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Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976

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Page 1: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft Exploration1965-1976

Page 2: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 3 & 4

“…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical and geological interest and offers the best opportunity in our solar system for shedding light on the possibility of extraterrestrial life. (They)…, however, are not designed to provide answers to the question of life on Mars.”

Mariner 4 Press Kit, October 29, 1964

Page 3: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 4

Launched November 24, 1964; closest approach occurred on July 14, 1965

Took 22 pictures w/ a TV camera (Mars TV Camera) viewing through a reflecting telescope

Page 4: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 4

Other instruments: Magnetometer Geiger Count Cosmic Ray Telescope Solar Plasma Probe Cosmic Dust Detector Occultation Experiment

Page 5: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 4

DATA!!

Page 6: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 4

Page 7: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 4

Page 8: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical
Page 9: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical
Page 10: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical
Page 11: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 4• How would you rate the quality of these images?• What observations can you make?• How would you interpret these observations?• What can you say we know about Mars at this

point? How certain are you?• What questions would you ask about Mars?• How would you attempt to answer these questions?• What are the limitations to this type of mission

(spacecraft/instruments)?

Page 12: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 4

Notable observations from Mariner 4 Images returned showed a Moon-like, cratered terrain Surface atmospheric pressure of 4.1 to 7.0 mb and

daytime temperatures of -100° C (-148° F) were estimated

No magnetic field was detected

Page 13: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 4

How did Mariner 4 advance scientific understanding of Mars? Mars looked more like the Moon Life far less likely IMPORTANT: Mariner 4 only imaged ~1% of the surface of

Mars, mostly in the southern hemisphere

What technological advance(s) did Mariner 4 carry? The Mariner 4 spacecraft

Page 14: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 6 & 7

“Study the surface and atmosphere of Mars to establish the basis for future experiments in the search for extra-terrestrial life and to develop technology for future Mars missions. The 1969 flights will not determine the presence of life on Mars but will help establish whether or not the Martian environment is suitable for life.”

Mariner (6 & 7) Press Kit, July 18, 1969

Page 15: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 6 & 7

Launched February 23 (M6) & March 27, 1969 (M7)Close approaches occurred July 31 (M6) & August 5 (M7),

1969

Page 16: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 6 & 7 Two TV cameras – medium & high resolution IR radiometer (surface temps, is southern cap CO2 or H2O?)

UV spectrometer (atmospheric composition) IR spectrometer (surface & near-surface composition)

Page 17: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spaceraft ExplorationMariner 6 & 7

DATA!!

Page 18: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 6 & 7

Page 19: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 6 & 7

Mariner 7 approach of Mars

Page 20: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 6 & 7

Page 21: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 6 & 7• How would you rate the quality of these images?• What observations can you make?• How would you interpret these observations?• What can you say we know about Mars at this

point? How certain are you?• What questions would you ask about Mars?• How would you attempt to answer these questions?• What are the limitations to this type of mission

(spacecraft/instruments)?

Page 22: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 6 & 7

Notable observations from the Mariner 6 & 7 missions report Temps range between -73° C (-100° F) & 15° C (60° F) The polar cap was crusted with frozen carbon dioxide… Features with a dimension of 900 (ft.) could be identified. The so-called Martian canals were not in evidence. At a location called Nix Olympica…was a huge crater 300

miles in diameter. No indications of volcanism were found. Mariner 6 & 7 imaged 20% of the surface of Mars, mostly in

the southern hemisphere

Page 23: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 6 & 7

How did Mariner 6 & 7 advance scientific understanding of Mars? Temperature range South polar cap composed of CO2; temp reading of -123°C (-

190°F)

NO CANALS

What technological advance(s) did Mariner 6 & 7 carry? Spacecraft with higher resolution cameras & spectrometers

Page 24: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Let’s take a break…

Page 25: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

CRATER BOXES!!!

Page 26: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 8 & 9

“Study the surface and atmosphere of Mars in detail, and over a period of time, to provide a broad picture of the history of the planet and natural processes currently shaping the Martian environment. To accomplish this, one spacecraft will map 70% of the planet and the other will repeatedly study selected areas on Mars to observe changes on the surface and in the atmosphere.”

Mariner (8 & 9) Press Kit, April 30, 1971

Page 27: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 8 & 9

Launched May 8 (M8) & May 30, 1971 (M9)Mariner 8 failed 4.5 minutes after launch, Mariner 9

arrived at Mars on November 14, 1971

Page 28: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 8 & 9 Visual Imaging System; narrow-angle and wide-angle TV cameras IR radiometer (surface temps) UV spectrometer (composition of upper atmosphere) IR interferometer spectrometer (provide a picture of the circulation of

the atmosphere & composition of the surface)

Page 29: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 8 & 9

DATA!!

Page 30: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 9• How would you rate the quality of these images?• What observations can you make?• How would you interpret these observations?• What can you say we know about Mars at this

point? How certain are you?• What questions would you ask about Mars?• How would you attempt to answer these questions?• What are the limitations to this type of mission

(spacecraft/instruments)?

Page 31: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 9

Arrived at Mars only to find a global dust storm blanketing the planet

Circular features peaking through the dust

Page 32: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 9

Page 33: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 9

Olympus Mons Caldera Complex

Page 34: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 9

Noctis Labyrinthus at the eastern edge of the Tharsis bulge; western end of Valles Marineris

Page 35: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 9

Northern Polar Cap

Page 36: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 9

Irregular pits and depressions near the south pole

Page 37: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 9

Notable results from Mariner 9Global mapping (imaging) of the surface of MarsThe first detailed views of the Martian volcanoes, Valles

Marineris, the polar caps, and the satellites Phobos and Deimos

Provided information on global dust storms, the planet’s rugged gravity field, and evidence for surface aeolian (wind) activity.

Page 38: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 9

Olympus Mons 27 km tall (16.8 miles), 600 km (373 miles) wide Shield volcano composed of basalt Largest (known) volcano in the solar system

Page 39: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 9

Valles Marineris 4,000 km long (2,500 miles), 200 km (124 miles) wide, 7 km (4

miles) deep Large crack resulting from uplift of Tharsis bulge Named after Mariner 9

Page 40: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early Spacecraft ExplorationMariner 9

Tharsis Bulge

Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

Page 41: Early Spacecraft Exploration 1965-1976. Early Spacecraft Exploration Mariner 3 & 4 “…these missions are being undertaken because Mars is of physical

Early ExplorationMariner 9

How did Mariner 9 advance scientific understanding of Mars?Mars is more geologically diverse than had ever been

presumedEvidence water once flowed on the surface, not in

artificial canals, but natural river channels

What technological advance(s) did Mariner 9 carry? Spacecraft orbited Mars, first unmanned planetary orbiter in

history


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