earth observation from space the european...

Earth Observation from Space

The European Landscape in the Second Decade

Frank Döngi

SPIE Remote Sensing, 19th Sep 2011, Prague 2

Looking Down on Planet Earth

Atmospheric Sounding Air Pollution Map

Ash Cloud Prediction

Meteorology Weather Prediction

Optical Imagery

SAR Imagery & Interferometry Digital Elevation Map

Gravity & Magnetic Field Earth gravity 3D model


0,1

1

10

100

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Year of Launch

Gro

un

d S

am

pli

ng

Dis

tan

ce [

m]

USA

EU

Optical Imaging from Space

Trend is towards commercially available imagery with less than 0.5 m GSD – lead in the US and France driven by institutional demand

Landsat 1-3

Landsat 4,5

IKONOS

Quickbird 2

OrbView-3

GeoEye-1

Worldview 1&2

SPOT 1-4

SPOT 5

SPOT 6&7

Rapideye 1-5

TopSat

Pleiades 1&2

DMC-3

INGENIO


Optical Imaging from Space: Pleiades

Customer: CNES

Prime contractor:

Astrium Toulouse

Instrument contractor:

Thales Alenia Space

Cannes

2 identical satellites to

be launched in Q4/2011

onboard Soyuz from

Kourou

Korsch type telescope

0.65 m dia. primary mirror

Zerodur mirrors, CFRP structure

GSD 0.5 m PAN

2.0 m MS (blue, green, red, NIR)

Swath width 20 km

Image quality SNR >140

MTF 0.14

Revisit time 1 day

Acquisition modes

Target collection

Strip mapping

Stereo & tri-stereo

Corridor acquisition


Optical Imaging from Space: DMC-3

Producer: SSTL

Customer: DMC-ii

Data customer: 21AT (China)

3 satellites constellation

Launch in 2014

GSD 0.75 m PAN

3.0 m MS (blue, green, red, NIR)

Swath width 17 km

Image quality SNR >100 (design requirement)

MTF >0.1 (design requirement)

Digitization 10 bit

Revisit time 1 day

Agility +/- 45 deg off-pointing

Instrument type tbd


Optical Observation from GEO

COMS

500 m GSD

HR GEO

3 m GSD

Moving target identification

GEO Oculus

10…50 m GSD

2010

2018

>2025

Pros:

Continuous survey of visible area

Cons:

Challenging technology development

Lower resolution

Oblique view to northern hemisphere

Alternative approach:

Optical Aperture Synthesis

Ultra-precise free flyer control

Active phase control

Key challenges:

Large monolithic telescope

Active stabilization

Focal plane & data chain


SAR Imaging from Space: Mission Timeline

TerraSAR-X

TanDEM-X

TerraSAR-X 2

TerraSAR-HRWS

SAR-Lupe

SARah Constellation

COSMO SkyMed

COSMO SkyMed 2

Seosar PAZ

PAZ 2

Sentinel-1

Radarsat-2

Radarsat Constellation (RCM)

Radarsat Next Generation

Kompsat 5

Kompsat 6/6A

under development operational life extension

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020


SAR Imaging from Space: COSMO-SkyMed

Orbit 619 km SSO

Revisit time 12 hrs

Satellite mass 1700 kg

Radar frequency 9.6 GHz (X-band)

Antenna type Active Phased Array

Power consumption 3600 W average

Observation mode /

resolution (swath)

Spotlight / 1 m (10x10 km2)

Stripmap / 3…15 m (40 km)

ScanSAR / 30 (100 km) …100 m (200 km)

Interferometry (DEM) / 8 m relative resolution

Customer: ASI / Italian MoD

Prime contractor: Thales Alenia Space Italy

Constellation of 4 identical satellites launched from 2007

through 2010

Mount Etna, Sicily

Spotlight mode


SAR Imaging from Space: TerraSAR-X

Orbit 514 km SSO


Radar frequency 9.65 GHz (X-band)

Antenna type

Active Phased Array

300 MHz chirp bandwidth

384 TR modules

Rapid beam steering (±20 deg

elevation, ±0.75 deg azimuth)

Power consumption 800 W average

Launch 2007 from Baikonur (Dnepr-1)

Hsatellite

(514 km)

Satellite

orbit

Nadir

track

Swath w

idth:

>30 km

Θ1=20o

StripMap Modus

Resolution 3 m

Hsatellite

(514 km)

Satellite

orbit

Nadir

track

Swath w

idth:

>30 km

Θ1=20o

StripMap Modus

Resolution 3 m

Hsatellite

Satellite

orbit

Nadir

track

Swath w

idth:

100 km

Θ1=20o

Θ2=45o

ScanSAR Modus

Resolution 16 m

Hsatellite

Satellite

orbit

Nadir

track

Swath w

idth:

100 km

Θ1=20o

Θ2=45o

ScanSAR Modus

Resolution 16 m

Hsatellite

Nadir

track

Satellite

orbit

Full

Perform

ance

Range

Centre of

rotation

Θ1=20o

Θ2=55o

Spotlight Modus

Resolution 1 m

Hsatellite

Nadir

track

Satellite

orbit

Full

Perform

ance

Range

Centre of

rotation

Θ1=20o

Θ2=55o

Spotlight Modus

Resolution 1 m

Built under Public

Private Partnership

DLR / Astrium

Commercial data

provider: Astrium

Services GmbH

Launched in 2007

"The Palm Jumeirah“ (Dubai)

Stripmap mode, 2 data takes


SAR Interferometry: TanDEM-X

PPP DLR / Astrium

TanDEM-X satellite launched in 2009

Close formation flying of TerraSAR-X and

TanDEM-X with separation down to about 200m

Collection of 3D Digital Elevation Model data of

whole Earth land surface within 3 years mission

Dual-SAR coherence via bi-static operation (1 SAR

transmits and both SARs receive)

DEM quality: 12 m posting, <2 m relative accuracy

(HRTI-3 quality)

Bi-static operation SRTM: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (2000)

DTED: Digital Terrain Elevation Data

HRTI: High Resolution Terrain Information


SAR Imaging from Space: TerraSAR Key Products

Mount Teide, Teneriffa

TanDEM-X DTM

High precision geo-reference points in inaccessible terrain

Target coordinates

Mosaicing, geo-rectification of remote sensing data

1 m precision in all 3 axes

Coherent & incoherent change detection

Precision in mm range

Surface motion

Traces

Digital Elevation Maps < 2 m precision in 10 m grid (< HRTI-3)

SAR imagery 1 m 0.5 m resolution next generation

TerraSAR-X

measurement:

Rising of ground in

Staufen city centre after

geothermal drilling

Geo reference point


Future of Commercial Space Imagery? - MOBEO

The MOBEO business case was elaborated by the 2010/11 team of the SpaceTech

course at TU Delft, NL.

Space segment of 12 optical + 5 SAR satellites

Ground segment with 5 receiving stations; large processing and archiving facility

Geo-information is sold to app providers in mobile mass market (smartphones, tablets,

next generation navigation systems)

Investment of $2.2b plus annual operational expenditures of $0.5b over 15 years (2

generations of space segment)

Break even after 8 years. Annual revenues of $13b after 15 years.


Earth Gravity and Magnetic Field Missions

SWARM

CHAMP

GOCE

GRACE-C

GRACE ESA’s geomagnetic field mission

3 satellites in a constellation flying at altitudes between 490 and 300km

Payloads: magnetometers, electrical field instrument, accelerometer, laser retro reflector, star tracker, GPS receiver

Launch in 2012

GRACE Continuity Mission planned by JPL with support from DLR

Launch in 2016

ESA’s Earth Gravity and Ocean Circulation Explorer

Launched 2009

DLR / GFZ Potsdam

Earth gravity & magnetic field

Ionosphere measurements

Launched 2000

JPL/DLR/GFZ Earth twin satellite gravity mission

Launched 2002


ESA EarthExplorer Lidar Missions

AEOLUS EarthCARE

Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer

quantify aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions to improve climate and numerical weather forecasting

ATLID: High Spectral Resolution 355 nm Backscatter Lidar

CPR (Cloud Profiling Radar, JAXA/NICT): 94 GHz Doppler Radar

MSI (Multi-Spectral Imager): VIS to TIR channels, 150 km swath, 500 m pixel

BBR (Broadband Radiometer): SW and LW fluxes

Atmospheric Dynamics Mission

acquire global wind profiles to improve climate and numerical weather forecasting

ALADIN Doppler Wind Lidar @ 355 nm

wind profiles up to 30 km height

wind profiles at 1 m/s precision up to 2 km height

ALADIN

1.5 m dia SiC

Telescope


MERLIN

CNES/DLR Methane Remote Sensing Lidar Mission

Mapping of CH4 concentration by measurements with a Differential Absorption Lidar (Integrated Path Differential Absorption IPDA)

Lidar wavelengths: 1645.552 nm (on) / 1645.846 nm (off)

Accuracy of concentration: 2%

Horizontal resolution 50 km

500…650 km SSO

Satellite mass < 250 kg

Launch in 2016

CNES: mission & platform (Myriades Evolution)

DLR: Lidar instrument

Received light

Received light

Methane sources

Reference wavelength

Methane absorption

wavelength


ESA EE7 Candidates – 3rd Cycle of EE Core Missions

BIOMASS

CoReH2O Selected EE7 Core Mission

PREMIER

20172013 2014 2015 20162009 2010 2011 20122008

Call for Science

Proposals

Downselect Selection Launch

Parallel Phase A/B1 Studies

BIOMASS

observe global forest biomass for a better understanding of the carbon cycle

P-band (435 MHz) SAR instrument

Large deployable reflector (12 m diameter)

Stripmap SAR, swath width 75 km, 50 x 65 m resolution, 4 looks

1…1.5 t class spacecraft

650 km SSO

PREMIER

observe atmospheric composition for a better understanding of chemistry-climate interactions

Limb sounding (Premier) in combination with nadir sounding (MetOp)

Infra-Red Limb Sounder (IRLS): Fourier transform spectrometer

Millimeter-Wave Limb Sounder (MWLS) @ 330…350 GHz

0.8…1 t class spacecraft

817 km SSO

CoReH2O

observe snow and ice for a better understanding of the water cycle

Dual band, dual polarization Ku-(17.25 GHz) and X-band (9.65 GHz) SAR instrument

ScanSAR mode, 100 km swath width, 50 m resolution, 5 looks

1 t class spacecraft

650 km SSO


ESA EE8 Candidates – Opportunity Missions

CarbonSat

Selected EE8 Opportunity Mission

FLEX

20192015 2016 2017 20182011 2012 2013 20142010

Call for Science

Proposals

Downselect Selection Launch

Parallel Phase A/B1 Studies

CarbonSat

quantification of natural and

anthropogenic greenhouse

gas surface fluxes using

satellite observations of

atmospheric CO2 and CH4

column amounts

Green House Gas Imaging

Spectrometer (GHGIS):

NIR: 756-773 nm

SWIR1: 1559-1675 nm

SWIR2: 2043-2095 nm

Spectral resolution

0.045…0.3 nm

500 km swath width

1…2 km GSD

Loose formation flight with

Sentinel 3

FLEX – Fluorescence

Explorer

Monitoring of vegetation

fluorescence to estimate

bioactivity and constrain the

corresponding Gross

Primary Production (GPP)

FLuORescence Imaging

Spectrometer (FLORIS): 3

nm spectral resolution in

500…780 nm band

100…150 km swath width

300 m GSD

Loose formation flight with

Sentinel-3


GMES Sentinels

Sentinel 1

Sentinel 2

Sentinel 3

Ocean, Ice and Land Monitoring

C-band SAR @ 5.405 GHz

12.3m x 0.84m active phased

array antenna

down to 5 m resolution

400 km maximum swath


639 km SSO

Launches in 2013 and 2015

Continuous global optical

monitoring of land surface

between -53˚ and +84˚ latitude


800 km SSO

Launches in 2013 and 2015

Continuous global sea and land monitoring

1250 kg spacecraft in 815 km SSO, launches in 2013 and 2015

OLCI (Ocean and Land Colour Instrument): 21 bands in VNIR,

300 m GSD

SLSTR (Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer): 9

bands in VIS / SWIR / MIR / TIR, 0.5 … 1 km GSD

SRAL (S3 Ku/C-Radar Altimeter)

MWR (Microwave Radiometer) @ dual 23.8/36.5 GHz

Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI)

Filter based pushbroom imager

SiC ceramics telescope

FPAs: Si CMOS VNIR, HgCdTe SWIR, passively cooled

13 channels within 443…2190 nm spectral band

Spectral resolution: 15…180 nm

Spatial resolution: 10…60 m

Swath width: 290 k m


GMES Sentinels

Sentinel 4 UVN UV/VIS/NIR dispersive imaging

spectrometer onboard MTG-S

continuous monitoring of the

atmospheric chemistry at high

temporal and spatial resolution

from GEO

8 km GSD

0.12…0.5 nm spectral resolution

60 min scan repeat cycle over

Europe and North Africa

Sentinel 5 UVNS

stratospheric O3, surface UV, air quality, and GHG monitoring

UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR spectrometer onboard MetOP-SG

pushbroom imaging spectrometer

0.25…0.5 nm spectral resolution

7 km GSD

Low straylight

Low polarisation sensitivity

Sentinel 5 Precursor

Gapfiller mission between

SCIAMACHY and UVNS

(Sentinel 5) onboard

MetOp-SG

850 kg class satellite

828 km SSO

Launch in 2015

TROPOMI Payload

National contribution from The Netherlands

UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR pushbroom grating spectrometer

5 channels in bands 270…495 nm, 710…775 nm, 2314…2382 nm

Spectral resolution 0.25…1.1 nm

7 km GSD, global daily coverage


Towards Meteosat Third Generation (MTG)

Meteosat (MOP) – 1977 1 observation mission

MVIRI radiometer: 3 channels

Spinning satellite

MSG – 2002 1 observation mission

SEVIRI radiometer: 12 channels

GERB

Spinning satellite

MTG – 2017 ++ 5 observation missions

2 satellite types:

4 MTG-I (imager) satellites

2 MTG-S (IR sounder) satellites

Common three-axis stabilized platform

Flexible Combined Imager (FCI): fulfilling two missions Full disk High Spectral Imagery (FDHSI):

16 channels, 1…2 km GSD, full disc & 10 minute repeat cycle

High Resolution Fast Imaging (HRFI):

4 channels, 0.5..1 km GSD, local area coverage & 2.5…5 minute repeat

Lightning Imager (LI): detection of lightning events with spatial resolution of approx.10 km

Other payloads: Search & Rescue, Data Collection Service and Radiation Monitoring Unit

MT

G-I

MTG-S

Infrared Sounding Instrument (IRS):

High resolution spectral and spatial sampling

in LWIR and MWIR

Wave number range: 680…2250 cm–1

Channel interval: 0.625 cm–1

GSD: 4km

Local area repeat cycle: 15 min

Sentinel 4 UVN:

UV/VIS/NIR imaging spectrometer


From MetOp…

EUMETSAT Polar Platform (EPS) space

segment

MetOp-A/B/C launches in 2006, 2012, 2016

4 t spacecraft

820 km SSO

MetOp Instrument Suite

IASI - Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer: measures atmospheric temperature and moisture, and trace gases

such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, methane, ozone

MHS - Microwave Humidity Sounder: measures atmospheric

temperature and humidity

GRAS - Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver for

Atmospheric Sounding: measures atmospheric temperature

and humidity by radio occultation

ASCAT - Advanced Scatterometer: measures wind speed and

direction over the sea surface

GOME-2 - Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2: measures concentrations of atmospheric ozone and other gases

AMSU-A1/AMSU-A2 - Advanced Microwave Sounding

Units: to calculate atmospheric temperature and humidity

HIRS/4 - High-resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder: to

calculate atmospheric temperature and pressure

AVHRR/3 - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer: day and night imaging of land, water, and clouds

SEM-2 - Space Environment Monitor: measures radiation and

charged particle flux

A-DCS - Advanced Data Collection System

SARP-3 - Search And Rescue Processor

SARR - Search And Rescue Repeater


…to MetOp-SG

Continuity of MetOp/EPS services in 2019 ++

Baseline: two different satellite types MetOp-A/B

Phase A/B1 ongoing

SCA

Wind Directions and

Velocity Retrievals

over the Oceans

ICI

Ice Cloud

Properties

3MI

Aerosols Characterization

Atmospheric Chemistry

Air Quality

RO

Atmospheric

Profiles of

Temperature

Pressure

Humidity MWI

Characterization of

Precipitation over Sea

and Land, Snowfall

Atmospheric Water

Vapor Profile

MWS (Backup to ATMS)

Atmospheric Temperature

Water Vapor


Summary

Spaceborne Earth observation becomes increasingly operative – an

indispensable infrastructure for data services (imagery, cartography,

meteorology, environment, security).

Still, purely commercial programs are a challenge – institutional

needs define the major part of the market.

Civil institutions are in a process to identify the benefits of Earth

observation data.

Scientific missions improve our understanding of complex climate

mechanisms.

Europe needs to secure the funding for the operational phase of the

GMES program.


Thank you for your attention! Frank Döngi

Head of Future Programs

Business Division Earth Observation, Navigation, and Science

Astrium Satellites Germany

D-88039 Friedrichshafen

[email protected]

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