoyant continental crustX. The dense oceanic lithosphere
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Y. The asthenosphere above the oceanic lithosphereZ. The asthenosphere below the oceanic lithosphere
98.The breakup of Pangaea occurred in theW.Precambrian EonX. Paleozoic EraY. Mesozoic EraZ. Cenozoic Era
99.The point inside the Earths crust where an earthquake begins is known as theW.EpicenterX. FaultY. FocusZ. Rift
100.Which of the following is true regarding earthquakes?W.Most faults are straight and continuous and undergo slow, continuous motionX. The seismic waves generated by an earthquake do not usually travel through the mantleY. Major earthquakes are usually preceded and succeeded by smaller quakesZ. During an earthquake, rocks under strain generally behave inelastically
101. The San Andreas Fault is located on the boundary betweenW.The North American plate and the Pacific plateX. The North American plate and the Cocos plateY. The North American plate and the Juan de Fuca plateZ.
The Pacific plate and the Cocos plate
102. Of the following waves, whichone travels through the mantle?W.Primary wavesX. Secondary wavesY. Love waves
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Z. Rayleigh waves
103. Most of the shaking felt by people due to an earthquake is due toW
.Primary wavesX. Secondary waves
Y. Love wavesZ. Rayleigh waves
104. Most of the energy released by earthquakes worldwide originates in the boundary of theW.Atlantic OceanX. Pacific OceanY. Indian OceanZ. Arctic Ocean
105.What is the minimum number of different seismic stations necessary to locate anearthquakes epicenter?
W.OneX. TwoY. ThreeZ. Four
106. Many seismologists are replacing the Richter Magnitude scale with what more precisemagnitude scale?
W.Modified Mercalli Intensity ScaleX. Saffir-Simpson ScaleY. Plutonic Release Magnitude ScaleZ. Moment Magnitude Scale
107. In regions where unconsolidated soil is saturated with water, earthquakes causeW.AdsorptionX. LiquefactionY. SupersaturationZ. Flocculation
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108. In the open ocean, tsunami waves can be distinguished from other waves by theirW.Greater amplitudeX. Greater speedY. Smaller wavelengthZ. Distinct dissolved gas content
109.Which of the following is true about continental crust, as compared to oceanic crust?W.It is composed of older rocksX. It is composed of denser rocksY. It is composed of more uniform rocksZ. It is thinner
110. The predominant rock type in the upper part of the mantle isW.RhyoliteX. DioriteY. BasaltZ. Peridotite
111.Which of the following layers of the Earth is a liquid?W.CrustX. MantleY. Outer coreZ. Inner core
112. The Earths magnetic field is created byW.Precipitation of iron-nickel alloys in the inner coreX. The slow rotation of the metallic outer coreY. Interactions of the Van Allen Belt with incoming solar windsZ. The continual liquification and solidification of iron in the outer core
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113. The Gutenberg discontinuity is located approximately how many kilometers beneath theEarths surface?
W.1,000X. 2,000Y. 3,000Z. 4,000
114. The boundary between the Earths inner and outer core was deduced whenW.S-waves were discovered across the Earth from the epicenterX. A wide shadow zone that lacked both P-waves and S-waves was discoveredY. Refracted surface waves were discovered in regions close to the focusZ
.
Isolated P-waves were discovered in a region otherwise lacking seismic waves
115. The main volatile in magma isW.Hydrogen sulfideX.Water vaporY.Nitrogen gasZ. Silicon dioxide
116.Which of the following is a characteristic of basaltic lava?W.Low gas contentX. High silica contentY. High viscosityZ. High tendency to form pyroclastics
117. The lava released by cinder cone volcanoes generally hasW.Low gas content and low silica contentX. Low gas content and high silica contentY. High gas content and low silica contentZ. High gas content and high silica content
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118.What kind of common lava flow produces rough, jagged surfaces?W.AaX. PahoehoeY. PlinianZ. Phreatic
119.What kind of large volcanic tephra has an aerodynamic or streamlined shape, indicatingthat it was ejected as a liquid?
W.AshX. LapilliY. BlockZ. Bomb
120.Which of the following volcanic features specifically promotes the width increase of ashield volcano?
W.FissuresX. CratersY. FumarolesZ. Lava tubes
121.Which of the following is NOT true about cinder cone volcanoes?W.They are the most common class of volcanoesX. They are composed mainly of loose pyroclastic materialY. They often include a large, steep-walled calderaZ. They are usually formed by a single, short-lived eruptive event
122. A nuee ardentes is an extremely serioustype ofW.Lava flowX. Pyroclastic flowY. LaharZ. Fissure eruption
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123. Some volcanologists consider Mt. Ranier to be the most dangerous volcano in the U.S.because its mantle of snow and ice increases the risk of a
W.Lava flowX. Pyroclastic flowY. LaharZ. Fissure eruption
124.Which of the following characteristics increases the chance that a rock will undergo brittledeformation rather than ductile deformation?
W.Present on or near the Earths surfaceX.Weak cementation of sedimentsY. High confining pressure and temperatureZ. Lack of crystalline structure
125. The upfolding of rock layers most directly createsW.SynclinesX. AnticlinesY. MonoclinesZ. Basins
126. A fault scarp is best described as aW.Deep trenchX. Circular basinY. Low cliffZ. Gently-sloping hill
127. A central block bounded by normal faults that sinks as the faults separate is known as aW.BasinX. HorstY. GrabenZ. Subsidence valley
128. In a thrust fault, the hanging wall moves
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W.Upward relative to the footwallX. Downward relative to the footwallY. Horizontally relative to the footwallZ. Negligibly relative to the footwall
129. Rock fractures along which no appreciable displacement occurs are known asW.FoldsX.Normal faultsY. Strike-slip faultsZ. Joints
130. Tensional forces are responsible for creating mostW.Normal faultsX. Reverse faultsY. Thrust faultsZ. Strike-slip faults
131.Which of the following types of mountain ranges are created when oceanic plates subductbeneath continental crust?
W.Fault-block mountain rangesX. Volcanic island arcsY. Continental volcanic arcsZ. Divergent mountains
132. The Andes were formed whenW.A continental plate sank beneath a continental plateX. A continental plate sank beneath an oceanic plateY. An oceanic plate sank beneath an oceanic plateZ. An oceanic plate sank beneath a continental plate
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133.Which of the following is a characteristic of collisional mountain ranges?W.Deposits of sedimentary rocksX. Jagged edges created by uneven upliftingY. Presence of volcanic arcsZ. Distinct terranes
134. The Himalayas were formedW.Less than 50 million years agoX. About 200 million years agoY. About 500 million years agoZ. More than 1 billion years ago
135.When mountaintops are erodedW.The crust rises and the local elevation increasesX. The crust sinks and the local elevation increasesY. The crust rises and the local elevation decreasesZ. The crust sinks and the local elevation decreases
136. Fault-block mountains that form through continental rifting are created byW.Slow-moving strike-slip faultsX. Volcanic hotspotsY. Convergent plate boundariesZ. Steep normal faults
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Unit 5 The Global Ocean
137. Of the following, which is the shallowest ocean?W
.AtlanticX. Pacific
Y. IndianZ. Arctic
138. The speed of sound in water is closest toW.50 meters per secondX. 300 meters per secondY. 1500 meters per secondZ. 5000 meters per second
139.Which of the following is true about passive continental margins?W.They are found along most of the coast of the Atlantic OceanX. They are often found near divergent plate boundariesY. They are characterized by trenches and accretionary wedgesZ. They experience frequent earthquakes and volcanism
140. Deep-sea fans are largely deposited throughW.Tidal forcesX. Turbidity currentsY. Seafloor spreadingZ. Plate subduction
141. Abyssal plains are flat becauseW.Deep-sea currents have eroded any hills or mountainsX. Seafloor spreading has created smooth basaltic surfacesY. Layers of sediment have deposited over any sizeable depressionsZ. Isostatic forces have caused the oceanic crust to adjust vertically
142. Deep-ocean trenches are located at
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W.Convergent plate boundariesX. Divergent plate boundariesY. Transform plate boundariesZ. Joints or fractures
143. The creation of coral atolls is most associated with which of the following processes?W.Rapid seafloor spreadingX. Erosion of a continental shelf through turbidity currentsY. Deep-sea trench elongationZ. Subsidence of a volcanic island
144. If a large seamount forms an island, erodes, and then gradually sinks, it is most likely toresult in
W.An atollX. A guyotY. An oceanic ridgeZ. A deep-sea trench
145. The most common biogenous sediments on ocean floors are comprised ofW.Fine clay particlesX. Calcareous oozeY. Basaltic rock fragmentsZ. Sodium chloride crystals
146. The most common biogenous sediments on ocean floors are comprised ofW.Fine clay particlesX. Calcareous oozeY. Basaltic rock fragmentsZ. Sodium chloride crystals
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Unit 6 Earths Dynamic Atmosphere