earth and mineral resources unit 2 section b. renewable and nonrenewable resources renewable...
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Earth and Mineral Resources
Unit 2 Section B
Renewable and nonrenewable resources
Renewable resources• Can be replenished over relatively short
time spans • Examples include – Plants
– Animals for food– Trees for lumber
Renewable and nonrenewable resources
Nonrenewable resources • Significant deposits take millions of years
to form • Examples– Fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)–Metals (iron, copper, uranium, gold)
Some resources, such as groundwater, can go in either category depending on how they are used
Mineral resources
The endowment of useful minerals ultimately available commercially
• Mineral resources include– Reserves – already identified deposits from
which minerals can be extracted profitably
– As well as known deposits that are not economically or technologically recoverable
Mineral resources
Mineral resources• Ore – refers to useful metallic minerals
that can be mined at a profit and in common usage to some nonmetallic minerals such as fluorite and sulfur • To be considered of value, an element
must be concentrated above the level of its average crustal abundance
Bauxite – the principal ore of aluminum
Mineral Resources
Earth has 92 natural elements About 99% of the Earth’s crust is comprised of only 8 of these…
Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium
Mineral Resources
Mineral Resources
These 8 common elements combine with 1000’s of rare elements to form +/- 3,000 different mineralsThe key here, however, is this:
Each mineral is potentially a resource, if people find a use for it.
Mineral Resources
Minerals are valued primarily for their mechanical or chemical properties
As technologies evolve, so too do the related values of mineral resources
Mineral Resources
As with energy resources, mineral resources are NOT uniformly distributed around the world…
Mineral Resources
Minerals are either metallic or nonmetallicWeight-wise, 90% of minerals that humans use are nonmetallic!!
Metallic Minerals
Metallic minerals:Contain properties that are valuable for making• machinery, vehicles, weapons, and other
essential elements of an industrialized society…
Metallic MineralsFerrous (metals) - IRON
Refers to iron ore and other alloys used in the production of iron and steel
Nonferrous (metals) - ALUMINUM
Used to make products other than iron and steel
FerrousWhy is iron such a valuable resource?
Good conductor of both heat and electricityAttracted by a magnet and able to be magnetizedMalleable into all sorts of useful shapes
Important Ferrous Metals
Abundant Supply
ManganeseChromiumTitaniumMagnesiumMolybdenum
Limited SupplyNickel•100 years
Tin•50 years
Tungsten•China – 90%
production, 50% reserves
NonferrousWhy is aluminum such a valuable resource?
Light and StrongNon-magneticResistant to corrosionHuge supplyAs well as being malleable, ductile, and a decent conductor…
Important Nonferrous MetalsCopper
60 years supply
Lead25 years…
Zinc45 years…
SilverGold
Prized for beauty and durabilityNot just jewelry
PlatinumS. Africa – 90% reserves
Nonferrous Metal Production