early maritime navigation unit plan · evaluate how historical events and developments were shaped...

EARLY MARITIME NAVIGATIONUNITPLAN

CompellingQuestion

Howdidadvancesinmarinenavigationfromthe13thcenturyCEthroughthe18thcenturyCEhelptocatapultWesternEuropeintoglobalpreeminence

Standardsand

Practices

C3HistoricalThinkingStandardsndashD2His19-12

Evaluatehowhistoricaleventsanddevelopmentswereshapedbyuniquecircumstancesoftimeandplaceaswellasbroaderhistoricalcontexts

C3HistoricalThinkingStandardsndashD2His29-12

Analyzechangeandcontinuityinhistoricaleras

CommonCoreContentStandardsndashCCSSELA-LITERACYWHST9-101B

Developclaim(s)andcounterclaimsfairlysupplyingdataandevidenceforeachwhilepointingoutthestrengthsandlimitationsofbothclaim(s)andcounterclaimsinadiscipline-appropriateformandinamannerthatanticipatestheaudiencesknowledgelevelandconcerns

StagingtheQuestion

Howdoadvancesinmarinenavigationtechnologyhelpnationsdevelopandsustainworldinfluence

SupportingQuestion1

SupportingQuestion2

SupportingQuestion3

SupportingQuestion4

Whyhastheseabeencrucialtothefateofnationsempiresandcivilizations

Whatisnavigationandwhatspecialchallengesdoestheseaposetotravelers

Howdoesbeingposedwithachallengeleadustoinnovationandprogress

HowdidSTEMconferadvantagestoasocietyrsquosabilitytonavigatetheworldrsquosoceans

FormativePerformanceTask1




1) Lookattheplanetrsquosphysicalgeographybuildanargumentthattheseawasbetteratconnectingculturesthantheland

2) ViewPoweroftheSeavideo(0312 min)(httpreachieeeorgmultimediapower-at-sea) and discuss the implications of using the sea for trade

1) Inpairsaskyourpartnertodrawyouamapfromschooltoaspecificlocationinyourtown

2) Afterreviewingthemapwhichlandmarkswereusedtohelpyougettoyourdestination

3) ViewLostatSeavideo(0404 min)(httpreachieeeorgm ultimedialost-at-sea)anddiscusshowtraveling

1) CompassLessonPlan(Lesson is located belowall the Print Documents)

Discoverhowthemagneticcompassevolvedfromamysticalobjecttoapreciseandreliableinstrumentfortravellingacrosstheworldrsquosoceans

2) ViewLatitudevideo(0508 min) (httpreachieeeorgmultimedialatitude) and discuss how

1) DrawingconnectionstothelastthreequestionsviewtheLongitudevideo(0705 min)(httpreachieeeorgmultimedialongitude)andanalyzethelongitudechallengehowitwasaddressedbydifferentsocietiesandwhatadvantageswereachieved

Studentsmayalsofurtherinvestigateresourceson

theseaisdifferentthantravelingland

4) BaseduponthisinformationandafterwatchingtheLostatSeaVideodiscusshowRhettmightgethisfriendshomesafelyknowingthatcurrenttechnologiesarenotavailabletohim

and why navigational technologieschangedandevolvedtodeterminelatitudeandwhythesenewtechnologieswereimportanttoseafarers

3) ViewtheshortGPS video(0128 min)(httpreachieeeorgmu ltimediagps)Howdo thechallengesofthepast informthetechnologiesof today

thetopicSomesourcesarelistedbelow

2) TeacherChoiceClassroomActivity-Teacherswillchoosefromvarioussourcestohelpstudentsidentifyandrealizetheglobalconsequencesofregionalresponsestonewnavigationaltechnologies

FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSources

1DMapofEarthcirca1507ExploringtheEarlyAmericasWaldseemuumlllerMaps1507WorldMap(Accessed13Nov2016)httpswwwlocgovexhibitsexploring-the-early-

2ALostatSeavideo(0404 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimedialost-at-sea

2BTheFirstVoyageroundtheWorldbyMagellanrdquoPigafettaAntonioCa148091-ca1534PrimoViaggioIntornoAlGloboTerraqueoEnglishFreeDownloadampStreamingInternetArchiveInternetArchive(Accessed11Nov2016)httpsarchiveorgdetailsfirstvoyageround00piga

2CCookeJamesHerbertFSA1889ldquoTheShipwreckofSirCloudesleyShovellontheScillyIslandsin1707FromOriginalandContemporaryDocumentsHithertoUnpublishedrdquo(ReadataMeetingoftheSocietyofAntiquariesLondon1Feb1883)(Accessed5Nov2016)httpwwwpastscapeorghobaspxhob_id=1436004

Compasslessonplan(locatedbelowtheprinteddocuments)includesthefollowingfeaturedsourcesPoweroftheSeavideoLostatSeavideoCompassvideoLatitudevideoevolutionofcompassandportolanchartsandacompasshands-on-activityhttpreachieeeorghands-on-activitiescompass-hands-on-activity

3APoweroftheSeaVideo(0312 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimediapower-at-sea

3BLostatSeavideo(0404 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimedialost-at-sea

3CCompassvideo(0525 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimediathe-compass

3DLatitudevideo(0508 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimedialatitude

4ALongitudevideo(0705 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimedialongitude

AdditionalResourcesforinvestigation

CambridgeDigitalLibraryPapersoftheBoardofLongitude(Accessed11Nov2016)httpscudllibcamacukcollectionsrgo14

DensityofShipLogEntries1750-1810DensityofShipLogEntries1750-1810(Accessed4Nov2016)httpspeoplehofstraedugeotransengch2enconc2enship_log_density_17501810html

AsiaClassroomActivity

(multiplesourceswithinlessondocument)

MiddleEastClassroom Activity


1AGoogleWorldMap httpswwwgooglecommapsdu0viewermid=1WouvrIFG1Z_aTy_zDf1HcMrI1sQamphl=en_U S]

1B Power of the Sea video (0312 min) httpreachieeeorgmultimediapower-at-sea

1CCantinoWorldMap1502CantinoPlanisphereWikipedia(Accessed13Nov2016)httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCantino_planispheremediaFileCantino_planisphere_(1502)jpg

americasinteractiveswaldseemuller-mapsworldmap1507indexhtml

1EMappaMundihttpwwwthemappamundicoukmappa-mundi

1FMonmonierMarkRhumblinesandmapwarsasocialhistoryoftheMercatorprojectionUniversityofChicagoPress2010

1GHeitzmannChristianEuropesimageoftheworldinoldmapsGlobalizationintheAgeofDiscoveriesWolfenbuumlttelHerzogAugustLibrary(2006)

(ldquo+rdquoMoreInformationandSources)

2DSobelDavaLongitudeThetruestoryofalonegeniuswhosolvedthegreatestscientificproblemofhistimeBloomsburyPublishingUSA2007

3EGPSvideo(0128 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimediagps

3FChaucerrsquosAstrolabeTreatise-ChirurgeonsPoint(Accessed9Nov2016)httpwwwchirurgeonorgfilesChaucerpdf

3GVardalasJohnAHistoryoftheMagneticCompassTheInstituteTechHistory(blog)Entryposted8Nov2013(Accessed30Oct2016)httptheinstituteieeeorgtech-historytechnology-historya-history-of-the-magnetic-compass

Europe Classroom Activity(multiplesourceswithinlessondocument)

SummativePerformance

Task

ArgumentConstructanargumentthatassessesthevalueofnavigationtechnologyasasourceofpowerUsespecificclaimsandrelevantevidencefromhistoricalsourceswhileacknowledgingcompetingviews

Extension Debatehowscienceandtechnologycontributetomodernlifeandwhetherornottheyhavemovedsocietyforwardorbackward

TakingInformedAction

UNDERSTANDIdentifyanddescribewhichnavigationalcapabilitiesmightdefineworldpreeminenceinthefuture

ASSESSConsiderhowasocietyrsquoswillingnesstoembracenewideasandtechnologiescanimpactitsstandinginaglobalsociety

ACTIONChooseanissuethatexiststodayndashrelatedtonavigationanditsassociatedtechnologiesndashandproposeaviablesolution

TOTHETEACHER

AllREACHInstructionalUnitsareintendedtobeldquoclassroom-readyrdquoEachunitbeginswithaUnitPlanintheformofaC3InquiryDesignModelTheUnitPlanincludeslearningobjectivescontentstandardsformativeandsummativetaskslinkstoprimaryandsecondaryresourcesandawarm-upactivity

UnitsareorganizedaroundaCompellingQuestiondesignedtoinspirecuriosityandpromotediscussionamongstudentsTothatendwehavealsoincludedabriefstudentintroductiontothetopicentitledStagingtheQuestionOncestudentshavebeenintroducedtothetopicanynumberofFormativePerformanceTasksmaybecompletedusingtheincludedDocumentExcerpts(teachersmayelectinsteadtoutilizefull-textdocumentslinkedwithintheFeaturedSourcessection)DocumentExcerptsareprint-readyinsingle-sheetformatandkeyedtothecitationsintheFeaturedSourcessectionoftheUnitPlanTeachersshouldselecttheFormativePerformanceTasksandaccompanyingSourcesthatbestsuittheirowninstructionalneedsndashcontentrequirementsperformancegoalsstudentreadinessandtimeconstraintsUponthecompletionofeachunitstudentsshouldbeadequatelypreparedtocompletetheSummativePerformanceTaskandTakingInformedActionsectionsoftheUnitPlan

TofurtherassisttheteacherwehaveincludedamorethoroughBackgroundInformationsectionThisdocumentisintendedtoserveasprofessionalreadingpriortoimplementingtheunitTeachersmayalsowishtoreadthefull-lengthprimaryandsecondarysourcesfromwhichtheshorterexcerptsweretaken

STAGINGTHEQUESTION

TheworldrsquosseasandoceanshavebeenacompellingparadoxinthestoryofhumanityCovering71percentoftheplanetrsquossurfacetheworldrsquosoceansareextremelyhostiletohumanexistenceStormswhentheyrageoveranoceanarefarmoredangerousandterrifyingthantheirlandndashbasedequivalentsDrowningisaterrifyingprospectOntheoceanwindsblowingovergreatdistancesproducewavesthateasilyengulfandsinkshipsAshumansventuredfurtherandfurtheroutintotheoceantheyhadtoworryaboutthebasicneedsofhumanexistencefoodandwaterHumansdevelopedshipsaslifesupportsystemsthatwouldsustainthemastheytravelledacrossthisinhospitableenvironmentThechallengesofnavigatingacrossoceanscompoundedthedangersofdrowningdyingofthirstorperishingfrommalnutritionanddisease

AndyetdespitetheiralienandveryinhospitablenaturethevastoceansofourplanetasmuchorifnotmorethanthelandbecametheaxesaroundwhichmuchofthestoryofhumankindhasturnedTheyhavebeenaccordingtotheeminentworldhistorianFelipeFernandez-ArmestoldquothesupremearenaoftheeventsthatconstituteglobalhistoryrdquoPeterPadfieldoneofthetodayrsquosleadingnavalhistorianstakesitastepfurtherldquoMaritimesupremacyrdquowritesPadfieldldquoisthekeywhichunlocksmostifnotalllargequestionsofmodernhistoryCertainlythepuzzleofhowandwhywendashtheWesterndemocraciesndashareaswearerdquoWhythenistheseasoimportantinhistoryPhilipdeSouzainhisbookldquoSeafaringandCivilizationrdquooffersaveryconciseexplanationldquomaritimenetworkshavelinkedsocietiesandcivilizationstogetherprovidingconduitsfortheexchangeanddistributionofgoodstheprojectionofpoliticalandeconomicpowerandthediffusionofideologiesandculturesrdquoToSouzarsquoslistshouldalsobeaddedthattheseconduitsenabledthemagnificationofmilitarymightTheyhavebeenpossiblebecause

bullFromantiquitythroughtotheadventoftherailwayinthe19thcenturytheseaprovidedthefastedandcheapestwaytomovelargequantitiesofgoodsfromonepointtoanotherontheplanetEvenwithinthebordersofanationmovinggoodsalongthecoastordownriverswasfarmoreeconomicalthanoverlandbullConnectivitybyoceanmadeiteasiertobreaktrademonopoliesAccesstodistantsuppliersnolongerdependedonachainofldquomiddlemenrdquoGenerallythismeantgreaterprofitsandpotentiallylowerpricesforconsumersbullCapacitytoProjectPower-DirectaccesstoanyplaceontheplanetbywayoftheseaconfersgreatadvantagestoanynationwithapowerfulnavySuchdirectaccessmayenableanationtomoreeasilyinfluenceandcontroleventshalfwayaroundtheworldwithouthavingtocontroltheinterveningterritoriesHarborscouldeasilybeblockadedLand-basedempirescouldnotdothisbullTheseagaveandstillgivesanationthelogisticalcapacitytomoveandsupportitsarmiesondistantlandsbullTheseaalsohadimportantculturalinfluencesNationswhocommittedtheirfortunestotheseathroughmaritimetradetendedtobemoreoutwardlookingItwashardtosuppressnewideaswhenmerchantstradedaroundtheworldSomehistorianshavearguedthatanationwhogambleditsmaterialandpoliticalfutureonseapowertendedtobemoreopenandmoreoutwardlookingthanlandbasedempiresPadfieldarguesthatldquoseafaringandtradebegetmerchantsmerchantsaccumulatewealthandbringthepressureofmoneytobearonhereditarymonarchiesandlandowningaristocraciesusuallypoorbycomparisonandsoonerorlatermerchantvaluesprevailingovernmentChiefofthesearedispersedpoweropenandconsultativerulebecausetheconcentratedpowerandthearbitraryruleofclosedcabalsareunresponsivetotheneedsoftrade

andfataltosoundfinancehellipTheotherdistinguishingmarkofmerchantpowerisfreedomhellipLibertyhasalwaysbeentheprideandrallyingcryofpowersenjoyingmaritimesupremacyrdquoThoughPadfieldrsquospositioninvitesdebateandchargesofWesternexceptionalismitisneverthelessworthyofseriousdiscussionwithinthehighschoolworldhistoryclassparticularlybecauseofitsrelevancetocurrentevents

MaritimesupremacywasaboutgainingthemostfavorabletermsoftradeAsSirWalterRaleighproclaimedatthecloseofthe16thcenturyldquoHeethatcommandstheseacommandsthetradeandheethatisLordoftradeoftheworldisLordofthewealthoftheworldrdquoTocommandthishostileenvironmentadvancesinscienceandengineeringwereessentialBetterlifesupportsystems(iecommercialandnavalvessels)hadtobedesignedFindingonersquoswayacrosstheoceanswasfarmoredifficultthannavigatingonlandAndthepenaltyforerrorwasoftendeadlyTheverydifficultchallengeofnavigatingacrosstheworldrsquosvastanundifferentiatedoceanshadtobemastered

WhatisNavigationNavigationisabouttheknow-howskillsandtoolsneededtogetfrompointAtopointBontheEarthrsquossurfaceinthemosteconomical(intimeandmoney)andsafestmannerietheabilitytoformulateandexecuteaplanformovingbetweenanytwolocationswherevertheybeontheplanetThedetailsofanynavigationalplanwilldependonthepurposeofthejourney(pleasureadventurewarprofitsorgainingknowledge)themodeoftransport(byfootanimalconveyancevesselcarandplane)andknowledgeofthephysicalenvironmentthroughthepersonwouldtravel

ThoughnavigatingoverlandcanattimesbechallengingitstillremainsfareasierthannavigatingoverwaterOnlandwehaveaplethoraoffixedvisiblecuesinthelandscapetohelporientourselvesaswemovefromonepointtoanotherButoutatseafarfromthesightoflandthetravelerisfacedwithaworldwithoutanyusefuldistinguishingfeaturesItissomucheasiertogetdisorientedandlostatseathanonlandErrorsinnavigationusuallyleadtofarmoredireconsequencesatseathanonlandThedangersfrombeingdisorientedarecompoundedbytheoceanrsquosvastnessandfundamentalinhospitablenatureDangerslurkevenclosetoshoreFogandpoorweathercanconcealdeadlyhazardsthatcaneasilysinkashipandkillallonboard

WhenoutatseahumansturnedtocelestialbodiesfortheirreferencepointsTranslatingthemovementandlocationsofcelestialbodiesintoareliableandaccuratebasisfornavigationrequiredconsiderablescienceandtechnologyWhenthedayandnightskieswereheavilyovercastnavigatorsbecamequiteanxiousTheinventionofthemagneticcompassoneofthegreatestinventionsofalltimewastheperfectcomplementtothestarsMasteringnavigationalsorequiredthedevelopmentofaccuratewaystodepictthesurroundingspaceandonersquoslocationinthisspaceThusadvancingthescienceandtechnologyofcartographywasessentialtogoodnavigationButatseawheretherewerenophysicalreferencepointstheapplicationofcartographytonavigationrequiredvisualizingthesurfaceoftheearthintermsofcoordinatesofaspherelatitudeandlongitudeMeasuringandportrayinglatitudeandlongitudeatseabecamepowerfulenginesdrivingscienceandengineering

PRINTDOCUMENTS

Document1C

SOURCECantinoWorldMap1502CantinoPlanisphereWikipedia(Accessed13Nov2016)httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCantino_planispheremediaFileCantino_planisphere_(1502)jpg

Document1D

SOURCEMapofEarthcirca1507ExploringtheEarlyAmericasWaldseemuumlllerMaps1507WorldMap(Accessed13Nov2016)httpswwwlocgovexhibitsexploring-the-early-americasinteractiveswaldseemuller-mapsworldmap1507indexhtml

httpsuploadwikimediaorgwikipediacommons99cCantino_planisphere_(1502)jpg[282016 125807 PM]

SOURCEExcerptedfromMonmonierMarkRhumblinesandmapwarsasocialhistoryoftheMercatorprojectionUniversityofChicagoPress2010

Document1FMarinerssharetwofearsbadweatherandgettinglostTheirdeeprespectfortheMercatorprojectionreflectsthemaprsquosvalueforplottinganeasilyfollowedcoursethatcanbemarkedoff with a straightedge and converted to a bearing with a protractorhellip

Pictureyourselfasaseventeenth-centurynavigatorwhoknowswhereheisandwherehewantstogoYouplotbothlocationsonachartjointhemwithastraightlineandmeasuretheangleyourlinemakeswiththemaprsquosmeridianswhichrunduenorthIfthechartisaMercatormapallitsmeridiansarestraightlinesparalleltooneanotherandthecourseyoursquove just plotted is a rhumb line also called a loxodromehellip

WhenplottedonaMercatorgridarhumblineintersectsallmeridiansatthesameangleInthisexampleaconstantbearingofforty-ninedegreeswestofnorthwilltakeashipfromCapeTowntoNewYork

RelativesizewhichispreservedonmapprojectionswithapropertycalledequivalenceismarkedlymisrepresentedonMercatorchartsbecauseoftheincreasedpolewardseparationofparallelsrequiredtostraightenoutloxodromesDistortionofareaismostapparentinthechartrsquosinflatedportrayalofGreenlandasanislandroughlythesizeofSouthAmericaOnaglobeGreenlandisnotquiteaneighthaslarge

NavigatorsbegantousetheMercatormapintheearly1600shellip

Mercator published his celebrated world map of 1569 as a set of eighteen sheets which form a wall-size mosaic 48 inches (124 cm) tall by 80 inches (202 cm) wide Its projection revolutionized navigation by straightening out rhumb lines on a flat map ndash not just the globersquos meridians and parallels but any rhumb line a seaman might plot To accomplish this Mercator progressively increased the separation of the parallelshellip

Document1GSincethe12thor13thcenturytherewerehanddrawnchartsoftheMediterraneanTheearliestevidenceoftheexistenceofsuchmapsnotethatKingLouisIXofFrance(r1226-1270)hadusedsuchachartonhiscrusadeagainstTunisin1270ThesemapsweredrawnonparchmentTheearliestsurvivingmapsndashfromthelate13thcenturyndashcomefromItalyInthe14thcenturytheBalearicIslandsandCataloniaweretheleadingcentersofproductionofsuchchartsEventhenseveralmapsweresometimesassembledintoatlases

TheselatemedievalchartsarecalledPortulankartenThisnamederivesfrommanualstomarinersthePortulanen(Italian-Portolani)whichlistedinconsecutiveordercoastaltownsandports(Latin-Portus)alongwiththeirdistancesfromeachotherandhellipnautical-technicalinformationaboutthelandingsitesOnthePortulankartennumerousplacesarelistedalongthecoastsTheirpracticalpurposewastoleadthemerchantmaritimesectoronsaferoutestotheirdestinationsThereforethecoastlineisreproducedasaccuratelyaspossiblewithallthebaysheadlandsestuariesandharborswherethecoastlineiscomposedofsmalljuxtaposedsemicirclesTheinteriorisusuallygivenlittleattention

OnmostPortulankartenareoneormorewindorcompassrosesUsuallysixteencompassroseswerearrangedcircularlyaroundacentralroseEachoftheseisconnectedtotheothersbystraightlinesTheseconnectinglines(Rhumben)wereusedtonavigatebycompassonthehighseas

InthecourseofsystematicexpeditionsproducingPortulankarteninPortugalandSpainbecameincreasinglyimportantinthe15thcenturyUntilwellintothe17thcenturythesechartformsremainedanimportantmediumforsailorsTheornatedesignofmanyoftheresultingsheetsindicatedthattheseelaboratemapswereperhapsoriginallycreatednotonlyforpracticalbutforrepresentativepurposesandforcollectorsInthe16thcenturyBattistaAgnesecreatedinVenicealargenumberofatlaseswhicharecompiledfromPortulankartenAgnesersquosPortulanatlasweremagnificentlyilluminatedandboundAscollectorsitemstheyfoundtheirwayespeciallyintoprincelycollectionsTheHerzogAugustBibliothekownssevenlargePortulankartenacquiredallbyDukeAugusttheYounger(1579-1666)WithinthesethreeareoftheMediterraneantwooftheIndianOceanandtwoofAmericahellip

ThemapofthesearoutetoIndiaisoneoftheoldestpreserveddocumentsofPortuguesecartographyintheAgeofDiscoverySincetheearly15thcenturythePortuguesesystematicallyexploredtheAfricanAtlanticcoastUnderPrinceHenrytheNavigator(1394-1460)theyregularlyupgradedshipsthatsuccessivelypenetratedtothesouthTheexpeditionsprovidedevidencethattherewasnoimpenetrableheatzoneneartheequatorInthiswaypiecebypiecethePortugueseextendedtheirknowledgeofthesearoutealongtheAfricancoastThemapfollowsthecourseoftheAfricancoastaroundthemouthoftheCongosouthwardstotheCapeofGoodHopewhichwascircumnavigatedforthefirsttimein1487byBartolomeoDiazInadditionthechartoffersanaccuratepictureoftheEastAfricancoastanditsislandsthesoutherncoastofArabiaandthewesternandsoutherncoastsofIndiaAmongtheplaceshighlightedinIndiaisCalicutoneofthemainportsofcallforthePortugueseinthistimeperiod

SOURCE Excerpted from Heitzmann Christian Europes image of the world in old maps Globalization in the Age of Discoveries Wolfenbuumlttel Herzog August Library 2006

of 2

Numerous Indian Ocean islands are located precisely positioned although the Comoros Seychelles and Maldives (red and blue dots) appear very schematically in detail While the location of the island of Ceylon was well known the areas further east were still uncertain The outlines of a large island (next to an even larger landmass) suggest knowledge of the island of Sumatra and the Malaysian peninsula Just twelve years after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498 the Portuguese had an astonishingly accurate knowledge of the newly opened Ocean The information must certainly have been based on position provisionsofPortuguesesailorsbutwhetherknowledgeofArabicorIndiansailorswasusedisunclearTheseasunderMuslimruledifficultforthePortuguesetoreachatthattimearerepresentedinaccuratelyTheRedSea(red)andthePersianGulf(blue)areshowngreatlydistortedintheiroutlinesThecourseoftheNileinsideAfricaisschematicallyrepresentedashardlyanythingwasknownabouttheactualcourseoftheriver

TheChristian-EuropeanperspectiveofthecartographersisdemonstratedbythefactthatflyingoverJerusalemjustatthenorthtipoftheRedSeaisaflagwiththecrossalthoughthetownwascontinuouslyunderMuslimdominationsince1244ThebuildingseenontheArabianPeninsulaatthesiteofthecityofMeccaislikeasmallchurchwithabelltowerhellipTheIndianOceanwasthemainareaofinterestofthePortugueseBypassingtheCapeofGoodHopein1487BartolomeoDiazopenedthesearoutetoIndiaBy1498VascodaGamabecamethefirstEuropeantoreachthecountrybyseaIntheTreatyofTordesillas(1494)PortugalwasawardedtheentireIndianOceanInashorttimethePortuguesetookoverthetransportationofspicesfromIndiatoEuropeandmonopolizedthisprofitablebusinessforthemselves


Page 2 of 2

Document2BFromaletterwrittenbyAnthonyPigaphetaPatricianofVeniceandKnightofRhodestoLordPhilipofVillersLisleadenGrandMasterofRhodes

MondaythethirdofOctoberofthesaidyear[1519]atthehourofmidnightwesetsailmakingthecourseauster[onthesouthwind]whichtheLevantinemarinerscallSiroc[Southeast]enteringintotheoceanseaWepassedtheCapeVerd[e]andtheneighboringislandsinfourteen-and-a-halfdegreesandwenavigatedforseveraldaysbythecoastofGuineaorEthiopiawherethereisamountaincalledSierraLeonawhichisineightdegreeslatitudeaccordingtotheartandscienceofcosmologyandastrologySometimeswehadthewindcontraryandatothertimessufficientlygoodandrainswithoutwindInthismannerwenavigatedwithrainforthespaceofsixtydaysuntiltheequinoctiallinewhichwasathingverystrangeandunaccustomedtobeseenaccordingtothesayingofsomeoldmenandthosewhohadnavigatedhereseveraltimesNeverthelessbeforereachingthisequinoctiallinewehadinfourteendegreesavarietyofweatherandbadwindsasmuchonaccountofsquallsasfortheheadwindsandcurrentswhichcameinsuchamannerthatwecouldnolongeradvanceInorderthatourshipsmightnotperishnorbroachto[swingbroadsidetothewindorwaves](asitoftenhappenswhenthesquallscometogether)westruck[lowered]oursailsandinthatmannerwewentabouttheseahitherandthitheruntilthefairweathercameDuringthecalmtherecamelargefishesneartheshipswhichtheycalledTiburoni(sharks)whichhaveteethofaterriblekindandeatpeoplewhentheyfindthemintheseaeitheraliveordeadThesefishesarecaughtwithadevicewhichthemarinerscallhamewhichisahookofironOfthesesomewerecaughtbyourmenHowevertheyareworthnothingtoeatwhentheyarelargeandeventhesmallonesareworthbutlittleDuringthesestormsthebodyofStAnselmeappearedtousseveraltimesamongstothersonenightthatitwasverydarkonaccountofthebadweatherthesaidsaintappearedintheformofafirelightedatthesummitofthemainmastandremainedthereneartwohoursandahalfwhichcomfortedusgreatlyforwewereintearsonlyexpectingthehourofperishingandwhenthatholylightwasgoingawayfromusitgaveoutsogreatabrilliancyintheeyesofeachthatwewerenearaquarter-of-an-hourlikepeopleblindedandcallingoutformercyForwithoutanydoubtnobodyhopedtoescapefromthatstorm

SOURCEExcerptedfromStanleyHenryEdwardJohnStanleyBaronTheFirstvoyageroundtheworldbyMagellanTranslatedfromtheaccountsofAntonioPigafettaca148091-ca1534LondonPrintedfortheHakluytSociety1874InternetArchive(Accessed11Nov2016)httpsarchiveorgdetailsfirstvoyageround00piga

Document2CTORBAYJournalofLieutFieldOct23rdHardgaleswithhazyweatherandrainAt6theGenll[General]madethesignaltowear[turnawayfromthewind]w[hi]c[h]werepeatedat7theMONMOUTHmadethesignalofdangerathalfpast7onourweatherbowweunexpectedlyseeyebreakersontheBishopandClarks[rocksoffthecoastoftheScillyislands]weimmediatelyworeandmadethesigllofdangerwhichwasveryimminentinwchwehadinfallibledemonstrationsofAlmightyProvidencefirstourwearingsoonerthanusualwithmainandfore-course2ndlywhenwejudgdourselvesinevitableonyerocksyetpreservedfromyemightydangerat9yelightsofScillyboreEbyShalfS[SSE]about3mileswethensteeredbetweenyeW[es]tandyeNWtill7thismorningAt9soundedandhad60fathomwaterthentold11sailthatfollowedusGodpreservetherest(13)(14)

STGEORGEJournalofLieutWiscardOct23Athalfpast7weheardseveralgunsfiredandat8wediscoveredyebreakersofffromyeislandofSilleyweworeshipandstoodtoyewestwardyelighthouseofSilleyboreESEhalfSdistt6milesat7inyemorningTacktandstoodtoyeSat9Counted6sailAdmiralShovellsupposedtobelost(13)(14)

MONMOUTHJournalofCaptainBakerOct22Athalfpast5yesignallwasmadetomakesailwchwedidampendeavoringtogetyeflagslightaheadofuswediscoveredarocktoleewardofusweimmediatelyworeshipandgotclearofitampinwearingIdiscoveredyelightofSilleybearingEbyNdlysoImadeyesignalofDangerandrepeateditseveraltimessoytmightbetakennoticeofandmadew[ha]tsailIcouldtothewestwardw[hi]chwasonlyw[i]thmycourses(13)(14)

SWIFTSUREJournalofCaptainGriffithsOct23At6SirCloudesleyShovelmadeyesignaltowearatthesametimeweallmadesailehaulingupEbySESEandSEAthalfpast7fellinwithyeislandsofScillytheGenllfiredonegunasweplainlysawandimmediatelylostsightofhimthenRearAdmiralNorisfiredfourgunshoistedseverallightsandworeandputallhislightsoutatyesametimemadethelightonStMarysunderourleebowAt7am(on23rd)sawseavensailew[hi]chIjudgdtobesomeofyeseparatedfleet(13)(14)SOURCEExcerptedfromCookeJamesHerbertFSA1889ldquoTheShipwreckofSirCloudesleyShovellontheScillyIslandsin1707FromOriginalandContemporaryDocumentsHithertoUnpublishedrdquo(ReadataMeetingoftheSocietyofAntiquariesLondon1Feb1883)(Accessed5Nov2016)httpwwwpastscapeorghobaspxhob_id=1436004(ldquo+rdquoMoreInformationandSources)

Document2DldquoDirtyWeatherrdquoAdmiralSirClowdisleyShovellcalledthefogthathaddoggedhimtwelvedaysatseaReturninghomevictoriousfromGibraltarafterskirmisheswiththeFrenchMediterraneanforcesSirClowdisleycouldnotbeartheheavyautumnovercastFearingtheshipsmightfounderoncoastalrockstheadmiralsummonedallhisnavigatorstoputtheirheadstogether

TheconsensusopinionplacedtheEnglishfleetsafelywestofIledrsquoOuessantanislandoutpostoftheBrittanypeninsulaButasthesailorscontinuednorththeydiscoveredtotheirhorrorthattheyhadmisgaugedtheirlongitudeneartheScillyIslesThesetinyislandsabouttwentymilesfromthesouthwesttipofEnglandpointtoLandrsquosEndlikeapathofsteppingstonesAndonthatfoggynightofOctober221707theScilliesbecameunmarkedtombstonesforalmosttwothousandofSirClowdislyrsquostroops

TheflagshiptheAssociationstruckfirstShesankwithinminutesdrowningallhandsBeforetherestofthevesselscouldreacttotheobviousdangertwomoreshipstheEagleandtheRomneyprickedthemselvesontherocksandwentdownlikestonesInallfourofthefivewarshipswerelost

OnlytwomenwashedashorealiveOneofthemwasSirClowdisleyhimselfwhomayhavewatchedthefifty-sevenyearsofhislifeflashbeforehiseyesasthewavescarriedhimhomeCertainlyhehadtimetoreflectontheeventsoftheprevioustwenty-fourhourswhenhemadewhatmusthavebeentheworstmistakeofjudgmentinhisnavalcareerHehadbeenapproachedbyasailoramemberoftheAssociationrsquoscrewwhoclaimedtohavekepthisownreckoningofthefleetrsquoslocationduringthewholecloudypassageSuchsubversivenavigationbyaninferiorwasforbiddenintheRoyalNavyastheunnamedseamanwellknewHoweverthedangerappearedsoenormousbyhiscalculationsthatheriskedhisnecktomakehisconcernsknowntotheofficersAdmiralShovellhadthemanhangedformutinyonthespot

NoonewasaroundtospitldquoItoldyousordquointoSirClowdisleyrsquosfaceashenearlydrownedButassoonastheadmiralcollapsedondrysandalocalwomancombingthebeachpurportedlyfoundhisbodyandfellinlovewiththeemeraldringonhisfingerBetweenherdesireandhisdepletionshehandilymurderedhimforitThreedecadeslateronherdeathbedthissamewomanconfessedthecrimetoherclergymanproducingtheringasproofofherguiltandcontrition

ThedemiseofSirClowdisleyrsquosfleetcappedalongsagaofseafaringinthedaysbeforesailors could find their longitudehellip Launched on a mix of bravery and greed the sea captains of the fifteenth sixteenth and seventeenth centuries relied on ldquodead reckoningrdquo to gauge their distance east or west of home port The captain would throw a log overboard and observe how quickly the ship receded from this temporary guidepost He noted the crude speedometer reading in his shiprsquos logbook along with the direction of travel which he took from the stars or a compass and the length of time on a particular course counted with a sandglass or a pocket watch Factoring in the effects of ocean currents fickle winds and errors in judgment he then determined his longitude He routinely missed his mark of course ndash searching in vain for the island where he had hoped to find fresh water or even the continent that was his destination Too often the technique of dead reckoning marked him for a dead man

SOURCEExcerptedfromSobelDavaLongitudeThetruestoryofalonegeniuswhosolvedthegreatestscientificproblemofhistimeWalkerBooksReprintEdition2007

Document3FExcerptfromATreatiseontheAstrolabe

LittleLewismysonIseesomeevidencethatyouhavetheabilitytolearnsciencenumberandproportionsandIrecognizeyourspecialdesiretolearnabouttheastrolabeSoasthephilosophersaidldquoheserveshisfriendwhograntshisfriendrsquoswishesrdquoIproposetoteachyousomefactsabouttheinstrumentwiththistreatiseThereareseveralreasonsforthistreatise

FirstnooneinthisregionhascompleteknowledgeofthenobleastrolabeAnotherreasonisthatthereareerrorsintheastrolabetreatisesthatIhaveseenandsomeofthempresentmaterialtoodifficultforatenyearoldtounderstandThistreatiseisdividedintofivepartsandiswrittenclearlyandinplainEnglishbecauseyourLatinisstillnotgoodenoughmylittlesonButthefactsarethesameinEnglishasGreekwastotheGreeksArabictotheArabsHebrewtotheJewsandLatintotheRomanswholearnedthemfirstfromotherdiverselanguagesandrewrotetheminLatinAndasGodwillsallofthesefactshavebeencompletelylearnedandtaughtinalltheselanguagesbutbydifferentmethodsmuchasallroadsleadtoRomeNowIaskeverypersonwhoreadsorhearsthislittletreatisetoexcusemycrudeeditingandmyexcessiveuseofwordsfortworeasonsFirstitishardforachildtolearnfromcomplexsentencesSeconditseemsbettertometowriteagoodsentencetwiceforachildsohewillnotforgetthefirstAndLewisIgetmysatisfactionifmyEnglishtreatisepresentsasmanyandthesamefactsasanyLatintreatiseontheastrolabeAndpraiseGodandsavethekingwhoislordofthislanguageandallwhoobeyhimeachinhisownwaymoreorlessButconsiderwellthathavenotclaimedtocreatethisworkfromownworkorenergyIambutalewdcompilerofthelaborofoldastronomers(astrologers)andhavetranslateditintoEnglishonlyforyouruseWiththisstatementIslayenvy

Firstpart-ThefirstpartofthistreatisepresentsthepartsofyourastrolabesoyoucanbecomefamiliarwithyourowninstrumentSecondpart-Thesecondpartteachespracticalusesofpreviousfactsasmuchaspossibleforsuchasmallportableinstrumentforeveryastronomer(astrologer)knowsthatthesmallestfractionsshowninspecialtablesthatarecalculatedforaspecificreasonarenotvisibleonsuchasmallinstrumentThirdpart-ThethirdpartcontainsvarioustablesoflongitudesandlatitudesoffixedstarsfortheastrolabeatableofdeclinationsoftheSuntablesoflongitudesofcitiesandtownstablesforsettingaclockandtofindthemeridianaltitudeandothernotableconclusionsfromthecalendarsofthereverendclerksBrotherJSomes(JohnSomer)andBrotherNLenne(NicholasofLynn)Fourth part - The fourth part contains a theory to explain the movements of the celestial bodies and their causes In particular the fourth part contains a table of the moonrsquos motion for every hour of every day and in every sign from your almanac A rule adequate to teach the manner of the working of the moon based on this table follows which allows you to know the degree of the zodiac that the moon rises in for any latitude and the rising of any planet based on its latitude from the ecliptic Fifth part ndash The fifth part shall be an introduction following the style of our scholars in which you can learn most of the general theory of astrology You will find tables of equations of the houses for the latitude of Oxford and tables of dignities of the planets and other relevant things if God and his Mother the Virgin wills more than I am asked

Page 1 of 2

SOURCE Excerpted from Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucerrsquos Astrolabe Treatise ed James E Morrison 1391 httpwwwchirurgeonorgfilesChaucerpdf (Accessed 9 Nov 2016)

hellipOn a winterrsquos night when the sky is clear and filled with stars wait until a fixed star is directly above the north pole and name that star A Find another star that is directly under A and below the pole and call that star F Note that F is considered only to establish that A is directly above the pole Measure the altitude of A quickly and not the value Let A and F rotate until neardaybreakgooutagainandwaituntilAisdirectlyunderthepoleandunderF(FwillbedirectlyabovethepoleandAwillbedirectlybeneathit)MeasurethealtitudeofAandnoteitWhenthisisdonecalculatehowmanydegreesthefirstaltitudeisgreaterthanthesecondtakehalfoftheresultandaddittosecondaltitudeThisisthealtitudeofthepoleandequaltothelatitudeofyourplacebecausethepolaraltitudeequalsthelatitudeofaplaceForexampleSaythealtitudeofAintheeveningis56degandthesecondaltitudetakenneardawnis48degwhichis8deglessthan56degTakehalfofthe8andadditto4giving52degYounowhavethealtitudeofthepoleandthelatitudeoftheregionButyoushouldunderstandtoconductthismeasurementcorrectlyyoumusthaveaplumblinethathangsfromapointhigherthanyourheadandthislinemusthangverticallybetweenthepoleandyoureyeThiswillallowyoutoseewhenAisdirectlyoverthepoleandFandwhenFisdirectlyoverthepoleandA(edThispropositiontellsyoutomeasurethealtitudeofastarwhenitisdirectlyaboveandbelowthepoleandtakethepointhalfwaybetweenasthepoleThemethoddescribedistheoreticallysoundifdifficulttodoaccuratelywithanastrolabeAfinelydividedandwell-sitedquadrantwouldbebetterOneinfersthatthesuggestionformakingthemeasurementsinthewinterisbecausethemeasurementrequires12hoursandalongnightisneededtocompletetheprocessChaucerwasapparentlyawarethatmeasuringthealtitudeofPolariswasnotsufficientlyaccurateinthe14thcenturyPolarisismuchclosertothecelestialpolenow)

SOURCEExcerptedfromChaucerGeoffreyChaucerrsquosAstrolabeTreatiseedJamesEMorrison1391httpwwwchirurgeonorgfilesChaucerpdf(Accessed9Nov2016) OrHTMLversionofthesamesourceChaucerGeoffreyChaucerrsquosAstrolabeTreatiseedJamesEMorrison1391httpwebcachegoogleusercontentcomsearchq=cache_K-twcf8CJMJwwwchirurgeonorgfilesChaucerpdf+ampcd=1amphl=enampct=clnkampgl=usampclient=safari(Accessed11Nov2016)

Page 2 of 2

In 1701 Edmund Halley produced the worldrsquosfirst isogonic chart which shows how the anglebetween magnetic north and true north varies atdifferent points in the Atlantic Ocean

Photo IEEE

HOME TECH HISTORY TECH HISTORY

A History of the Magnetic CompassThis navigational instrument led to advances in trade military might and science

By JOHN VARDALAS 8 November 2013

Inhospitable as it can be the sea has played an essential role in human history and so did that indispensible navigation tool themagnetic compass The sea provided the cheapest way to move goods over great distances generating wealth through trade Navigatingthe oceans successfully also played a pivotal role for many countries in gaining political and military power Along the way the compasscontributed to innovations in physics and electrical engineering

Far from the sight of land the sea is a seemingly endless undifferentiated expanse For most of history getting lost at sea was a very realdanger often with disastrous consequences Even when close to land seafarers can become disoriented in bad weather For ancientGreek and Roman sailors weather conditions even limited visibility enough to shorten the sailing season in the Mediterranean Sea TheRoman military writer Publius Flavius Vegetius wrote in the fourth century that travel from June to mid-September was safe but thatsailing any other time was risky He called the period between mid-November and mid-March mare clausum or the time when ldquothe seasare closedrdquo

Seafarers adhered to these guidelines until the early 14th century when the magnetic compass made its first appearance in theMediterranean No longer completely dependent on landmarks the mariner could now find his position relative to Earthrsquos magneticfield With the Mediterranean now ldquoopenrdquo for most of the year trade increased substantially which contributed to the rise of the Italiancity-states

FIRST APPEARANCES

Though the behavior of lodestone a naturally magnetized piece of the mineral magnetite wasobserved by the ancient Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Socrates the evidence is clearthat the idea for using it in a compass first appeared in China There are allusions in themanuscript Wu Ching Tsung Yao written in 1040 to ldquoan iron fishrdquo suspended in water thatpointed to the south And the earliest reference to a magnetic direction-finding device for landnavigation is recorded in a Song Dynasty book dated to 1040-44

In 1088 Song Dynasty scholar Shen Kuo wrote that when ldquomagicians rub the point of a needlewith lodestone then it is able to point to the southhellipIt may be made to float on the surface ofwater but it is then rather unsteadyhellipIt is best to suspend it by a single cocoon fiber of new silkattached to the center of the needle by a piece of wax Then hanging in a windless place it willalways point to the southrdquo

In Europe the magnetic compass first appeared in Amalfi Italy around the turn of the 14thcentury But it is not known if the magnetic compass was also invented in the West or if itmigrated to Europe along trade routes from China However it is clear that because sea tradeand military advantage were of far more strategic importance to Western nations they pushedthe technology of the magnetic compass far more intensely than did the Chinese With the successive rise of the Portuguese Spanish Dutch and English empires development of the compass shifted to the European nations facing the Atlantic Ocean

The biggest challenge raised by the compass was what we now call magnetic variation the angular difference between geographic orldquotruerdquo north and the magnetic north or the direction in which a magnetized needle points Under clear skies one could find the geographic north-south axis for comparison with where the compass pointed by either referring to the polestar or looking at the sun at noonAcross the Mediterranean the difference between geographic north and magnetic north was relatively small However in the Atlantic particularly in the northern latitudes the difference was considerable If this difference had been constant there would be no problem but it varied greatly as one traveled east to west During his first voyage to North America from Spain in 1492 Christopher Columbus observed this mysterious behavior but he kept it from his crew fearing it would spook them

The IEEE news source

httptheinstituteieeeorgtech-historytechnology-historya-history-of-the-magnetic-compass

Page 1 of 2

FURTHER DISCOVERIES

Beginning in 1698 with the support of Englandrsquos Royal Society and the Admiralty Edmund Halley who would later be named the countryrsquos Astronomer Royal set out on several long expeditions to measure Earthrsquos magnetic variations across the northern and southern regions of the Atlantic Ocean This data offered great advantage to the English Navy In 1701 Halley produced the worldrsquos first isogonic chart which shows how the angle between magnetic north and true north varies at different points in the Atlantic Ocean [see photo]

The study of magnetism set the stage for work in electrostatics And the compass also served as a scientific instrument With it Danish physicist Hans Christian Oslashrsted observed in 1820 that an electric current from a battery flowing through a wire produced a magnetic field This important discovery in electromagnetism paved the way for telegraphy

In 1831 English scientist Michael Faraday showed that moving a conductor in a magnetic field produced an electric current leading to advances in electric power generation James Maxwell (httptheinstituteieeeorgtechnologyshyfocustechnologyshyhistorydidshyyoushyknowshysomeoneshyelseshywroteshymaxwellsshyequations) combined the electric and magnetic phenomena in a set of elegant field equations Heinrich Hertzrsquos discovery of radio waves a type of electromagnetic radiation set the stage for wireless telecommunications This great chain of discoveries and inventions was set in motion by the seafarerrsquos compass the tool that made it possible to voyage across Earthrsquos inhospitable seas

The IEEE History Center (httpwwwieeeorgabouthistory_centerindexhtml) which contributed this article is funded by donations to the IEEE Foundation (httpswwwieeeorgorganizationsfoundation)

Page 2 of 2httptheinstituteieeeorgtech-historytechnology-historya-history-of-the-magnetic-compass

COMPASSLESSONPLANndashFormativePerformanceTask3

CompassLesson

GoalDiscoverhowthemagneticcompassevolvedfromamysticalobjecttoapreciseandreliableinstrumentfortravellingacrosstheworldrsquosoceans

SupportingQuestion3Howdoesbeingposedwithachallengeleadustoinnovationandprogress

ObjectivesStudentswillbeabletoempathizewithsailorsoftheMiddleAgesbyparticipatinginacompasshands-on-activityandtheywillbeabletodrawconnectionsbetweenthedevelopmentofthecompassandglobalpower

Procedures1 Warm-up

i WatchthePoweroftheSeavideo(0312min)httpreachieeeorgmultimediapower-at-sea

ii UsingtheattachedmaphavestudentsidentifythechallengesoftravelandnavigationingeneralbyansweringthefollowingquestionsWhatisthisamapofCouldyouusethismapfornavigationWhatareitsstrengthsWhatareitsweaknesses

2 HavestudentsreadthefollowingstatementldquoWhenoutatseahumansturnedtocelestialbodiesfortheirreferencepointsTranslatingthemovementandlocationsofcelestialbodiesintoareliableandaccuratebasisfornavigationrequiredconsiderablescienceandtechnologyWhenthedayandnightskieswereheavilyovercastnavigatorsbecamequiteanxiousrdquoOncestudentsreadthispassagehavethemanswerthefollowingquestionsDoyoueverfeelanxiouswhiletravelingDoyoufeellikeyouhaveagoodsenseofdirectionCanyouprovidedirectionstoyourhomerightnowinGREATdetailDoyourdetailshelpmoreduringthedayoratnightWouldsomebodyneedaspecialskilltofollowyourdirections

3 AskDoyouthinkthattravelonthewaterisdifferentthantravelonlandShowstudentsthevideotitledldquoLostatSeardquo(0404 min) (httpreachieeeorgmultimedialost-at-sea)Brainstorm ideasonhowtheymightnavigatetheirwayhome

4 ConductaclosereadingofGuyotdeProvinlsquospoemWrittenaroundthe1180sor1190sCEitgivesaveryprecisedescriptionofthemagneticneedlersquosnavigationalutilityDeProvinwasamonkinClervauxandClunyandtravelledalotHavestudentsanswerthefollowingquestions

1 Whatclaimsdoestheauthormake2 Whatevidencedoestheauthoruse3 Whatlanguage(wordsphrasesimagessymbols)doestheauthorusetopersuadethe

audience4 Howdoesthedocumentslanguageindicatetheauthorsperspective

(QuestionframeworkbasedupontheReadingLikeaHistorianwebsite)httpsshegstanfordedurlh

5Introducetheideaofthecompassandhowdrasticachangeitcouldbringtomaritimeexploration

i ViewtheCompassvideo(0525min)httpreachieeeorgmultimediathe-compassii Aftercompletingsteps1-4inthehands-on-activitybelowmovestudentstothe

centeroftheroomexplainhowtheneedlewasmagnetizedandshowthemhowitpointsnorthStudentscanconfirmnorthwiththeircellphonecompasses

6 NavigationandtheldquomagicneedlerdquoIngroupsstudentswillengageinaseriesofactivitiesinanopenspace

i StudentHands-On-Activityhttpreachieeeorghands-on-activitiescompass-hands-on-activity

ii RelatetheaboveactivitiestothechallengesofnavigatingfromonepointtoanotherintheMediterraneanacrossopenwaterinpoorvisibilityForexamplefromBengazitoMalta

o SidebarAtsomepointthestudentscandiscusstherefugeecrisisinEuropeandthedangersthatmigrantsfaceastheytrytonavigatetoabetterlife

7 DebriefingHavestudentssharetheirexperiencesandtrytoidentifywhatdifficultiesstillremainedeventhoughtheyusedthecompassShowstudentsvariousphotosoftheevolutionofthecompassShowstudentsaportolanchartandaskWhatisthisamapofCoulditbeusedfornavigationHowdoyouknowDrawconnectionsbetweentheraceforportolanchartsadvancednavigationaltechnologiesandglobalpower

8 ClosureWiththedevelopmentofthecompasswhatnewchallengeswillarise

WarmUpMap

SOURCEPietroVescontesWorldMaps1321fromMarinoSanudosLibersecretorumfideliumcrusis(orientedwithEastatthetop)httpwwwhenry-daviscomMAPSLMwebpages228Ahtml(Accessed31Oct2016)

GuyotdeProvinsrsquopoem

ldquoThis same (the pole-) star does not move and They (the mariners) have an art which cannot deceive By the virtue of the magnet An ugly brownish stone To which Iron adheres of its own accord Then they look for the right point And when they have touched a needle (on it) And fixed it on a bit of straw Lengthwise in the middle without more And the straw keep it above Then the point turns just Against the star undoubtedly When the night is dark and gloomy That you can see neither star nor moon Then they bring a light to the needle Can they not then assure themselves Of the situation of the star towards the point (of the needle) By this the mariner is enabled To keep the proper course This is an art which cannot deceiverdquo

SOURCEDonzeyJean-PatrickTheOnlineCompassMuseumCompassipedia(Accessed10May2016)httpcompassmuseumcom

EvolutionoftheCompass

1500rsquos--InfogooiicomGooiiLtdTheCollectionMarinersCompass(Accessed11Nov2016)httpcollectionsrmgcoukcollectionsobjects42488html

1750--InfogooiicomGooiiLtdTheCollectionMarinersCompass(Accessed11Nov2016)httpcollectionsrmgcoukcollectionsobjects42590html

1760(ChineseCompass)--InfogooiicomGooiiLtdTheCollectionMarinersCompass(Accessed11Nov2016)httpcollectionsrmgcoukcollectionsobjects42452html(NOTETheChinesedividedtheircompassinto24points)

PortolanChart

SOURCEDouradoFernandoVaz16thCenturyAtlasWDLRSS(Accessed5Nov2016)httpswwwwdlorgenitem14159

WhatdoesthismapdepictCouldyouuseitfornavigation

Follow-uplesson



ObjectivesStudentswillbeabletoanalyzevarioustypesofmapsandportolanchartstoidentifytheirsimilaritiesanddifferencesandtopredicttheirpurposesStudentswillbeabletodrawconnectionsbetweenthedevelopmentofthecompasstheimprovementofmapsandglobalpower

Procedures1 Examinetheimagesbelow(11thcenturyIslamicworldmap1260Psaltermap13thcenturyChristianEbstorferWorldMap11501150al-Idrisiworldmap)DescribewhatyouseeWhatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesWhatdoyouthinkweretheintendedpurposeofthesemaps

A B

C D

SOURCESA MahmudAlKashgariWikipedia(Accessed5Nov2016)httpsenwikipediaorgwikiMahmud_al_kashgari

B PsalterWorldMapWikipedia(Accessed5Nov2016)httpsenwikipediaorgwikiPsalter_world_map

C EarlyWorldMapsWikipedia(Accessed5Nov2016)httpsenwikipediaorgwikiEarly_world_maps

D Al-idrisiworldmapWikimedia(Accessed5Nov2016)httpscommonswikimediaorgwindexphpcurid=98320(Noteal-Idrisirsquosmapwasorientedwithsouthatthetop)

2 A)Exploretheimagebelowfrom1350WhatdoyouseeHowdoesthisimagedifferfromtheprecedingonesWhatdoyouthinkwasitspurposeIsthereaconnectionbetweenthisimageandanothertechnologicaldevelopmentoftheMedievalperiod

SOURCE[PortolanChartoftheMediterraneanSeaCa1320-1350ManuscriptChartoftheMediterraneanandBlackSeasonVellum]TheLibraryofCongress(Accessed13Nov2016)httpswwwlocgovresourceg5672mct000821

B)DescribealltheelementsintheimagesbelowWhatchangedfromthe14thcenturyportolansabovetotheportolansbelowfromthe16thcentury


C)Examinethefollowingmap

SOURCEDieppeMapsWikipedia(Accessed13Nov2016)httpscommonswikimediaorgwikiFileEurope_and_northern_Africa_HM_29_PORTOLAN _ATLAS_anonymous_(Dieppe_1547)Ajpg

AnotherSourcehttpsenwikipediaorgwikiDieppe_maps

D)Afterreviewingallthepreviousmapsanswerthefollowingquestions

Whatistheknow-howbehindthesedepictionsofgeographyScientificMathematicalTechnologicalDoesthissequenceofimagesrepresentanimprovementinnavigationtechnologyInansweringthisquestionconsiderhowthesechartswereusedinnavigationwithacompass

3 ViewLatitudevideo(0508 min)(httpreachieeeorgmultimedialatitude)anddiscusshow andwhynavigationaltechnologieschangedandevolvedtodeterminelatitudeandwhythese newtechnologieswereimportanttoseafarers

4 ClosingUsingourexplorationofnavigationaladvancesandthedesireforworldpoweraskstudentstoanswerthesupportingquestionHowdoesbeingposedwithachallengeleadustoinnovationandprogress

CLASSROOMACTIVITYndashFormativePerformanceTask4ndashASIA

Activity1Lookatthese15thcenturyChinesenavigationmapsbelowComparethemtotheonesthatyoursquoveseenfromWesternEuropeWouldyousaythattheycouldbeusedtotravelthousandsofmilesbysea

SOURCEMaoYuanyiWubeizhiLibraryofCongress(Accessed17Nov2016)httpswwwlocgovresourceg7821rmgct00058sp=18

BackgroundinfoforteacherAfterthestudentsanswertheabovequestionsinformthemthatthesemapswerefromthefamousvoyagesofthe15thcenturyChinesetreasureshipsledbyAdmiralZhengHeThesefleetswerethelargesttheworldhadeverseentothatdateTheymanagedtotravelformChinatotheEastCoastofAfricabeforethePortugueseeverroundedtheCapeofGoodHopeHowdidtheynavigatewithsuchmapsThiscouldleadtodiscussionaboutthedifferencesbetweentheveryetherealChinesewayofdepictingspaceandthemathematicalapproachofWesternEuropeHowdoesoneexplainitCultureOrtechnologyappropriatetothegeographicalcircumstances

Activity2FromMagicNeedletoSophisticatedInstrumentTheMagneticCompass

ChinamayhavebeenthefirstbutitfailedtoadvancetheneedlersquospotentialThelodestonewhosetechnicalnameismagnetiteisanaturallyoccurringmineralwithmagneticpropertiesKnowledgeofldquolodestonersquosrdquoabilitytoattractironwasknowninancientGreeceTheChinesehoweverfirstdiscoveredtheabilityofthisrocktopointinapreferreddirectionwhensuspendedAsmallironneedlewhenrubbedagainstapieceofloadstonewillpointtoaspecificdirectionwhenfloatedinwaterInChinathispointingabilityofmagnetic

materialwasframedinthemysticaltermsofFengShuiInthismysticalsystemspirituallysignificantbuildingsandeveneverydaystructureshadtobeorientedinspaceinsuchawayastoputtheminharmonywiththeuniverseThespecialpointingabilityoftheloadstoneprovidedthecorrectdirectionsTheearlyhistoryofhowandwherethismysticalpointingabilityofmagneticmaterialcametobeharnessedasaninstrumentofmarinenavigationremainsunclear

Thefirststepintheprocessoccurredwhenpeopleobservedthatamagnetizedneedleseemedtopointtoaspecificgeographicdirection-NorthAgaintheChinesemayhavefirstnoticedthis

ldquoMagiciansrubthepointofaneedlewithlodestonethenitisabletopointtothesouthButitalwaysinclinesslightlytotheeastanddoesnotpointdirectlysouthItmaybemadetofloatonthesurfaceofwaterbutitisthenratherunsteadyhellipItisbesttosuspenditbyasinglecocoonfibreofnewsilkattachedtothecenteroftheneedlebyapieceofwaxThenhanginginawindlassplaceitwillalwayspointtothesouthrdquoShenKuaMengChrsquoiPiTrsquoan(Mengxibitan)1088AD

1 Whatclaimsdoestheauthormake

CLASSROOMACTIVITYndashFormativePerformanceTask4ndashMIDDLEEAST

IslamicandChineseSailingbyLatitudeWhiletheEuopeanswerestillintheldquoDarkAgesrdquooftheMedievalperiodarichandflourishingtrademostlycontrolledbyArabmarinersexistedacrosstheIndianOceanbetweenIslamicandChinesesocietiesDirectaccesstothistradewasoneofthemotivationsdrivingPortugueseexplorationTheArabssailedbylatitudebutdidnotuseanglemeasuringdevicesastheEuropeansdidTheyusedthekamalinsteadTheChineseadopteditfromtheArabsanditwasusedduringthefamous15thcenturyexpeditionsofZhengHe

bull WhatisakamalHowdiditwork

ldquoThekamalisasimplenavigationdeviceusedbyArabnavigatorsintheIndianOceansinceancienttimesItconsistsofasmallrectangularcardwithaknottedcordpassedthroughitThepurposeofthekamalwastodeterminelatitudeatseabyobservingthedistancebetweenthehorizonandaparticularstaratthesametimeeachnightAnalternative--ortheoriginal--methodforthesamepurposeinvolvedtheuseoffingersheldparalleltothehorizonTheconceptisthatthesereferencestarsobservedattheirhighestpointinthenightskywouldalwaysappearthesamedistancefromthehorizonifthepositionoftheshipwasatacertainlatitudeAtahigherorlowerlatitude(thatisclosertoorfartherfromtheequator)thedistancewouldbegreaterorlessAnavigatorwouldholdthecardatameasureddistancefromhisfacebymeansofaseriesofknotsinthecordattachedtothecardThecordwouldbeheldintheteethThecardwouldappearsmallerorlargerdependingonhowfarfromhiseyelevelitwasThekamalormeasurementwiththefingerswasespeciallywellsuitedtocrossingtheIndianOceanonthemonsoonwindssincetheyblowinasteadyeasterlyorwesterlydirectionduringeachofthetwoseasonsforgoingoutandreturningThepilotsjobwastoaimforacertainlatitudewhereheknewthattheportcityliesInthiswaytheknotsonthecordwouldrepresentthelatitudeneededtoreachaseriesofspecificplacesrdquoSourceIndianOceaninWorldHistory(Accessed17November2016)httpwwwindianoceanhistoryorgStudent-GuideIndian-Ocean-Overviewaspx

[JeweloftheMuscatndashonfilmvideo2SailingtheTreasureShipstartingat1502ndash1612explainsancientuseofthekamal]httpjewelofmuscattvjewel-on-film

bull ThekamalwasasimplertechnologythantheEuropeanapproachDoesitmeanthatitwaslesseffectiveCangeographyexplainwhythekamalwasappropriatenavigationtechnologyforIndianOceanmaritimetrade

SOURCEFirstGlobalEra-IndianoceanhistoryorgIndianOceaninWorldHistory2016(Accessed13Nov2016)httpwwwindianoceanhistoryorgassetsSite_18filesEraOverviewsFirstGlobalErapdf

(FormoreinformationonIndianOceantradeandtravelhttpwwwindianoceanhistoryorgLessonPlanFirstGlobalEraaspx)

ThroughouttheMiddleAgesandintothe16thcenturytheArabsdominatedmaritimetradeacrosstheIndianOceanandtoChinaTheyrarelyusedacompasstonavigateandthereisnoevidenceofanyIslamicchartsfortheIndianOceanCouldtheseabsencesrepresentignoranceofnavigationaltheoryorapracticaluseoftechnologywell-adaptedtothephysicalgeographyoftheIndianOcean

AdditionalResources

JewelofMuscatvideoshttpjewelofmuscattvjewel-on-film

BookofNavigationSultanSuleiman1525WorldDigitalLibrary(Accessed5Nov2016)httpswwwwdlorgenitem9210

CLASSROOMACTIVITYndashFormativePerformanceTask4ndashEUROPE

ACTIVITY1Examinethe1533paintingbelowbyHansHolbeintheYoungerItmemorializestwowealthyeducatedandpowerfulyoungmenAttheleftisJeandeDintevilleaged29FrenchambassadortoEnglandin1533TotherightstandshisfriendGeorgesdeSelveaged25BishopofLavaurwhoactedonseveraloccasionsasambassadortotheEmperorintheVenetianRepublicandtheHolySeeIdentifyanddiscusstheculturalandpoliticalsymbolismsinthispaintingtiedtonavigation

1 2

SOURCES1 TheNationalGalleryldquoTheAmbassadorsrdquo1533HansHolbeintheYounger(Accessed5Nov2016)httpswwwnationalgalleryorgukpaintingshans-holbein-the-younger-the-ambassadors2 Detailof1

ACTIVITY2FindaMercatormapDiscusshowitisdifferentfromthemapbelowWhywasthisdifference importanttothestoryofEuropeanexpansionisminthe16thand17thcenturies

SOURCEDieppeMapsWikipedia(Accessed13Nov2016)httpsenwikipediaorgwikiDieppe_mapsAnotherSourcehttpsenwikipediaorgwikiDieppe_maps

Treaty of Tordesillas demarcation line

ACTIVITY3EuropeanSailingbyLatitudeThe15thcenturyPortugueseexplorerswerethefirstEuropeanstodevelopthetechniqueofsailingbylatitude

bull Describethetechniqueandwhyitwasusedbull WhatnavigationalinstrumentsdidtheEuropeansusetosailbylatitude

ACTIVITY4StudythetwoallegoriesintheimagesbelowHowdotheyrelatetoSirWalterRaleighrsquosdictumldquoHeethatcommandstheseacommandsthetradeandheethatisLordoftradeoftheworldisLordofthewealthoftheworldrdquoWorksofSirWalterRaleighKrVolVIIIMiscellaneousWorkslsquoADiscourseoftheInventionofShipsAnchorsCompassampcrsquoTheWorksofSirWalterRaleigh325(Accessed8Nov2016)httpsbooksgooglecombooksvid=OCLC02477824ampid=JlNlWfc2XV4Camppg=PA317ampas_brr=1v=onepageampqampf=false

1 2

SOURCES1 NationalLibraryofAustralialdquoNovusatlasSinensisaMartinoMartinusSocIesudescriptus

etserenmoArchduciLeopoldoGuilielmoAustriacodedicatuscumprivilegoSCMajrdquo(Accessed5Nov2016)httpnlagovaunlaobj-230902529view

2 HeritageNewfoundlandandLabradorldquoGeographicalKnowledgeattheTimeoftheCabotVoyagesrdquo(Accessed5Nov2016)

httpwwwheritagenfcaarticlesexplorationgeographical-knowledge-cabotphp

ACTIVITY5

Readthepassagesandanswerthequestions

AlexanderNeckam(1157-1217)anEnglishmonkhadstudiedandlecturedattheUniversityofParisinthe1180sCEHisworkDeNaturisRerumwhichwaswidelycirculatedbytheendofthe12thccenturydescribeswhathesawprobablywhencrossingtheEnglishChannelsometimeinthe1180sCE

ldquoThesailorsmoreoverastheysailovertheseawhenincloudyweathertheycannolongerprofitbythelightofthesunorwhentheworldiswrappeditinthedarknessofshadesofnightandtheyareignoranttowhatpointofthecompasstheirshiprsquoscourseisdirectedtheytouchthemagnetwithaneedleThisthenwhirlsroundinacircleuntilwhenitsmotionceasesthepointlooksdirecttothenorthrdquo

InhisotherworkDeUtensibilusNeckamwritesldquoTheyalsohaveaneedleplaceduponadartanditisturnedandwhirledarounduntilthepointoftheneedlelooksnorth-east[sicforNorthbutmaybeheunintentionallyobservedvariation]AndsosailorsknowwhichtosteerwhenCynosuraishiddenbythecloudsrdquo

CynosuraisthemedievalnamefortheconstellationUrsaMinor(LittleBear)inwhichPolaristheNorthStarresides




ACTIVITY6

EdwardWright(1561ndash1615)wasoneofEnglandrsquosmostprominentmathematiciansalectureronnavigationtotheEnglishEastIndiaCompanyandthemanwhodevelopedthetheoryforthefirstusefulmapforoceannavigationInhisintroductiontoWilliamGilbertrsquosDeMagnetWrightunderscorestheimportanceofthemagneticcompasstoEnglandrsquosmaritimeambitions

Intruthinmyopinionthereisnosubject-matterofhigherimportanceorofgreaterutilitytothehumanraceuponwhichyoucouldhavebroughtyourphilosophicaltalentstobearForbytheGod-givenfavorofthisstonehasitcomeaboutthatthethingswhichforsomanycenturieslayhidmdashsuchvastcontinentsoftheglobesoinfiniteanumberofcountriesislandsnationsandpeoplesmdashhavebeenalmostwithinourownmemoryeasilydiscoveredandoftexploredandthatthewholecircleoftheglobehasbeencircumnavi-gatedmorethanoncebyourownDrakeandCavendishwhichfactIwishtorecordfortheundyingremembranceofthosemenForbytheshowingofthemagnetizedneedlethe

pointsNorthSouthEastandWestandtheotherpointsofthecompassareknowntonavigatorsevenwhiletheskyismurkyandinthedeepestnightbythismeansseamenhaveunderstoodtowardwhatpointtheymuststeertheircourseathingthatwasquiteimpossiblebeforethewondrousdiscoveryofthenorth-pointingpoweroftheloadstonerdquo

SOURCEldquoWilliamGilbertofColchesterPhysicianofLondonontheLodestoneandMagneticBodiesandonTheGreatMagnetTheEarthANewPhysiologyDemonstratedWithManyArgumentsAndExperimentsATranslationByFleuryrdquo(Accessed17Nov2016)(Pagexxxviindashxxxviii) httpwwwlancasteracukfassprojectsgilbertdocsonloadstonemagne00gilbuoft

GilbertrsquosworkopenedthedoortothevalueofmappingthemagneticvariationovertheentireEarthWithsuchamaponecouldthenmakethemagneticcompassaneffectivenavigationaltoolanywhereontheplanetBytheendofthe17thcenturyEnglandwasthefirstnationtofundasurveyoftheAtlanticOceantomapthemagneticvariation

ImportanceofscientificstudyofmagnetismtotheStateWilliamGilbertexplaininghisworktoQueenElizabethI

SOURCETheProjectGutenbergeBookAnIntroductiontotheHistoryofSciencebyWalterLibbyldquoPaintingbyAAcklandHuntDRGILBERTSHOWINGHISELECTRICALEXPERIMENTSTOQUEENELIZABETHANDHERCOURTrdquo(Accessed5Nov2016)httpgutenbergpolytechniceduna40704070640706-h40706-hhtmCHAPTER_VI

1 WhywasGilbertrsquosworksoimportanttonavigationbytheseaCitesourcesfromthetext2 WhatisGilbertsayingtoQueenElizabethIWriteashortspeechpitchinghisideas

(Therecanbesomevariationhelliprapsongsetc)

This inquiry is brought to you in Memory of John Meredith and the Institute of Navigation

theseaisdifferentthantravelingland

4) BaseduponthisinformationandafterwatchingtheLostatSeaVideodiscusshowRhettmightgethisfriendshomesafelyknowingthatcurrenttechnologiesarenotavailabletohim

and why navigational technologieschangedandevolvedtodeterminelatitudeandwhythesenewtechnologieswereimportanttoseafarers

3) ViewtheshortGPS video(0128 min)(httpreachieeeorgmu ltimediagps)Howdo thechallengesofthepast informthetechnologiesof today

thetopicSomesourcesarelistedbelow

2) TeacherChoiceClassroomActivity-Teacherswillchoosefromvarioussourcestohelpstudentsidentifyandrealizetheglobalconsequencesofregionalresponsestonewnavigationaltechnologies

FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSources FeaturedSources

1DMapofEarthcirca1507ExploringtheEarlyAmericasWaldseemuumlllerMaps1507WorldMap(Accessed13Nov2016)httpswwwlocgovexhibitsexploring-the-early-

2ALostatSeavideo(0404 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimedialost-at-sea

2BTheFirstVoyageroundtheWorldbyMagellanrdquoPigafettaAntonioCa148091-ca1534PrimoViaggioIntornoAlGloboTerraqueoEnglishFreeDownloadampStreamingInternetArchiveInternetArchive(Accessed11Nov2016)httpsarchiveorgdetailsfirstvoyageround00piga

2CCookeJamesHerbertFSA1889ldquoTheShipwreckofSirCloudesleyShovellontheScillyIslandsin1707FromOriginalandContemporaryDocumentsHithertoUnpublishedrdquo(ReadataMeetingoftheSocietyofAntiquariesLondon1Feb1883)(Accessed5Nov2016)httpwwwpastscapeorghobaspxhob_id=1436004

Compasslessonplan(locatedbelowtheprinteddocuments)includesthefollowingfeaturedsourcesPoweroftheSeavideoLostatSeavideoCompassvideoLatitudevideoevolutionofcompassandportolanchartsandacompasshands-on-activityhttpreachieeeorghands-on-activitiescompass-hands-on-activity

3APoweroftheSeaVideo(0312 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimediapower-at-sea

3BLostatSeavideo(0404 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimedialost-at-sea

3CCompassvideo(0525 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimediathe-compass

3DLatitudevideo(0508 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimedialatitude

4ALongitudevideo(0705 min)httpreachieeeorgmultimedialongitude

AdditionalResourcesforinvestigation

CambridgeDigitalLibraryPapersoftheBoardofLongitude(Accessed11Nov2016)httpscudllibcamacukcollectionsrgo14

DensityofShipLogEntries1750-1810DensityofShipLogEntries1750-1810(Accessed4Nov2016)httpspeoplehofstraedugeotransengch2enconc2enship_log_density_17501810html

AsiaClassroomActivity


MiddleEastClassroom Activity


1AGoogleWorldMap httpswwwgooglecommapsdu0viewermid=1WouvrIFG1Z_aTy_zDf1HcMrI1sQamphl=en_U S]

1B Power of the Sea video (0312 min) httpreachieeeorgmultimediapower-at-sea

1CCantinoWorldMap1502CantinoPlanisphereWikipedia(Accessed13Nov2016)httpsenwikipediaorgwikiCantino_planispheremediaFileCantino_planisphere_(1502)jpg












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