EARLY STAGE OF EARLY STAGE OF WESTERN IMPERIALISMWESTERN IMPERIALISM

1565-18001565-1800

WESTERN IMPERIALISM: It’s Causes, WESTERN IMPERIALISM: It’s Causes, and It’s Impact on the Worldand It’s Impact on the World

What is Imperialism?

• It is a process of extending control or influence over weaker nations

• It involves direct or indirect control over the economy, government, and culture

Colonialism is the building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people from another territory. Sovereignty over the colony is claimed by the metropole. Social structure, government and economics within the territory of the colony are changed by the colonists.

COLONIALISMCOLONIALISM

is not satisfied merely with holding a is not satisfied merely with holding a

people in its grip people in its grip

and emptying the native’s brain of all and emptying the native’s brain of all

form & content. form & content.

By a kind of perverted logic By a kind of perverted logic

it turns to the past of the peopleit turns to the past of the people,,

and distorts, disfigures, and distorts, disfigures,

and destroys it…and destroys it…

Frantz Fanon, Wretched of the EarthQuoted by Felino S Garcia, Jr’s article –“THE MOST INSIDIOUS AND DANGEROUS”: The Pathogenic Body inSelected scientific papers published in the Philippine Journal of ScienceDuring the First Decade of American Colonial Rule in the Philippines.

The reasons for the practice of colonialism at this time include:

• The profits to be made.• To expand the power of the metropole.• To escape persecution in the metropole.• To convert the indigenous population to the colonists' religion.• Some colonists also felt they were helping the indigenous

population by bringing them Christianity and civilization. However, the reality was often subjugation, displacement or death.

• A colony is part of an empire and so colonialism is closely related to imperialism.

What is imperialism?• It is a process of extending control or

influence over weaker nations

• It involves direct or indirect control over the economy, government, and culture

The Foundations of Western ImperialismThe Foundations of Western Imperialism

Why did the people of the West set out toWhy did the people of the West set out tobuild empires in the first place? build empires in the first place?

1. to ensure cheap supply ofconsumer goods and raw materials

2. to establish new markets for their own goods

3. and to create ahegemony of the West over the rest of the world

What triggers these expansions

Development of TechnologyDevelopment of Technology

Shipbuilding, instruments and techniques of navigation and naval armaments

Discovery of world wind system

most contributions in this field came from the Mediterranean

World ExplorationsWorld Explorations

Western Colonies in the 1900

What is the direct effect of Imperialism and colonialism?

Impact on healthImpact on health

Food securityFood securitySlave tradeSlave trade

unequal social relationsunequal social relationsexploitationexploitationmedical advancesmedical advancesnew institutionsnew institutionstechnological advancementstechnological advancements

The NEW IMPERIALISM

• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION• Invention of machineries which revolutionized

production• Improvement of transportation and

communication• Industrialized countries needed colonies for

source of raw materials and markets for finished products

DEFINITION• was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where

major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,

mining, and transport had a profound effect on the

socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the United

Kingdom. The changes subsequently spread throughout

Europe, North America, and eventually the world.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Manual Labourand

Draft-Animal-based Economy Machine-based Manufacturing

FOUR SETS OF CHANGESIndustrial Revolution

The Introduction of New Technology

The Use of the New Mineral Resources of

Energy

A Concentration of New Workers in

Factories

New Methods of Transportation

PART I

PART II

PART III

PART VI

I. INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

• Industrial Revolution introduced machines to

textile manufacturing, iron, printing,

papermaking, and engineering industries.

• The most significant machines were steam

engines and the machines used to make cloth.

A. TEXTILE MACHINERY• In 1765, James Hargreaves invented the Spinning

Jenny, automating weaving the warp in the weaving of cloth.

• In 1769, Richard Arkwright invented the Water powered – Frame which automated the weft.

• In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the Spinning Mule, a combination of Hargreaves’ and Arkwright’s inventions, which automated the total weaving process.

The Spinning Jenny Water Powered Frame

Spinning Mule

B. STEAM ENGINE

• In 1775, James Watt invented the Steam

Engine which was used to raise minerals

from mines, provide heat for smelting iron

ore, and drive machines in textile mills.

II. NEW MINERAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

• Beginning in the eighteenth century, the

Industrial Revolution began to rely on coal

to produce the high temperatures needed

to smelt iron. Eventually it also became a

source of heat for the steam engine.

III. GROWTH OF FACTORIES

• Domestic System

• In the sixteenth century, businessmen began employing

families in the countryside to spin and weave.

• All members of the family participated in the

production.

• Businessmen provided the materials and were

responsible for manufacturing.

DEVELOPMENTS IN FACTORIES

• Large factories were more cost effective because it allowed

the concentration of workers and machines in one work

place

• Reduced transportation costs

• Allowed greater quality control

• The factory owner had greater control over the work force

and enforced stricter discipline

DEVELOPMENT IN FACTORIES

• It also made possible what the economist Adam

Smith called the "division of labor“, whereby

each person was responsible for one stage of

production, allowing for great increase in total

production. The workers needed no special skills

to operate the machines.

IV. NEW METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION

• Thousands of miles of canals and all-weather roads

were built in the eighteenth century.

• 1692, Languedoc Canal connects the Mediterranean

with the Bay of Biscay. 240 miles long, with 100 locks,

3 major aqueducts, 1 tunnel, and a summit reservoir. 

• Canals were the first technology to allow bulk

materials to be easily transported across country.

NEW METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION

• The railroads were driven by coal-burning, steam-

power locomotives and provided quick, cheap

transportation to places inaccessible by water.

• The construction of railroads created a demand for iron

and for large numbers of workers and became a large

industry in its own right.

FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

• Population Growth

• The population increase provided the large

supply of cheap labor needed by the

factories. It also provided an increase in

demand for manufactured goods.

FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH• Agricultural Productivity

• The process of enclosure allowed farmers and landlords to

fence in their fields and control production. They

introduced crop rotations that restored nutrients to the soil,

allowing for greater yield. They also began scientific

breeding to improve the quality of their herds. The result

was an increase in productivity with fewer agricultural

workers.

FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

• Capital Formation and Accumulation

• came mostly from merchants engaged in

domestic and foreign trade, from landowners

who profited from their estates in Britain and

plantations in the colonies, and from banks.

FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

• Technological Knowledge and Entrepreneurship

• Plenty of people had scientific knowledge to

mechanize the industry.

• A merchant capitalist class organized the

domestic system.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH

• Demand from Consumers and Producers

• The demand for goods was created by

advertising, as well as by the increasing

ability of the working class to buy goods as

their purchasing power increased.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH• Population and Economic Growth

• The population had consistently expanded as the greater

agricultural productivity permitted maintaining an adequate

food supply. The industrial economy had been able to employ

large numbers of workers.

• Standards of Living

• Employers kept wages low and utilized labor-saving devices.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH• Women, Children and Industry

• The Industrial Revolution did not improve the status of

women. Their pay was too little to give them financial

independence or prestige, and they frequently were

under the control of the male workers or foremen.

• British Factory Act of 1833 enforced restrictions

against child labor.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH• Class and Class Consciousness

• The Industrial Society was divided into three (3) classes:

• The aristocracy owned the land.

• The bourgeoisie owned capital enterprises and

gained their wealth from profits.

• The working class owned only their labor and

received wages.

SEED GRILL