earth has three major climate zones: tropical, …...forest biomes: • tropical rain forest •near...
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Unit 6: Terrestrial & Aquatic Diversity Chapter 6 & 7
• Chapters 6 & 7
Earth has three major climate zones: Tropical, Temperate, Polar
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Factors affecting climate:
Uneven heating of the earth’s surface: Rays hit equator directly &
hit poles indirectly High solar radiation increased evaporation & precipitation
Tilt in Earth’s axis Leads to seasonal changes in temp & precipitation
Rotation of the earth on its axis: winds are deflected east/west, creates global patterns of prevailing winds that distribute heat & moisture
Properties of air, water, & land: Hot air tends to rise, cool, & release moisture as precipitation; Cool air tends to sink, get warmer, & lose its moisture by evaporation, These two properties cause convection cells to circulate air, heat & moisture
Ocean currents redistribute heat & influence air
circulation; created by:
– Wind blowing over oceans
– Differences in water density
– Also mix waters & distribute nutrients
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Winds blowing along western coasts push surface
water away from land causes upwelling: deep,
cold, nutrient-rich water rises
– Nutrients support large pops of phytoplankton zooplankton fish, birds, mammals
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Coriolis Effect:
– In physics, the Coriolis effect is a deflection of moving objects when the motion is described relative to a rotating reference frame
– The Coriolis effect makes storms swirl clockwise in the Southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2mec3vgeaI
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Important Climatic Events:
– El Niňo Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
• When prevailing tropical winds blowing westward weaken or reverse
• Warms surface water along South & North American coasts suppresses normal upwellings of cold, nutrient-rich water
– Causes decline in fish species
• Can cause extreme weather in Pacific & Indian Oceans
– La Niňa
• Reverse of El Niňo
• Results in more Atlantic hurricanes, colder winters in Canada & NE U.S., and warmer/drier winters in southern U.S.
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/el-nino
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Greenhouse effect- Greenhouse gases warm lower
atmosphere: H2O, CO2, CH4 (methane), N2O (nitrous
oxide), Gases reflect infrared radiation back to earth’s lower atmosphere
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Topography (earth’s surface features) can affect climate
– Ex: Rain Shadow Effect
– Ex: Cities create microclimates: have more pollution, higher temps, & lower wind speeds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DoKTTHd-XEQ
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Terrestrial Diversity • Biomes vary with
– Latitude: north & south of equator
– Altitude: distance from sea level
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Desert Biomes Area where evaporation > precipitation Found mostly in tropical & subtropical regions
3 types – Tropical desert:
• hot & dry most of year • Few plants • Ex: Africa’s Sahara
– Temperate desert: • Daytime temps high in
summer, low in winter • Shrubs, cacti; reptiles, birds • Ex: North America’s Mojave
– Cold desert: • Winters are quite cold,
summers are warm/hot • Ex: China’s Gobi
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/lizard_thornydevil
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0037p9f bactrian camel
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Terrestrial Diversity
• Desert Climate Graphs:
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• Desert Adaptations:
– Succulent plants save water by having no leaves, store water in their flesh, & open stomata at night
– Evergreen plants have wax-coated leaves to save water
– Many animals are nocturnal
– Insects & reptiles have thick scales to minimize evaporation
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– TED Talks:
• Ecology from the Air: http://www.ted.com/talks/greg_asner_ecology_from_the_air
• http://www.ted.com/talks/frans_lanting_s_lyrical_nature_photos
• http://www.ted.com/talks/e_o_wilson_on_saving_life_on_earth
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• Grasslands Biomes
– Enough precip. for grasses, not enough for shrubs or trees
– Occur in interiors of continents
–Persist b/c of:
1. Seasonal drought
2. Grazing by herbivores
3. Occasional fires
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Grasslands 3 types: Tropical grassland: Savanna
• Warm most of year; alternating dry & wet seasons • Found in Africa, South America, Australia; Acacia trees; many
herbivores like elephants, zebra, giraffes, gazelles; Animals have mass migrations to find water; plants adapted to drought, Threatened by grazing of cattle (fecal pavement)
Temperate grassland: Prairie • Daytime temps warm in summer, low in winter • Found in North America, South America, Asia • Has deep, fertile, alkaline topsoil • Grasses have thick root network • Animals include prairie dogs, bison, coyote, eagles
Cold grassland: Tundra • Most of year is cold • Has Permafrost = frozen underground soil • Hares, voles, lynx, weasel, snowy owl, fox, bears (thick fur) • Canada, Russia • There’s also the Alpine tundra – high mountains • Threatened by oil drilling & mining
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Terrestrial Diversity
• Grassland Climate Graphs
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Forest Biomes:
• Tropical Rain forest
• Near equator
• Year-round warm temps & high precip. (80F, 75-100 in per year)
• Dominated by broadleaf evergreen plants create canopy
• High NPP & biodiversity: Parrots, frogs, monkeys, snakes, jaguar, etc.
• Nutrient-poor, acidic soil
– Temperate Rain forest
• NW America
• Moderate temps & high precip.
• Dominated by coniferous evergreen trees (spruce, fir, redwoods)
• Lots of moss
• Relatively lower biodiversity due to limited light
• Major source for timber
• Animals: elk, weasels, owls, bear, cougar, salmon, etc.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9MV5CgPgIQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trWzDlRvv1M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=btM0A3jOEoc
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– Temperate deciduous forest • US, Europe • Warm summers, cool winters • Dominated by broadleaf deciduous trees (oak, maple, hickory)
dormant in winter, grow leaves back each spring • Lots of birds, rodents, insect, some larger mammals (deer, skunks,
foxes, bears)
– Taiga/ Boreal forest/Coniferous
• South of arctic tundra in N. America, Europe, Asia • Warm summers, cool winters • Dominated by coniferous evergreen trees (spruce, pine, fir, cedar)
– Needles prevent water loss • Needles make soil acidic
– Slow decomp • Animals: bears, wolves, lynx, caribou, chipmunks, weasels, etc.
– Hibernate
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Terrestrial Diversity
• Forest Climate Graphs
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Plankton: drifting organisms
Phytoplankton Producers/Autotrophs
produce 50% of the O2 you breath everyday
Ex: Diatoms, cyanobacteria
Zooplankton consumers
Ex: rotifers, fish & crab larvae
Nekton Strong swimmers
Ex. fish, turtles, whales, adult jellyfish
Benthos Bottom dwellers
Ex. sea stars, clams, crabs, anemones
Types of Aquatic Organisms:
Limiting
Factors:
Temperature,
light,
oxygen,
nutrients,
Turbidity
(cloudiness)
http://www.planktonchronicles.org/en/episode/embryos-and-larvae
https://www.ted.com/talks/the_secret_life_of_plankton
http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/plankton-revealed/?ar_a=1
*Watch short videos on plankton
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Aquatic Life Zones Key factors in distribution of organisms:
1. Temperature: Decreases w/ depth
2. Availability of light for photosynthesis • Confined to Euphotic (photic) zones
• Decreases w/ depth
3. Dissolved oxygen content • Decreases with depth
4. Availability of nutrients (CO2, NO3-, PO4
3-) • CO2 increases with depth
5. Turbidity: degree of cloudiness in water • Inhibits photosynthesis
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Estuaries: where fresh mixes w/saltwater
Estuaries form between Atlantic Ocean and 5 major Georgia
rivers -the Altamaha, Ogeechee, Satilla, Savannah, & St.
Mary’s
Wetlands: land covered with water all or part of year
Hydric soil -saturated by water, resulting in anaerobic conditions
Coastal Zone: Intertidal
Services: absorbs pollutants, controls flooding, storm buffer, &
provides habitat/nurseries
Watch & Answer Questions: Bill Nye wetlands
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7wO3W1mWnA
Marine Life Zones:
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• The Savannah River broadens into an estuary about 28 miles upstream from the Atlantic
• Sewage & industrial waste pollution
• Mercury contamination from coal fired power plants & the manufacture of chlorine
• Savannah Harbor Expansion Project (SHEP) is predicted to affect the fresh/salt water composition impacting flora & fauna
Threats:
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Organisms
Adaptations
Marsh grass (spartina) & cattails
flexible stems to withstand tides, vacuoles to store salt, air spaces for oxygen transport (hydric soil not aerated), barriers to block salt
Fiddler Crab gills & a primitive lung, to breath in water & on land, burrows for escape from high tide, decrease activity level
Cypress Trees Cypress knees (provide stability)
*In general organisms will have excretory organs which remove excess salt & water
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3. Coral Reefs
• Tiny animals or “polyps” secrete calcium carbonate shells
• Polyps and zooxanthellae algae = mutualism
FOCUS: Gray's Reef
- Sandstone formation (not coral) provides habitat for invertebrates: corals, moss
animals (bryozoans), tunicates (sea squirts),
sponges, & barnacles.
get O2 & chemical energy get a home & CO2 for photosynthesis
Coastal Zone: Neritic (shallow area)
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Services: Biodiversity (Marine equivalent of tropical rain forests)
Provides habitat for one-fourth of all marine species
Food Recreation
Coastal Zone: Neritic-Coral Reef
Threats: Warmer ocean temperatures = coral bleaching: kills algae Increasing ocean acidity Coastal development Pollution, runoff Overfishing/ trawling Dredging Careless boat operation Ozone depletion- UV rays harm coral
*Watch short videos on ocean threats
http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Life-in-the-Sea/Sci-Media/Animations-and-Interactives/Marine-ecosystem
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Open Ocean/Pelagic: Three vertical zones: 1. Euphotic zone: lit upper zone
– Phytoplankton perform photosynthesis
– Nutrient levels low & d-Oxygen levels high
– Have fast swimming, predatory fish (swordfish, sharks, tuna)
2. Bathyal zone – Dimly lit, few producers, Have zooplankton and smaller fishes
3. Abyssal zone
Dark & cold, high pressure, No photosynthesis, little d- oxygen, nutrient levels vary
Deep, hot ocean vents (black smokers)
w/chemosynthetic bacteria using hydrogen
sulfide to create chemical energy
*Watch short video on abyssal creatures
http://youtu.be/FswYwyke7cc
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Deep ocean vents (black smokers)
w/chemosynthetic bacteria using
hydrogen sulfide to create chemical energy
Goes down and past the continental
slope, pressure is great; food is
limited
to the debris of dead material that
sinks like snow from the above zones.
A lot of the marine fish we eat come from
pelagic fisheries (mackerel, sardine & tuna.)
Stocks have been over-exploited and some
species even face extinction due to
overfishing.
Clear, well-lit open water, large predators
Decreased light & oxygen concentrations,
Squids & swordfish
where the continental slope levels
off
http://www.untamedscience.com/biology/biomes/pelagic-biome/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufxGw8EqY5Q
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• Marine Life Zones: 3 major zones
• 3. Benthic Zone: – = The Ocean Floor
• Underlies all the other zones
– Communities consist of • Bacteria • Fungi • Seaweed (algae) • Invertebrates
(sponges, echinoderms, mollusks)
• Fish
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Ocean Threats : Coastal development
Habitat destruction
Overfishing, trawling
Pollution
Invasive species
Climate change &coral bleaching
Ocean acidification
Eutrophication(dead zones)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uc605ajWIBE
http://www.nbcnews.com/video/nightly-news/52403911#52403911
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahOmeTOIrRg
http://www.smm.org/deadzone/what/top.html
http://i2i.stanford.edu/AcidOcean/AcidOcean3.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wo-bHt1bOsw
*Watch short videos on ocean threats
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Ocean pH is currently around 8.1, models by end of century it may be around 7.7
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Lentic (standing):
Lakes
Ponds
Lotic (flowing):
Streams
Rivers
III. Freshwater Zones
http://tdcms.ket.org/knh/loticcommunities.html
http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/knh.entcomm/lenticcommunities/
Organisms & Adaptations: *interactive websites
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Littoral [lit-er-uh l] zone
1. Rooted plants
2. Shallow, near shore
Limnetic zone
1. Open, away from shore
2. Photosynthetic (photic) zone
Profundal zone 1. Deep, dark 2. No photosynthesis
Benthic zone 1. Decomposers &
detritivores
4 Lake Zones (lentic):
Great Lakes -largest
supply of surface
freshwater in the world
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Oligotrophic Lake Eutrophic Lake
Low nutrients
Good light penetration
High DO
Deep waters
Low algal growth
Small mouth bass, lake trout
High nutrients
Poor light penetration
Low DO
Shallow waters
High algal growth
Carp, catfish, bullhead
Cultural (artifical) eutrophication: input of excess nutrients
(fertilizers) causing excess algal growth
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Aquatic Life Zones
• Lake Types Based on Nutrient Levels: – Oligotrophic lakes
• Low nutrients and low NPP
• Very clear water
– Eutrophic lakes
• High nutrients and high NPP
• Murky water with high turbidity
– Cultural (artifical) eutrophication: input of excess nutrients (fertilizers) causing excess algal growth
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• Oligotrophic lake
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• Eutrophic lake
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• Freshwater Degradation:
–Dams destroy habitat
– Flood control levees and dikes along rivers alter flow & destroy habitat
–Pollutants from cities and farms on streams, rivers, and lakes
–Draining wetlands for agriculture & development