early meiji japan 1868-1912
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Early Meiji Japan 1868-1912. 13a. Choshu incident 1863 Choshu tries to sink Western ships Choshu marches against Kyoto to capture Emperor but fails Tokugawa fails to punish Choshu. Meiji Restoration: Lead-up. Review: - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Early Meiji Japan1868-1912
13a
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Meiji Restoration: Lead-up
• Choshu incident 1863– Choshu tries to sink
Western ships– Choshu marches against
Kyoto to capture Emperor but fails
• Tokugawa fails to punish Choshu
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Meiji Restoration: Lead-up
Review: • 1864: Ships from England,
France, Holland and the US all attack the Choshu – Choshu leaders recognize futility
of resistance – for now
– Map out new response including modernization/Westernization
Young Choshu leaders visit London 1860s
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Meiji Restoration1868Choshu and Satsuma
draw up alliance
Plot revolution
• Young Samurai decide to reform Japan
• March on Kyoto and seize new young Emperor Meiji
• Declare Restoration of the Emperor to his rightful place– Liberate the Emperor from Tokugawa’s rule
– Emperor to rule directly
Satsuma/Choshu Plotters
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Meiji Restoration1868
• Declare Restoration of the Emperor to his rightful place– Liberate the Emperor from
Tokugawa’s rule
– Emperor to rule directly
• Emperor issues decree ending the rule of the Tokugawa Shoguns
Young Emperor Meiji
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Meiji Restoration
• Tokugawa Shogunate counter attacks
• Satsuma/Choshu alliance wins
• Meiji Emperor assumes leadership with Satsuma and Choshu based committee of advisors– New Government made up of young Samurai with a
smattering of nobles
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Meiji Restoration
Why Satsuma and Choshu?• Two richest Han
• Choshu: 100 + years of illegal, secret investment in commercial enterprises – They were secretly running a merchant trade
• Satsuma: Profitable sugar monopoly
• Both: Secretly and illegally traded with Western nations for technology and military equipment
Satsuma
Choshu
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Meiji Leadership
• Collective leadership with the Emperor
• 20-30 young leaders– Mostly samurai– Mostly from Satsuma or Choshu– Includes some reformers among the royal
court
• Known as the Meiji Oligarchy
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Imperial Role??
• Note: Emperor Meiji is still the heir to the Yamato clan dynasty– His ancestors had reigned from
@ 300 CE
– Since the beginning of the Kamakura period, Shoguns ruled while the emperor reigned
• Meiji Restoration: Still the Yamato heir is relevant. – Does he rule or reign?
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Meiji Oligarchy:Ruling PlatformTo survive Japan must modernize…Become a Rich nation with a Strong Army:
Fukoku Kyohei• Japan must learn from the West• Japan must Adapt to a Western-dominated world
• By learning and adapting, Japan can become modern• By becoming modern they can become rich• By becoming rich they can build a strong army• With a strong army they can become truly independent
Fukoku Kyohei!
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Meiji OligarchyRuling Platform
Iwakura Mission
• Japan sends diplomatic mission to Western nations• San Francisco across the US• London Continental Europe• Goals: • Build relationships: earn Western respect• Gain knowledge: patterns of business, science, and government
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Meiji Restoration: Rapid Westernization / modernization
Japan launches wholesale Westernization drive
Wholesale rejection
of all things
Japanese
Even Japanese art takes on a strictly modern tone
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Meiji Restoration: Rapid Westernization / modernization
Abolish Caste Structure
• Strip Daimyo of Han and special privilege
• Compensate Daimyo for lost land with cash
Abolish Samurai class and privileges
• Adopt conscript army of commoners
• Forbid wearing of swords
• Assign many former samurai as government officials
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Meiji Art takes a
modern turn
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Satsuma Rebellion – 1877:Reaction to too much modernization
Saigō Takamori: a Meiji Oligarch• Saw too much change• Feared Japan was losing its soul
• Angered by Korea’s refusal (1873) to recognize Emperor (they called him a king)
• Wanted war with Korea– (got unequal treaty with Korea, 1874)
• Oligarchy saw war with Korea as a distraction – would not attack
• Saigo stormed out
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Satsuma Rebellion: 1877• Saigo leads failed attack against the too-modern
Meiji government• Tries to reinstitute special role of Samurai• Failed last throe of traditional Japan
Basis for “The Last Samurai”
movie with Tom Cruise
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Meiji Program• Following the
Iwakura Mission– Japanese Business largely
borrows American and
British models
– Japanese Government patterns itself after Germany
• Sovereign monarch (Germany’s Kaiser)
• Weak legislative branch (Germany’s Diet)
• Constitution as a gift from the Emperor
• Powerful, professional, prestigious bureaucracy
Iwakura Mission departs from Japan, 1871
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Meiji’s Economic Plan
Government supported rapid development
• Market-based economy• Former Daimyo stripped of land but paid
compensation– Daimyo fortunes become source of CAPITAL for new
manufacturing firms– Merchant fortunes also fund new manufacturing
• Government plays strong role in directing investment
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Political/economic theory:
Alexander Gerschenkron:“Late Development State”
Late developing nations need strong government• Private business cannot compete with advanced
foreign competitors• Strong Government must coordinate and lead
development• Strong, development state necessary to succeed
A government strong enough to succeed in late development, generally is too strong for participatory democracy
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Meiji Oligarchy:Successful Late Developing State
• Dramatic Economic take-off
• Motivated by feelings of insecurity
• Driven by need to achieve equality with West
• Spurred by desire to become powerful and thus independent
Fukoku Kyohei!!
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Meiji Constitution
Prince Ito Hirobumi– Iwakura Mission
Meiji Constitution– a gift from the Emperor
• Imperial Sovereignty
• Transcendental cabinet– doesn’t answer to parliament
(Diet)
• Independent military– Answers only to the Emperor– Strong position in Cabinet
• Elite Bureaucracy– Well educated– Powerful, professional,
prestigious– Insulated from electoral
pressure
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Bureaucracy in Japan
• Difficult Civil Service Exam
• Political appointments minimal
• Elite educational requirements– Tokyo National University, Dept. of Law
• Extraordinary policy-making authority– Patterned after Kaiser Wilhelm's Germany– Similar to France – elite education
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Legislature in Meiji Constitution
• Diet– Two Houses– Commoners and Lords– Commons elected (but only 5% male suffrage)
– Little power except BUDGET• On budget, if impasse occurs, last year’s budget
automatically rolls over• This power surprisingly became the source of an
expanded legislative role
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Cabinet in Meiji Constitution
• Transcendental– Doesn’t answer to Diet– Only to Emperor
• Special Military Ministers– In later periods military ministers had to be active duty
officers– Cabinet was incomplete without military ministers– Gave military extraordinary power to drive government