earth science need to know facts final review. observation and measurement same substance = same...

Earth Science Need to Know Facts

Final ReviewFinal Review

Observation and MeasurementObservation and Measurement

Same substance = same densitySame substance = same density

As pressure increases, density As pressure increases, density increases.increases.

PRESSURE

TEMPERATURE


As As temperature increasestemperature increases, , density decreases density decreases

Water expands when it freezesWater expands when it freezes

TEMPERATURE

DENSITY


A sphere is the best model of A sphere is the best model of Earth’s shape (oblate spheroid)Earth’s shape (oblate spheroid)

Altitude of Polaris equals your Altitude of Polaris equals your latitude!!!!latitude!!!!

54°

Horizon

Zenith

36°

Observation and MeasurementObservation and MeasurementLongitude (time) is based on the Longitude (time) is based on the

sunsun

Close contour lines=steep Close contour lines=steep slope/gradientslope/gradient


Contour lines “bend” upstream—Contour lines “bend” upstream—Law of V’sLaw of V’s

Rocks and MineralsRocks and MineralsSedimentarySedimentary

Form underwaterForm underwater Horizontal layersHorizontal layers Contains fossilsContains fossils CompactionCompaction CementationCementation EvaporitesEvaporites PrecipitatesPrecipitates

Rocks and MineralsRocks and MineralsIgneousIgneous

Solidification of MagmaSolidification of Magma

Intergrown CrystalsIntergrown Crystals

Extrusive (formed at Earth’s surface)- Extrusive (formed at Earth’s surface)- cools fast-small crystals (fine), no crystals cools fast-small crystals (fine), no crystals

(glassy) (glassy)

ObsidianScoria

Rocks and MineralsRocks and MineralsIgneousIgneous

Intrusive (formed within the Earth)- cools Intrusive (formed within the Earth)- cools slow-large crystals (coarse to very coarse)slow-large crystals (coarse to very coarse)

Felsic/MaficFelsic/Mafic

Diorite

Rocks and MineralsRocks and MineralsMetamorphicMetamorphic

HeatHeat

PressurePressure

RecrystallizationRecrystallization

Foliated-shows minerals alignmentFoliated-shows minerals alignment

Phyllite

Rocks and MineralsRocks and MineralsMetamorphicMetamorphic

Non-Foliated-do not have mineral Non-Foliated-do not have mineral alignmentalignment

Banding-layered arrangementBanding-layered arrangement

NO MELTING!!!NO MELTING!!!

Marble

MineralsMinerals Naturally OccurringNaturally Occurring

InorganicInorganic

Definite Chemical CompositionDefinite Chemical Composition

SolidSolid

Crystal Structure (internal arrangement of Crystal Structure (internal arrangement of atoms)atoms)

MineralsMinerals

Properties of Mineral Identification

- Color -Density- Streak- Luster- Hardness - Cleavage/Fracture- Special Properties

Surface Processes and LandscapesSurface Processes and Landscapes Porosity (amount of holes) – size doesn’t Porosity (amount of holes) – size doesn’t

matter (when sorted)matter (when sorted)

Permeability (holes connected) – the bigger Permeability (holes connected) – the bigger the particle size, the faster water goes the particle size, the faster water goes throughthrough

Surface Processes and LandscapesSurface Processes and Landscapes

Gravity is behind all erosion Gravity is behind all erosion (wind, running water, glaciers, (wind, running water, glaciers, ocean waves)ocean waves)

Streams are the number one Streams are the number one agent of erosionagent of erosion


Capillarity (movement upward) – Capillarity (movement upward) – increases as particle size increases as particle size decreasesdecreases


Stream velocity depends on slope Stream velocity depends on slope and discharge (amount of water in and discharge (amount of water in stream)stream)


Velocity is faster on outside of Velocity is faster on outside of meander bend – erosion occurs meander bend – erosion occurs there and it is deepest.there and it is deepest.

Surface Processes and LandscapesSurface Processes and Landscapes Heavy dense round particles settle out first in waterHeavy dense round particles settle out first in water

Graded bedding (vertical sorting) biggest sediments Graded bedding (vertical sorting) biggest sediments on the bottomon the bottom

Horizontal sorting – large particles settle out first Horizontal sorting – large particles settle out first (stream slows down when entering a larger body of (stream slows down when entering a larger body of water)water)


Glacial sediments are unsorted, Glacial sediments are unsorted, scratched, U-shaped valley and scratched, U-shaped valley and can carry boulders.can carry boulders.

Stream deposits are sorted, Stream deposits are sorted, round, smooth, V-shaped valley round, smooth, V-shaped valley (Abrasion)(Abrasion)

Astronomy Astronomy SeasonsSeasons

Earth is tilted at 23.5Earth is tilted at 23.5°° When the North Pole is tilted toward the Sun it’s When the North Pole is tilted toward the Sun it’s

SUMMER!!!SUMMER!!!

Earth revolves around the sunEarth revolves around the sun

Earth axis is always points in the same directionEarth axis is always points in the same direction

Equator= no seasons= always has 12 hoursEquator= no seasons= always has 12 hoursof daylightof daylightHottest time of day – 3 pm Hottest time of day – 3 pm Coldest time of day – around sunriseColdest time of day – around sunrise


DAYDAY DATEDATE VERTICAL RAYVERTICAL RAY SUN SUN RISERISE

SUN SETSUN SET DAY DAY LENGTHLENGTH

Summer Summer SolsticeSolstice

June June 21st21st

Tropic of Tropic of CancerCancer 23.523.5°N°N N of EN of E N of WN of W LongestLongest




AutumnAutumn

EquinoxEquinox

Sept. Sept. 23rd23rd

EquatorEquator 00°° EastEast WestWest 12 12 hourshours




Winter Winter SolsticeSolstice

Dec. Dec. 21st21st

Tropic of Tropic of CapricornCapricorn 23.523.5°S°S S of ES of E S of WS of W ShortestShortest




SpringSpring

EquinoxEquinox

March March 21st21st

EquatorEquator 00°° EastEast WestWest 12 12 hourshours

AstronomyAstronomy Earth rotates West to East Earth rotates West to East

1515°/hr°/hr All celestial objects appear to move from E to All celestial objects appear to move from E to

WW

Evidence of rotation:

Coriolis Effect — deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere

Foucault Pendulum—changes direction of swing

AstronomyAstronomy

Earth revolves counterclockwiseEarth revolves counterclockwise 11°/day°/day

Evidence of revolution—changing constellations each season

Earth is closer to the sun in winter, revolves fastest

Geocentric—Earth centered / Heliocentric—Sun centered

AstronomyAstronomy

Red ShiftRed Shift Moving AwayMoving Away

Blue ShiftBlue Shift Moving TowardMoving Toward

Our universe is red shifting, expanding, getting bigger

AstronomyAstronomy

The lower the sun the longer the shadow; The lower the sun the longer the shadow; noon shadow in NY points Northnoon shadow in NY points North

Energy in stars is produced by nuclear fusion.Energy in stars is produced by nuclear fusion.

WeatherWeatherCloud FormationCloud Formation

Rising air!!Rising air!! Air expands and coolsAir expands and cools

to the dew pointto the dew point The air becomesThe air becomes

saturatedsaturated Water vapor attachesWater vapor attaches

to condensation nucleito condensation nuclei Condensation GCondensation GLL

WeatherWeatherWindWind

Horizontal movement of airHorizontal movement of air Caused by uneven heating of Earth’s Caused by uneven heating of Earth’s

surfacesurface

WeatherWeather

High PressureHigh Pressure

CALLEDCALLED: : AnticycloneAnticyclone

AIR IS: AIR IS: SinkingSinking

CAUSED BY: CAUSED BY: More denseMore dense

ROTATES: ROTATES: ClockwiseClockwise

WEATHER: WEATHER: Happy, clear Happy, clear skies, no rainskies, no rain

BAROMETER: BAROMETER: RisingRising

H

WeatherWeather

Low PressureLow Pressure

CALLEDCALLED: : CycloneCyclone

AIR IS: AIR IS: RisingRising

CAUSED BY: CAUSED BY: Less denseLess dense

ROTATES: ROTATES: CounterclockwiseCounterclockwise

WEATHER: WEATHER: Lousy, cloudy Lousy, cloudy with precipitationwith precipitation

BAROMETER: BAROMETER: FallingFalling

L

WeatherWeather

Isobars close together= fast windIsobars close together= fast wind

Air mass—region of atmosphere with Air mass—region of atmosphere with uniform temperature and humidityuniform temperature and humidity

Front—boundary between two air massFront—boundary between two air mass

WeatherWeather

Passing of a front= precipitation and Passing of a front= precipitation and change in temperature and wind directionchange in temperature and wind direction

Cold fronts move fastestCold fronts move fastest

Weather move NE in NYSWeather move NE in NYS

WeatherWeather

Cold FrontCold Front Precipitation occursPrecipitation occurs

before and after the before and after the

frontfront

WeatherWeather

Warm FrontWarm Front Precipitation Precipitation

occurs before occurs before

the frontthe front

WeatherWeather

Occluded FrontOccluded Front occur when cold air is occur when cold air is

replacing cool air or replacing cool air or

vice versa at the vice versa at the

surface, with warm surface, with warm

air above. air above.

EnergyEnergy

Black/Rough = Good ABSORBERBlack/Rough = Good ABSORBER

White/Smooth = Good REFLECTORWhite/Smooth = Good REFLECTOR

!!!A good !!!A good absorberabsorber of energy is a good of energy is a good radiatorradiator of energy!!! of energy!!!

EnergyEnergy Conduction—molecule to moleculeConduction—molecule to molecule

Radiation—through space (vacuum) – ex. Radiation—through space (vacuum) – ex. LightLight

Convection—due to differences in densityConvection—due to differences in density

EnergyEnergy

Temperature does NOT change during a Temperature does NOT change during a phase changephase change

Condensation GCondensation G L L Evaporation LEvaporation LGG Freezing LFreezing LSS Melting SMelting SLL Sublimation SSublimation SGG

EnergyEnergy

Infrared radiation – reradiated from Earth – Infrared radiation – reradiated from Earth – long wave radiation (Greenhouse Effect)long wave radiation (Greenhouse Effect)

Ultraviolet radiation – from Sun – short wave Ultraviolet radiation – from Sun – short wave radiationradiation

Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide MethaneMethane Nitrous oxideNitrous oxide Water vaporWater vapor OzoneOzone

ClimatesClimates

Latitude: low latitude = small temperature Latitude: low latitude = small temperature range and warm temperaturesrange and warm temperatures

Elevation: higher elevations = cooler Elevation: higher elevations = cooler temperaturestemperatures

ClimatesClimates

Wind belts: from the south =warm, from Wind belts: from the south =warm, from water = moistwater = moist

Mountain barriersMountain barriers Windward = cool and Windward = cool and

moistmoist Leeward = warm and dryLeeward = warm and dry

ClimatesClimates

Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents

Dynamic CrustDynamic CrustP-WavesP-Waves

FasterFaster Can travel through solid, liquid and gasCan travel through solid, liquid and gas Arrive at the station 1Arrive at the station 1stst

Dynamic CrustDynamic CrustS-WavesS-Waves

SlowSlow Can travel through solid onlyCan travel through solid only Arrive at the station 2Arrive at the station 2ndnd

Need 3 stations to Need 3 stations to

locate the epicenterlocate the epicenter

Geologic TimeGeologic Time

Law of Superposition—bottom layer is the Law of Superposition—bottom layer is the oldestoldest

Intrusions and faults are younger than the Intrusions and faults are younger than the rocks they cut throughrocks they cut through


Unconformity—gap in geologic time –Unconformity—gap in geologic time –erosional surfaceerosional surface

Unconformity

Geologic Time (Climate)Geologic Time (Climate)

Arid LandscapeArid Landscape Steep slopesSteep slopes

Geologic Time (Climate)Geologic Time (Climate)

Humid LandscapeHumid Landscape Smooth round slopeSmooth round slope


Carbon-14 dates recent, once living Carbon-14 dates recent, once living objectsobjects Half Life = 5,700 yearsHalf Life = 5,700 years

Uranium 238 dates oldest rocksUranium 238 dates oldest rocks Half Life = A LOT!!Half Life = A LOT!!


Mid-Ocean ridgesMid-Ocean ridges Crust is createdCrust is created

TrenchesTrenches Crust is destroyedCrust is destroyed

Marine sea fossils on mountain tops indicate that the land has been uplifted

earth science need to know facts final review. observation and measurement same substance = same...

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throughsurface processes

streamsurface processes

density increases

faster water

earth axis

densityas pressure increases

small crystals

measurementlongitude