Early-Late Middle Ages: Italy & Germany476-1500

Holy Roman Empire▪ 814, death of Charlemagne – Italy= CRAZO▪ Sons inherited title of Holy Roman Emperor

▪ Multiple rulers in Italy▪ Pope - Papal States▪ Byzantines - ruled parts▪ Arabs - ruled Sicily

Otto the Great▪ King of Germany (936)▪ Desired central kingdom like Capetians

▪ Also wanted Italy= 951 - seized territory in N. Italy▪ Helped Pope John XII control nobles= crowned Emperor of the

Romans in 962

Henry III▪ Emperor, 1046-1056▪ Expected church to support him & the empire▪ Removed 3 popes & chose the next 3 himself

Henry IV▪ 5 yrs old - chance for nobles to regain independence &

feudal power▪ Church wanted to regain lost power= Clashes w/ Pope

Gregory VII▪ Conflict over lay investiture ▪ Gregory --> NO▪ Henry --> YES

▪ Gregory had Henry excommunicated

Pope vs. King▪ 1077 -- Henry gets excommunication revoked▪ 1122 - Concordat of Worms▪ Limits imperial power over church▪ Only Pope can name Bishops▪ Does NOT end conflict

▪ Interference in Italy threatens Papal States

Frederick Barbarossa ▪ Ruled Germany from 1152-1190▪ Wanted N. Italy▪ Merchant cities, Milan resisted= destroyed the city

▪ Response= Cities unite= Lombard League▪ Defeated Frederick in 1176▪ Peace treaty▪ Frederick = overlord▪ Cities govern themselves

Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)▪ Strongest medieval pope▪ EVERYONE is a servant of the church▪ Settled all political AND spiritual matters

▪ Used excommunication & interdict freely▪ King John & England - interdict▪ Philip Augustus - interdict▪ Overthrew 2 German kings

Failed Unification▪ Italy & Germany never united▪ Frederick II = FAILED

▪ Italy 3 regions▪ N. Italy - Lombard cities▪ C. Italy (Papal States) - Pope▪ S. Italy - kingdom of Sicily

Quick Review▪ Why was Otto the Great crowned Emperor of the Romans?

▪ Why was there conflict with Pope Gregory and Henry IV, and how was it resolved?

▪ What was the Lombard League?

▪ Who was Pope Innocent III?