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TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 11
EARLY MEDIEVALEARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPEEUROPE
Historical Background• The great technological breakthroughs of
the Romans were lost to historythe Romans were lost to history• This was the age of mass migrations
sweeping across Europesweeping across Europe • Many groups did much to destroy any
i f th R i ili tiremains of the Roman civilization – so desperate historians called this the “Dark A ”Ages”
Patronage and Artistic Life• The monasteries were both the place of
knowledge in the midst of an illiterate population and the greatest center of art production.
• Artists who could both write and draw were particularly prized in the creation of p y pmanuscripts
• The text is an exact copy of the books/BibleThe text is an exact copy of the books/Bible and the illustrations allow the artist some freedom of expressionfreedom of expression.
Map of the Mediterranean regionMap of the Mediterranean region, Islam, and northern Europe circa 800
Map of Germanic Invasions. 4th-8th centuries
Art of the Warrior Lords
Because of their migratory nature various cultures• Because of their migratory nature, various cultures produced art that was small and portable but much of it was lostof it was lost.
• Art that exist consisted of small possessions such as buckles, helmets, fibulae, and utilitarian objects.as buckles, helmets, fibulae, and utilitarian objects.
• Small pieces of fine art of precisely shaped pieces of metal, and some with jewels were discovered in , jship burials in Europe
• Artists were inspired by prehistoric models that yemphasized animals and spirals in elaborate interlacing patterns.
Vocabulary • animal style: a medieval
art form in which animals are depicted in a stylizedare depicted in a stylized and often complicated pattern, usually seen fighting with one anotherfighting with one another
• horror vacui: type of artwork in which the entire surface is filled with objects, people, designs, and ornaments in aand ornaments in a crowded, sometimes congested way
11-2: Merovingian looped fibula (decorative pin)
Fish
Other fibulaZoomorphic - having or representing animal forms or gods of animal form.g
Frankish round fibula.6th & 7th centuries
Cue CardInterlacing:a ribbon that interweaves throughout the design repeatedly (Islamic Art called: arabesques)
Z hi
11-3: Purse cover Cloisonné enamelwork in which colored
Zoomorphic
from the Sutton Hoo ship burial
Suffolk, Englandca. 625
Cloisonné – enamelwork in which colored areas are separated by thin bands of metal, usually gold or bronze
gold, glass and enamel cloisonné with garnets and emeralds7 1/2 in. long
Cue Card
11-3: Purse cover, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial
Heraldic – symmetricalHeraldic – symmetrical on either side
Shoulder Clasp
Cue Card
11-4: Animal-Head Post from OsebergShip-Burial Oseberg, Norwayg, yca. 825, woodapproximately 5 in. high
11-4: Animal Head post, from Oseberg Ship-Burial
P t d d•Pagan traders and pirates were known as Vikings•They destroyed the y yChristian monastic communities especially in England•Lavishly carved animal•Lavishly carved animal head, roaring beast located on Viking ship.
Typical Norse design with animal head biting the ring
to keep away evil spirits.
11-5: Wooden portal, stave church, Urnes, Norway
Intertwined figures, plant stalks
Hib S A tHiberno-Saxon Art
Hiberno-Saxon ArtA l h fl i h d i h i• An art style that flourished in the monasteriesof the British Isles in the early Middle Ages –also called Insularalso called Insular
• Art of the British Isles -Hibernia was an ancient name for Ireland and Saxon– Hibernia was an ancient name for Ireland and Saxon for England
• Began Christianization of the Celtsg• These people wanted independence• Artwork is similar to the Art of the Warrior LordsArtwork is similar to the Art of the Warrior Lords
Illuminated Manuscripts• Monks settled in isolated areas in Ireland,
Scotland and some areas of England• The main artistic expression is illuminated
manuscriptsTh b d f th ill t t d h b i l i– The borders of the illustrated pages harbor animals in stylized patterns, sometimes called the animal style.
– Art relies on complicated interlace patterns in a frenzyArt relies on complicated interlace patterns in a frenzy of horror vacui
– Each section of the illustrated text opens with huge i iti l th t i h fi ld f t tiinitials that are rich fields of ornamentation
– Monasteries established scriptoria (the writing studio of a monastery.studio of a monastery.
11-6: Man (Matthew),Book of DurrowInk and tempera on
Cue Card
pparchmentca. 660-680
One of the earliest surviving decorated Gospels
Book of Mark & opposing carpet page
11-7: Lindisfarne GospelsCa. 698-721tempera on vellums Another Cross and
Cue Card
tempera on vellums Another Cross and Carpet Page
Front Cover
Cross and Carpet Page
Lindisfarne Gospels
Cue CardThe Four Evangelists: first four books of the New Testament: Mathew, Mark, Luke & John
Lindisfarne Gospels
11-8: Saint Matthew
Saint Luke Saint Mark
Saint John
11-1: Chi-rho-iota (Christ in Greek) page, Book of KellsLate 8th or early 9th century, Tempera on vellum
Cue Card
Another portion of the Book of Kellswith zoomorphic shapes & interlacing
Annuals of Ulster commented in 1003 that this was “the chief relic of the western world”
11-9: High Cross of Muiredach •Largest fine cross•Marked grave•Fantastic animals•Fantastic animals•Panels of Christ’s story
The Carolingian Period, ca 750-987The Carolingian Period, ca 750 987
Why Carolingian ArtWhy Carolingian Art
• On Christmas day of 800 Pope Leo IIIOn Christmas day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charles the Great (Charlemagne) as emperor of Romeas emperor of Rome
• Charlemagne came to be seen as the first Holy (Christian) EmperorHoly (Christian) Emperor
• The setting for Charlemagne's coronation S i t P t ’ B ili i R B iltwas Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome – Built
by Constantine• He gave his name to the entire period.
Carolingian ArtTh t f Ch l b• The art of Charlemagne can be seen as the first revival of classical art.
• Carolingian churches are characterized by elaborate westworks, consisting of a centralized entrance beneath a second story chapel, both flanked by towers.
• Churches were sometimes accompanied by monastic buildings, which housed the y greligious in a self-sufficient community.
Medieval ScriptoriumMedieval Scriptorium• Monks and nuns ate, slept, and created
artworks in an open-air courtyard called a cloister.
• Scriptorium was a workshop for the production of books p
• They were written on pages of vellum or parchmentparchment
• Produced by scribes and illustratorsSignature on last page called colophon– Signature on last page, called colophon
11-12: Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne(?) or Charles the Baldfrom Metz, France, early 9th centurybronzebronze9 1/2 in. high Cue Card
•Leo III crowned Charles the Great•1st HOLY Royal emperor•Outstretched hand in which he holds the globe (world power)the globe (world power)
Compare to thepEquestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius
Coronation Gospels (Gospel Book of Charlemagne)
Cue Card
g )
11-13: Saint Matthew
portrait of
St John
pMenander, c 70 ce, Pompeii
St. John
St. Mark
Cue Card
11-14: St. Matthew from the Ebbo Gospels
Compare withCoronation Gospels
St. Mark, Gospel Book
Ebbo Gospels
11-15: Psalm 44, detail of folio 24 recto of theUt ht P ltUtrecht Psalter,
• Richly illustrated ink drawings of the psalms of the Bible
Cue Card
Pearls, jewels, gems stones, and repousse
11-16: Crucifixion front coverLindau Gospelsp
Pierpont Morgan Library, New York
ca. 870gold precious stones and pearlsgold, precious stones and pearls13 3/8 x 10 3/8 in.
Cue Card
Odo of Metz
11-18: Interior of the Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne
Aachen GermanyAachen, Germanyca. 792-805
Cue Card
I t d l bl•Imported purple marble•Like San Vitale•1st vaulted structure of the Middle Ages north of the Alpsg p•Royal chapel
ThroneAltar
Compare to
11-18: Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne, Aachen
San Vitale
•Plan of an ideal self-sufficient monastic community of about 3000 people•Church symbolically and literally in the centercenter•This was never built
redrawn after a 9th century manuscript
11-19: 9th C. and a 20th C. model
St Gall SwitzerlandSt. Gall, Switzerlandca. 819
11-20: Westwork,Abbey church, Corvey, Germany
Later addition
Westwork: a monumental entrance to a Carolingian church in which two towerschurch in which two towers flank a lower central entrance
Ottonian Empire – 10th to 13th cOttonian Empire 10 to 13 c.
Ottonian empire - blueNinth and tenth centuries Ottonian empire blueNinth and tenth centuries
Ottonian ArtOttonian Art
• Ottonian art is influenced by the Rome andOttonian art is influenced by the Rome and the Early Christian past.
• Large stone monuments dominate existing• Large stone monuments dominate existing Ottonian architecture.A th f hit t i th t• A common theme of architecture is that interior arches and windows do not line up
t th thone atop the other.
Ottonian11-21: Saint Cyriakus, Genrode, Germany Nave
AlternateSupportsystem
11-22: Abbey Church of St. Michael’s
Hildesheim GermanyCue Card
Hildesheim, GermanyBuilt by Bishop Bernward, a great art patron
ca. 1001-1031
11-22 to 11-23: St. Michael’s,Hildesheim, Germany
Cue Card
Hildesheim, Germany
NaveNave
Cue Card•Doors tell the story of original sin•Adam and Eve - emotional impact•Fall of Man, Redemption of ManThe left door illustrate from•The left door illustrate from
Genesis with Adam and Eve (at the top) and ending with the murder of Adam (at the bottom) ( )•The right door recounts the life of Jesus (reading from the bottom up) starting with Annunciation to Christ after his resurrectionChrist after his resurrection
•Made for St. Michael in 1015•Only monks could pass through the doors
11-24: Doors with relief panelsGenesis, left door - Christ, right door
Hild h i GHildesheim, Germany2 Doors 16’ tall
ca. 1001-1031
Doors,,St. Michael’s
Lost wax casting
Narrative relief column ill t ti th lif fillustrating the life of Christ, the story starts at the topSt. Michael’s
Roman influenceRoman influenceColumn of Trajan
11-28: Crucifix commissionedBy Archbishop Gero,Cologne Cathedral
Cue Card
ca. 970, painted wood6’2”
A compartment in the back of the head heldback of the head held bread for the Eucharist
Like a Byzantine suffering ChristBlood streaks his forehead (missing crown)(missing crown)
Compare to Justinian
The Four Provinces bringing tribute to Ottotribute to Otto
Christ Washing The Feet of Peter11-29: Otto III Enthroned from the
Gospel Book of Otto III
St Luke
Byzantine influence
Summary – Key Ideas• The political chaos resulting from the Fall of Rome e po ca c aos esu g o e a o o e
set in motion a period of migrations. The unifying force in Europe was Christianity which were
f l t f l i i ll i I l dpowerful centers of learning especially in Ireland.• The Migratory period of the Early Middle Ages
featured portable works that were done in thefeatured portable works that were done in the animal style.
• Characteristics of Early Medieval art include horror yvacui and interlacing patterns
• Art at the court of Charlemagne begins the first of many western European revivals of ancient Rome.
• Ottonian art revives large scale sculpture and architect rearchitecture.