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    SUMMARY

    Water is a natural resource whose preservation and effective use lie at the very

    foundation of environmental sustainability and ecological safety.

    This assignment gives an analysis of the literature on water pollution, preventive

    measures and efforts to maintain the safety and utility of water resources through policy

    instruments and conservancy. The preservation of forests and the environment generally

    as important water catchments is a prominent activity in regulating water pollution.

    Moreover, the regulation of disposal of industrial effluence, promotion of water

    purification and processing for domestic use are some of the major measures of

    preventing water pollution. This project seeks to establish the international status of

    activities geared at the management of water resources in the light of mitigating pollution

    as a menace both for industrial and domestic water usage but also for environmental

    sustainability and conservancy.

    This project relies mainly on the review of literature in presenting an analysis of the

    status of water pollution as an environmental menace. Moreover, the literature on the

    environment is constancy changing due to the rapid progress of industrial development

    and urbanization as two key forces determining welfare correlations to exposure for harm

    regarding water pollution. The people depicted as adversely vulnerable to water and

    environmental pollution are slum dwellers in poorly developed urban areas and people

    residing near lakes or rivers carrying industrial refuse.

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    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    Summary ....1

    Acknowledgements 2

    Table of Content ..3

    Introduction ..4-5-6

    Causes of water pollution .7

    Types of water pollution8

    Types of water pollution( Ground water pollution)..9

    Types of water pollution( oil spillage).10

    Effects of water pollution 11-12

    Prevention of water Pollution .13

    Conclusion 14

    References .15

    Appendix .16

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    INTRODUCTION

    Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers

    and groundwater), very often by human activities. Water pollution occurs when

    pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate

    treatment to remove harmful compounds. Water covers over 70% of the Earths surface.

    It is a very important resource for people and the environment. Water pollution affects

    drinking water, rivers, lakes and oceans all over the world. Water pollution is the second

    most imperative environmental concern along with air pollution. Any change or

    modification in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water that will have a

    detrimental consequence on living things is water pollution. Lakes, rivers, oceans and

    ground waters are affected by pollution every now and then.

    Water pollution can be defined in many ways. Usually, it means one or more substances

    have built up in water to such an extent that they cause problems for animals or people.

    Oceans, lakes, rivers, and other inland waters can naturally clean up a certain amount of

    pollution by dispersing it harmlessly. If you poured a cup of black ink into a river, the ink

    would quickly disappear into the river's much larger volume of clean water. The ink

    would still be there in the river, but in such a low concentration that you would not be

    able to see it. At such low levels, the chemicals in the ink probably would not present any

    real problem. However, if you poured gallons of ink into a river every few seconds

    through a pipe, the river would quickly turn black. The chemicals in the ink could very

    http://eschooltoday.com/pollution/air-pollution/what-is-air-pollution.htmlhttp://eschooltoday.com/pollution/air-pollution/what-is-air-pollution.html
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    quickly have an effect on the quality of the water. This, in turn, could affect the health of

    all the plants, animals, and humans whose lives depend on the river.

    Thus, water pollution is all about quantities: how much of a polluting substance is

    released and how big a volume of water it is released into. A small quantity of a toxic

    chemical may have little impact if it is spilled into the ocean from a ship. But the same

    amount of the same chemical can have a much bigger impact pumped into a lake or river,

    where there is less clean water to disperse it.

    Despite the major efforts that have been made over recent years to clean up the

    environment, pollution remains a major problem and poses continuing risks to health.

    The problems are undoubtedly greatest in the developing world, where traditional sources

    of pollution such as industrial emissions, poor sanitation, inadequate waste management,

    contaminated water supplies and exposures to indoor air pollution from biomass fuels

    affect large numbers of people. Even in developed countries, however, environmental

    pollution persists, most especially amongst poorer sectors of society1,,2. In recent

    decades, too, a wide range of modern pollutants have emergednot least, those

    associated with road traffic and the use of modern chemicals in the home, in food, for

    water treatment and for pest control. Most of these pollutants are rarely present in

    excessively large concentrations, so effects on health are usually far from immediate or

    obvious. As Taubes3 has noted, few of the problems of environmental exposure that

    concern us today imply large relative risks. Detecting small effects against a background

    http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.full#ref-1http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.full#ref-2http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.full#ref-3http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.full#ref-3http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.full#ref-2http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.full#ref-1
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    of variability in exposure and human susceptibility, and measurement error, poses severe

    scientific challenges.

    The progressively larger number of people exposed to environmental pollution (if only as

    a result of growing population numbers and increasing urbanization) nevertheless means

    that even small increases in relative risk can add up to major public health concerns. The

    emergence of new sources of exposure and new risk factors, some of themsuch as

    endocrine disruptorswith the capacity to have lifelong implications for health, also

    means that there is a continuing need for both vigilance and action. As the impact of

    human activities and issues of environmental health become increasingly global in scale

    and extent, the need to recognize and to address the health risks associated with

    environmental pollution becomes even more urgent. Effective action, however, requires

    an understanding not only of the magnitude of the problem, but also its causes and

    underlying processes, for only then can intervention be targeted at where it is most

    needed and likely to have greatest effect. As background to the other chapters in this

    volume, therefore, this chapter discusses the nature of the link between environmental

    pollution and health and considers the contribution of environmental pollution to the

    global burden of disease.

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    Causes of water pollution?

    Most water pollution doesn't begin in the water itself. Take the oceans: around 80 percent

    of ocean pollution enters our seas from the land. Virtually any human activity can have

    an effect on the quality of our water environment. When farmers fertilize the fields, the

    chemicals they use are gradually washed by rain into the groundwater or surface waters

    nearby. Sometimes the causes of water pollution are quite surprising. Chemicals released

    by smokestacks (chimneys) can enter the atmosphere and then fall back to earth as rain,

    entering seas, rivers, and lakes and causing water pollution. That's called atmospheric

    deposition. Water pollution has many different causes and this is one of the reasons why

    it is such a difficult problem to solve.

    TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION?

    Water comes from many sources. This means they can be polluted in many scenarios.

    Let's see a few types of water pollution:

    1. Nutrients Pollution

    Some wastewater, fertilizers and sewage contain high levels of nutrients. If they end up in

    water bodies, they encourage algae and weed growth in the water. This will make the

    water undrinkable, and even clog filters. Too much algae will also use up all the oxygen

    in the water and other water organisms in the water will die out of oxygen from

    starvation.

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    2. Surface water pollution

    Surface water includes natural water found on the earth's surface, like rivers, lakes,

    lagoons and oceans. Any kind of activity that pollutes these surface waters can be called

    surface water pollution.

    3. Oxygen Depleting

    Water bodies have micro-organisms. These include aerobic and anaerobic organisms.

    When to much biodegradable matter (things that easily decay) end up in water, it

    encourages more microorganism growth, and they use up more oxygen in the water. If

    oxygen is depleted, aerobic organisms die, and anaerobic organism grow more to produce

    harmful toxins such as ammonia and sulfides.

    4. Ground water pollution

    When humans apply pesticides and chemicals to soils, they are washed deep into the

    ground by rain water. This gets to underground water.

    This means when we dig wells and bore holes to get water from underground, it needs to

    be checked for ground water pollution.

    5. Microbiological

    In many communities in the world, people drink untreated water (straight from a river or

    stream). Sometimes there is natural pollution caused by microorganisms like viruses,

    bacteria and protozoa. This natural pollution can cause fishes and other water life to die.

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    They can also cause serious illness to humans who drink from such waters. This is called

    microbiological pollution.

    6. Suspended Matter

    some pollutants (substances, particles and chemicals) do not easily dissolve in water. This

    kind of material is called particulate matter. Some suspended pollutants later settle under

    the water body. This can harm and even kill aquatic life that live at the floor of water

    bodies.

    7. Chemical Water Pollution

    Many industries and farmers work with chemicals that end up in water. These include

    chemicals that are used to control weeds, insects and pests. Metals and solvents from

    industries can pollute water bodies. These are poisonous to many forms of aquatic life

    and may slow their development, make them infertile and kill them.

    8.Oil Spillage

    Oil spills usually have only a localized effect on wildlife but can spread for miles. The oil

    can cause the death of many fish and stick to the feathers of seabirds causing them to lose

    the ability to fly.

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    Effects of water pollution?

    Some people believe pollution is an inescapable result of human activity: they argue that

    if we want to have factories, cities, ships, cars, oil, and coastal resorts, some degree of

    pollution is almost certain to result. In other words, pollution is a necessary evil that

    people must put up with if they want to make progress. Fortunately, not everyone agrees

    with this view. One reason people have woken up to the problem of pollution is that it

    brings costs of its own that undermine any economic benefits that come about by

    polluting.

    Take oil spills, for example. They can happen if tankers are too poorly built to survive

    accidents at sea. But the economic benefit of compromising on tanker quality brings an

    economic cost when an oil spill occurs. The oil can wash up on nearby beaches, devastate

    the ecosystem, and severely affect tourism. The main problem is that the people who bear

    the cost of the spill (typically a small coastal community) are not the people who caused

    the problem in the first place (the people who operate the tanker). Yet, arguably,

    everyone who puts gasoline (petrol) into their caror uses almost any kind of petroleum-

    fueled transportcontributes to the problem in some way. So oil spills are a problem for

    everyone, not just people who live by the coast and tanker operates.

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    Sewage is another good example of how pollution can affect us all. Sewage discharged

    into coastal waters can wash up on beaches and cause a health hazard. People who bathe

    orsurfin the water can fall ill if they swallow polluted wateryet sewage can have other

    harmful effects too: it can poison shellfish (such as cockles and mussels) that grow near

    the shore. People who eat poisoned shellfish risk suffering from an acuteand

    sometimes fatalillness called paralytic shellfish poisoning. Shellfish is no longer

    caught along many shores because it is simply too polluted with sewage or toxic chemical

    wastes that have discharged from the land nearby.

    Pollution matters because it harms the environment on which people depend. The

    environment is not something distant and separate from our lives. It's not a pretty

    shoreline hundreds of miles from our homes or a wilderness landscape that we see only

    on TV. The environment is everything that surrounds us that gives us life and health.

    Destroying the environment ultimately reduces the quality of our own livesand that,

    most selfishly, is why pollution should matter to all of us.

    Conclusion:

    Arent we aware of the different problems occurring in our nature, especially in different

    bodies of water? Water pollution is the caused of our undisciplined actions and

    irresponsibility. We, humans are only creating problems that consequently we will also

    carry the burden of these problems. We all know that water pollution can affect our

    health badly and seriously. It can cause such sicknesses and diseases that will badly

    affect our health. We all know how important water is. Water is essential to our body.

    http://www.explainthatstuff.com/surfingscience.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/surfingscience.html
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    Neither we nor every living thing cant survive without water. And so therefore, we

    should keep, protect, save, and help prevent our waters from being polluted, we should

    act as early as now, we should save rivers, seas and oceans, and other bodies of water

    because we will also bare the burden of this problem. We should not wait for the time

    until people are competing just to get sufficient, fresh and clean water, the time where

    clean water is insufficient to the people and animals, and the time where in our sources

    of water are diminishing or until the time where there are totally no sources of water.

    And so, let us be disciplined and responsible enough to save, protect and conserve not

    only sources of water but also our mother nature because our nature provides and

    helps us in our daily lives. Lets just realize how important our mother nature is. It is our

    only source of living. Let us not destroy it nor pollute it. Let us act for a change. We

    need and we should help save and conserve our mother nature, especially the different

    bodies of water. Absolutely, there are many simple ways in how we can help. Change

    ourselves before we construct changes in our nature.

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    References:

    1) http://www.explainthatstuff.com/waterpollution.html2) http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.full3) http://www.explainthatstuff.com/waterpollution.html

    http://www.explainthatstuff.com/waterpollution.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/waterpollution.htmlhttp://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.fullhttp://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.fullhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/waterpollution.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/waterpollution.htmlhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/waterpollution.htmlhttp://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/content/68/1/1.fullhttp://www.explainthatstuff.com/waterpollution.html
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    Appendix:

    http://www.google.ae/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=water+pollution&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=oQ-Rn8Fx34ovaM&tbnid=8no5QPZODpky7M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.earthtimes.org/environment/water-pollution/&ei=Xg1SUcbuBIfAiQe70YDwBQ&bvm=bv.44342787,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFk4SSgdaEQk_3EDVBgM2dyqXnCeQ&ust=1364418228146548http://www.google.ae/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=water+pollution&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=o2C0cBRgqjioSM&tbnid=kheeexaJuVKitM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.allskull.com/fcked-up-facts/water-pollution/&ei=QwxSUfLYDI2RiQex24GQBg&bvm=bv.44342787,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGu2bSEkaZGog_RetXoMOcd4i762w&ust=1364417944486761http://www.google.ae/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=water+pollution&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=o2C0cBRgqjioSM&tbnid=kheeexaJuVKitM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.allskull.com/fcked-up-facts/water-pollution/&ei=QwxSUfLYDI2RiQex24GQBg&bvm=bv.44342787,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNGu2bSEkaZGog_RetXoMOcd4i762w&ust=1364417944486761
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