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Earth Observations for Health and Air Quality

John A. Haynes, MS

Program Manager, Health and Air Quality

Applied Sciences Program

Earth Science Division

Science Mission Directorate

NASA

Washington, DC USA

jhaynes@nasa.gov

Landsat 9

PACE

NI-SAR SWOT

TEMPO

GRACE-FO (2)

ICESat-2 CYGNSS (8) NISTAR, EPIC

(DSCOVR / NOAA)

QuikSCAT Landsat 7 (USGS)

Terra

Aqua

CloudSat CALIPSO

Aura

SMAP

Suomi NPP (NOAA)

Landsat 8 (USGS)

GPM

OCO-2

GRACE (2) OSTM/Jason 2 (NOAA)

Formulation

Implementation

Primary Ops

Extended Ops

ISS Instruments

CATS, LIS, SAGE III

TSIS-1, OCO-3, ECOSTRESS, GEDI

CLARREO-PF, TSIS-2 Sentinel-6A/B

JPSS-2 Instruments

RBI, OMPS-Limb

Earth Science Missions

05.17.17

MAIA

GeoCARB

TROPICS (12)

SORCE,

TCTE (NOAA)

|‌ 3

http://AppliedSciences.NASA.gov

Discovering and

demonstrating innovative

and practical uses of

Earth observations in

organizations’ policy,

business, and

management decisions.

ESD/Applied Sciences Program

Applications

Prove-out, develop, and

transition applications ideas

for sustained uses of Earth

obs. in decision making.

Capacity Building

Build skills and capabilities in

US and developing countries

to access Earth observations

to benefit society.

Mission Planning

Identify applications early in

mission lifecycle and integrate

end-user needs in mission

design and development.

Technology

Missions /

Observations

Data and

Archives

Research

and Analysis

Models /

Predictions

Policy

Decisions

Forecasting

Results of

NASA Earth

Science Research

Societal Needs

Applied Sciences Program

Response

& Recovery

Management

Decisions

NASA Applied Sciences Architecture

Applications Areas

Agriculture / Food Security

Emphasis in

Applications Areas Support opportunities in

additional areas

Energy

Wildfires will be covered in Eco.Fore & Disasters after FY17; climate & weather play into all areas

Disasters

Water Resources

Health & Air Quality

Ecological Forecasting

Transportation / Infrastructure

NASA Earth Science

Urban Development Wildland Fires

(through 2017)

Patz et al., 2000

http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/healthimages.htm

Source: GEO, 2003

Why Health & Air Quality?

7 EMERGING

RE-EMERGING

ZOONOTIC

VECTOR-BORNE

* Modified from Morens et al. 2004 Nature 430:242

Global Emerging Diseases*Global Emerging Diseases*

New Environmental Threats

This visible image of the Gulf oil slick was taken on May 9, 2010, at 19:05 UTC (3:05

p.m. EDT) from MODIS aboard NASA's Aqua satellite. Crude oil brings volatile

organic compounds into the air which can react with nitrogen oxides to produce ozone.

Objectives:

• NASA’s‌Health‌&‌Air‌Quality‌

Applications Area supports the

use of Earth observations in air

quality management and public

health, particularly regarding

infectious disease and

environmental health issues.

• The area addresses issues of

toxic and pathogenic exposure

and health-related hazards and

their effects for risk

characterization and mitigation.

Health & Air Quality

• The area promotes uses of

Earth observing data and

models regarding

implementation of air quality

standards, policy, and

regulations for economic and

human welfare.

• The Health & Air Quality

Applications Area also

addresses effects of climate

change on public health and

air quality to support

managers and policy makers in

their planning and preparations.

Over 90% of malaria in the Western Hemisphere is located in the Amazon.

In Peru, 75% of malaria cases occur in the Department of Loreto, in the Northern Amazonian Region.

Key factors related to continued malaria endemicity:

- expansion of vector habitats from land use change (deforestation for logging and road development)

- social and ecological processes that increase human exposure to the mosquito vector Anopheles darlingi

This project developed a spatially explicit model of malaria transmission risk on the basis of predicted Anopheles mosquito density and mapped human settlement and activity patterns. A risk monitoring system was developed to inform decisions on resource distribution and vector management by project collaborators (Peru State Health Ministry, US NAMRU-6).

Earth observation inputs to the Land Data Assimilation Systems (LDAS) — particularly TRMM precipitation data — performed remarkably well in the study region for characterizing malaria transmission risk. A key finding was that climate and hydrological variability influence total mosquito abundance, while land cover influences the relative density of vector species.

The project received a 3 yr. continuation in Nov. 2014 to transfer the malaria risk model to operations at partner organizations. Additionally, the new project plans to expand the system to bordering regions of Ecuador, Columbia, and Brazil and to also investigate cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru. The project will leverage data from new NASA missions (GPM, SMAP, S-NPP/VIIRS, Landsat 8).

Development of a Detection and Early Warning System for Malaria Risk in the Amazon

PIs: Ben Zaitchik, Johns Hopkins University/William Pan, Duke University

Geographic location of transmission risk modeling (Department of Loreto, Peru). Loreto districts are differentiated by color with local health clinics indicated by white circles.

Development of a Detection and Early Warning System for Malaria Risk in the Amazon PIs: William Pan, Duke University

NASA Health and Air Quality, Sep 2015 NOAA Coastal Ocean Science

Prototype Model for Improved Forecasts of Respiratory Illness Hazard

from GOM Red Tide

PI: Richard Stumpf, NOAA

• Visual products of potential risk

provided routinely to the CO-OPS

forecasters

• Python, JavaScript and Google Maps

uses basis forecast analysis

• Report respiratory forecast each

beach every day on FL Gulf Coast

• Satellite based assessment for

offshore exposure (MODIS/VIIRS

ocean color)

• Forecasts disseminated :

NOAA HAB Operational Forecast

System

Motes Marine Lab Beach

Conditions Reporting System®

(BCRS)

NWS Beach Hazards site

Prototype forecast tool combining

NDFD wind with K. brevis cell

concentrations. Shapefiles allow

selection of information at individual

points or regions.

Health and Air Quality Applied Sciences Team (HAQAST)

Tracey Holloway - Team Lead (University of Wisconsin-Madison)

Bryan Duncan (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)

Arlene Fiore (Columbia University)

Frank Freedman (San Jose State University)

Daven Henze (University of Colorado, Boulder)

Jeremy Hess (University of Washington, Seattle)

Yang Liu (Emory University)

Jessica Neu (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory)

Susan O’Neill (USDA Forest Service)

Ted Russell (Georgia Tech)

Daniel Tong (George Mason University)

Jason West (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill)

Mark Zondlo (Princeton University)

Connecting NASA Data and Tools with Health and Air Quality

Stakeholders

https://haqast.org

Breakthrough: NASA Satellites Used to Show

Impact of Cookstoves on Health and Air Quality

• For the first time ever, data from NASA satellites and instruments (Terra and Aqua MODIS, Terra MISR, SeaStar SEAWiFS, CALIPSO CALIOP) were used to model ambient air pollution and associated health impacts of particulates from cookstoves apportioned to emissions by species and country.

• Air pollution from cookstoves currently contributes 370,000 – 500,000 annual deaths worldwide.

• NASA’s‌data‌can‌now‌help‌environmental‌and‌public‌health‌organizations‌focus‌their‌efforts.‌

• Results to be published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1/23/2017.

• The scientific team was supported by NASA HAQAST. Team member Daven Henze (University of Colorado-Boulder) is one of 13 HAQAST PIs.

SOA

OC

BC

SO2

0 70,0007,00070 7007

Changesinnationalcookstove useimpactambientairquality.Thisplotshowsthenumberofannualprematuredeathsavoidedgloballyin2050byremovalofnationalemissionsofindividualaerosolspeciesfromsolidfuelcookstove use.

TOP: over US NO2 and SO2 pollution have decreased by 40% & 80%, “thanks in large part to new rules to protect our air”. BOTTOM: NO2 pollution over NE China has declined by 50% since its peak in 2011 and is now at the same level as in 2005. SO2 pollution has declined by 80% since its peak in 2007 and is now 60% less than in 2005.

TOP: over US NO2 and SO2 pollution have decreased by 40% & 80%, “thanks in large part to new rules to protect our air”. BOTTOM: NO2 pollution over NE China has declined by 50% since its peak in 2011 and is now at the same level as in 2005. SO2 pollution has declined by 80% since its peak in 2007 and is now 60% less than in 2005.

AQAST: Complex Regional Trends (2005-2015) in NO2 and SO2 Pollution from Aura’s Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Nick Krotkov (GSFC) & many others

OMI data show complex decadal trends in two air pollutants, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a common pollutant from cars and power plants, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) from coal-fired power plants.

On April 12, 2016, President Obama uses OMI NO2 data to explain how pollution affects our planet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKe5FdKInJs

On April 12, 2016, President Obama uses OMI NO2 data to explain how pollution affects our planet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKe5FdKInJs

NO2

NO2

SO2

Over NE India where many new coal-fired power plants were built, NO2 pollution increased by ~40%, while SO2 pollution increased by 140%

Over NE India where many new coal-fired power plants were built, NO2 pollution increased by ~40%, while SO2 pollution increased by 140%

SO2

SO2 NO2

SO2 from volcanic eruptions

SO2 from volcanic eruptions

NE India

North China Plain

Ohio River Valley and SW Pennsylvania

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Applied Remote Sensing Training Program (ARSET) POC: Ana. I. Prados, NASA-GSFC

Objectives • Provide end-users with professional

technical workshops

• Build long term partnerships with

communities and institutions in the public

and private sectors.

Online and hands-on courses: • Who: policy makers, environmental

managers, modelers and other professionals

in the public and private sectors.

Where: U.S and internationally

• When: throughout the year. Check websites.

• Do NOT require prior remote- sensing

background.

• Presentations and hands-on guided

computer exercises on how to access,

interpret and use NASA satellite images for

decision-support.

NASA Training for California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA December 2011

Publicly- Available

Modules

Case

Studies

Applied Remote Sensing Training Program (ARSET)

POC: Ana. I. Prados, NASA-GSFC http://arset.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Upcoming trainings

Public Health

Webinars started in

2016!

GEO Health Community of Practice (CoP)

The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) re-invigorated and reshaped its Health and Environment Community of Practice (GEO Health CoP) in August 2016.

The GEO Health CoP provides a platform for the Earth observation, modeling, and prediction communities to come together with public health, medical, biology and other interested communities to address GEO Health Tasks. The primary focus areas include developing a Harmful Algal Bloom Early Warning System, Integrating Methods for Air Quality and Health Data, developing a Global Observing System for Mercury and Persistent Pollutants, and Earth Observations for Health (including topics of weather and climate extremes, water-related illnesses, and vector-borne diseases).

Since August 2016, the CoP has held regular membership-wide teleconference calls to collectively explore the status of the 2017-2019 GEO Work Programme as it relates to health activities conducted by members. These calls have also engaged members to share other high-level on-going regional or global initiatives that may be of interest, but may not be specifically tied to the GEO Work Plan. Planning is underway for an in-person meeting of the CoP in October 2017 at the GEO Plenary in Washington, DC, as well‌as‌a‌“One‌Health”‌side‌event.‌‌A‌new‌GEO‌Health‌CoP‌website‌will‌launch‌soon.

For more information, and to be added to the listserv, please contact Shobhana Gupta (shobhana.gupta@nasa.gov).

Earth Venture Instrument-1: Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO)

PI: Kelly Chance, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory PE: Betsy Edwards; PS: Barry Lefer PA: John Haynes Instrument Development: Ball Aerospace Project Management: LaRC RY$: 93.2M Orbit requirements: Geostationary Orbit. Hosted on a commercial communication satellite

• TEMPO is a pathfinder to using

hosted commercial payloads

from GEO

• Tropospheric pollution observations

from Geostationary Orbit

• Ozone, NO2, and CH2O.

• Forms a global Air Quality

constellation in GEO with EU

Sentinel 4 and Korean GEMS.

• EPA and NOAA are part of the

science team.

• Instrument delivery in 2018; Launch

NLT 2021

Earth Venture Instrument-3

Salient Features: MAIA is PI-led NASA Earth Ventures Instrument (EVI-3 selection) Category 3 mission per NPR 7120.5E Risk Classification C per NPR 8705.4 Cost capped at $100.1M Host platform: TBD, to be provided by ESSP Program Payload delivery: December 2019 Orbit: 370-830 km, 50-130o inclination, sun-synch preferred Launch: Ready for 2020 launch on TBD launch vehicle Nominal Mission: 3 yr baseline; 2 yr threshold after 90-day IOC Principal Investigator: Dr. David Diner (JPL) Project Manager: Kevin Burke (JPL) ESSP Program Manager: Greg Stover, Msn Mgr: Diane Hope JPL Program Manager: Dr. Steven Bard, Deputy: Amit Sen Program Scientist: Dr. Hal Maring, NASA HQ Program Executive: Betsy Edwards, NASA HQ Program Applications: John Haynes, NASA HQ

Mission Objectives: Assess linkages between different airborne particulate matter (PM) types and adverse birth outcomes, cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and premature deaths.

Instrument: Multi-angle spectropolarimetric imaging instrument for operation in a sun-synchronous Earth orbit to measure the particle types, sizes, concentrations, and geolocation of atmospheric aerosols. 19

Questions:

John Haynes, Program Manager

Health & Air Quality Applications

NASA Headquarters / Earth Science

JHaynes@nasa.gov

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

http://AppliedSciences.NASA.gov