Earned income tax credit (EITC)

Reading Assignment

• Greenstein, “The Earned Income Tax Credit: Boosting Employment, Aiding the Working Poor,” http://www.cbpp.org/7-19-05eic.htm

• Jason A. Levitis and Nicholas Johnson, “Together, State Minimum Wages and State Earned Income Tax Credits Make Work Pay,” http://www.cbpp.org/7-12-06sfp.pdf

• DeParle, Ch. 17: Money: Milwaukee, Summer 1999

Additional Sources

• A. Nagle and N. Johnson, “A Hand Up: How State Income Tax Credits Help Working Families Escape Poverty In 2006,” Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, www.cbpp.org

• S. Holt, “The Earned Income Tax Credit at Age 30: What We Know,” The Brookings Institution, February, 2006 http://www.brookings.edu/metro/pubs/20060209_Holt.pdf

• Citizens for Tax Justice, “The Hidden Entitlements,” 1996 http://www.ctj.org/hid_ent/part-3/part3-3.htm

• Ifie Okwuje and Nicholas Johnson, “A RISING NUMBER OF STATE EARNED INCOME TAX CREDITS ARE HELPING WORKING FAMILIES ESCAPE POVERTY,” Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, October 20, 2006 http://www.cbpp.org/10-12-06sfp.pdf

Today’s Questions

• What is the EITC and how does it work?

• Who receives the EITC?

• How large are the credits?

• Which States supplement the credit?

• Why is the EITC politically popular?

• Will this popularity last?-- problems with the EITC

What is the EITC and how does it work?

• A tax reduction and wage supplement for low- and moderate-income families

• Available to both single parent, two parent families, and childless low-income workers

• Must work to be eligible• A refundable credit, which means that if the credit

amount is larger than a family’s income tax bill, the family receives a refund check equal to the difference.

• Usually claimed when the income tax return is filed. Can opt for equal monthly payments.

Source: Tax Policy Center, Joint effort of the Urban Institute and Brookings Institution http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/TaxFacts/TFDB/Content/PDF/eitc_parameters.pdf

•Source: Together,State Minimum Wages and State Earned Income Tax Credits Make Work Pay” Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, http://www.cbpp.org/7-12-06sfp.pdf

Inflation Adjustments

Example

• A single parent with two children working nearly full-time--52 weeks per year at 38 hours per week--at the minimum wage of $5.15 per hour has an annual income of about $10,712. After subtracting $819 in federal payroll taxes and adding the $4,536 federal EITC for which the family qualifies, the family’s cash income totals $14,429, or $1,813 below the 2006 poverty line for a family of three ($16,242).

• Source: Nagle and Johnson, 2006.

Who Receives the EITC?

• 5.4 million poor families with at able-bodied parents– 3.3 million or 66 percent had at least one parent in

the labor force – Among poor families with children in which one or

both parents worked anytime during the year, the parents worked at combined 44 weeks.

• About 75 percent of the families on welfare (TANF, SSI, or GA) had a parent working in 2004

Who Receives the EITC?

Source: Holt, 2006

Who Receives the EITC?

Source: Holt, 2006

Who Receives the EITC?

Who Receives the EITC?

Source: Holt, 2006

Source: Nagle and Johnson, 2006

How large are the credits?

Source: Levitis and Johnson, 2006

Source: Levitis and Johnson, 2006

Which States supplement the credit?

• Nineteen States (counting the District of Columbia as a State) supplement with Federal EITC.

• A campaign is being waged to convince the remaining States to do likewise.

Source: Okwuje and Johnson, 2006

Notes for previous table

Source: Nagle and Johnson, 2006

Why is the EITC Politically Popular?

• Encourages work– More people enter the labor force– Workers work more hours

• Reduces welfare costs– Grogger concluded that the EITC “may be the

single most important policy for explaining recent increases in work and earnings and declines in receipt of cash welfare assistance among female-headed families.”Source: Greenstein, 2005

Why is the EITC Politically Popular?, Cont.

• Reduces poverty– By 4.4 million in 2003– The poverty rate among children would be

1/4 higher without EITC– Lifts more children out of poverty than any

other program

Child Credit

• a $1,000 tax credit per child on your tax return for children who are under 17 as of the end of the tax year– Phased out for taxpayers with modified adjusted gross income

– reduced (but not below zero) by $50 for each $1,000 (or fraction thereof) by which the taxpayer's modified adjusted gross income exceeds the threshold amount.

– Threshold amounts:• $110,000 in the case of a joint return• $75,000 in the case of an unmarried individual• $55,000 in the case of a married individual filing a separate return

Will this popularity last?-- problems with the EITC

• Fraud– Overpayments to eligibles– Fraudulent claims from ineligibles

• Nonparticipation• Marriage penalty encourages cohabitation

– A two earner, two-child couple making $35,000 (with a 60/40% earnings split) can save $3,923 a year in federal income taxes by avoiding marriage (EITC: $4,400 vs. $476).

Will this popularity last?-- problems with the EITC, cont.

• High cumulative marginal tax rates– When earnings are in the phase-out range, the

combined marginal tax rates for the may create a substantial work disincentive

• Federal income taxes 15%• Payroll tax 7%• EITC phase-out 21%

– Add a State income tax (3 to 6%) to this 43% marginal tax rate if relevant.

– Add 24% phase-out rate for Food Stamps.– Cumulatively the marginal tax rate face by low-

income Americans is in the range of 43- 73% !

Will this popularity last?-- problems with the EITC, cont.

• Subsidy to low-wage employers– w0, L0 initial

equilibrium– w1, L0 equilibrium

with EITC– EITC = w0 - w1

– Final equilbrium is at w2, L2

workers

wagesS S’

Dw1

w0

L0 L2

w2

Will this popularity last?-- problems with the EITC, cont.

• The EITC is an entitlement!

Proposed Improvements

• Increase tax credit for low-income workers without children

• Increase tax credit for families with three or more children

• Eliminate the marriage penalty

• Simplify filing procedures

Source: Iris J. Lav, Extending Marriage-Penalty Relief to Working Poor and Near Poor Families, http://www.cbpp.org/6-10-99tax.htm

EITC Marriage Penalty