early history of the americas. beringia: land bridge between north america and asia that existed...
TRANSCRIPT
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Early history of the Americas
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Beringia:• Land bridge between North America and Asia
that existed thousands of years ago• Belief that the first people crossed this area,
into North American continent during the ice age
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• Believed to have been hunting game across the land bridge• The actual date
of the arrival of the first Americans is still unknown
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Development and agriculture• Agricultural
revolution hit central Mexico around 7000 BC• By 3400 BC
farmers in Mexico began to grow maize (corn)
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• Development of stable agriculture led to the rise in advanced civilizations in Mesoamerica, beginning around 3000 years ago, as well as South America –Mesoamerica: area
that stretches south from central Mexico to Northern Honduras
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Olmec1200BC to 400 BC
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• Located in the jungles of southern Mexico• Lived along the
Gulf Coast• Referred to as a
Mesoamerica’s “mother culture”
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Religion
•Prayed to a variety of nature gods–(animism)
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Accomplishments• Constructed earthen
mounds, courtyards, and pyramids.
• Developed stone columns and alters
• Created sculpted heads representing the Olmec rulers- weighed as much as 44 tons
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Accomplishments (continued…)• Directed a trading
network that spanned from Mexico City to Honduras
• Olmec and Zapotec advances paved the way for the development of the Mayan civilization
• Reason for the collapse in 400 BC is unknown
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Zapotec• Located in southwest
Mexico in the present-day Mexican state of Oaxaca–Contained fertile soil,
mild climate, and enough rainfall to support agriculture
• Constructed advanced city at Monte Alban
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Early Empires of South America
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Nazca civilization (200 BC to 600 AD)
• Flourished along the southern coast of Peru
• Developed irrigation systems, using underground canals
• Nazca lines– Etched on the southern plains
of Peru– More than 1000 drawings of
animals, plants, humans– Can only be recognized from
the air
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http://www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/the-nazca-lines/
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The Mayas (250-900AD)
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The Mayas(250-900 AD)
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Geography• Area stretched from
southern Mexico into northern Central America• Included the Yucatan
Peninsula• Received ideas from
the Olmecs
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Mayan Cities• Created during the classical
period (250-900 AD)• Included Tikal- major
center in Northern Guatemala
• Featured giant pyramids, temples, palaces and stone.
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Mayan cities cont…
• Ruled by god-kings.• Served as centers
for religious ceremonies and trade.
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Religion• Polytheistic• Believed each day was a living god
whose behavior could be predicted with the use of calendar.–Two calendars:•Religious •Solar
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equinox
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Religion continued…
•Made offerings of food, pierced and cut their bodies, and sometimes used human sacrifice.
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Social structure: •Mayan king- hereditary position;
passed on to eldest son• Nobility- priest and warriors•Merchants and skilled artisans
• Peasants
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Writing system•Most advanced of the ancient
Americans• Used glyphs- 800 hieroglyphic
symbols• Codex- bark paper books in which
the Mayans recorded important events
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Decline• History of the
Mayas ends in mystery• In 800s Maya
suddenly abandoned many cities
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Theories for decline…• War broke out in
70s, creating economic hardship and disrupted trade• Population growth• Over-farming
• When Spanish arrived in 1500s
Mayan civilization consisted of
small, weak city states
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The Aztecs1200-1521 AD
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Geography
• Located in the Valley of Mexico City• Area had several
large, shallow lakes, accessible resource, and fertile soil
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Origins• Empire found by the
Mexica- poor nomadic people from the deserts of northern Mexico–Aztec god
Huitzilopochtli told them to found a city in their own
• Discovered home on a small island in Lake Texcoco
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• In 1325 AD founded capital city of Tenochtitlan
• Used warfare and developed alliances with neighbors to expand empire in the 1400s
• By 1500 controlled empire that covered 80,000 square miles
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Cities • Capital and center- cities
Tenochtitlan– Home to 200,000 to 400,000
people– Built on original site of the
empire– Contained the Great Temple-
giant pyramid with two temples dedicated to the gods
– Center of religious life
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Religion• Polytheistic• Worshipped over
1,000 gods–Huitzilopochtli
(sun god) was the main god
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• To make sure the sun would rise daily, Aztecs performed human sacrifice– Victims included
enslaved people criminals, and people offered as tribute
– Sacrifice done on a massive scale
– Armies would conquer areas for people not land
– Sacrifices would be conducted at the great temple
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Social structure
• Emperor• Nobles- government
officials, generals, religious leaders
• Commoners- merchants, soldiers, farmers who owned land
• Enslaved people
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Decline of the Empire• Montezuma II–Crowned
emperor in 1502 AD–Called for more
tribute and sacrifice from conquered areas
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Decline of the Empire• Arrival of the Spanish and
Hernando Cortes- 1519 AD–Montezuma believed
that he was Quetzalcoatl–With superior
technology, and European diseases such as smallpox, the Spanish defeated the Aztecs by 1521 AD
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The Incas1200-1535
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Geography
• Settled on fertile plains in the Valley of Cuzco.
• empire stretched 2,500 miles along the western coast of South America–From Ecuador (north) to Chile (south)
• Largest empire of the Americas–Known as the “Land of the Four
Quarters.”
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• With an area so large with a large population (16 million), Incan rulers used the following–Divided territory into small units
governed by a central bureaucracy–Efficient economic system–Extensive road system- 14,000 miles–Official language- Quencha–Social groups identified by clothing
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Cities
• Built cities in conquered areas to exercise control over empire• Cuzco–Capital and heart of the Incan
Empire–Area where all roads led to
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Machu Picchu
–Served as a religious center for the Inca–Possible
estate of Pachacuti
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Government
• Pachuacuti (1438 AD)–Conquered all of Peru and moved into
neighboring lands• Similar to socialism- state exercised
almost total control over economic and social life–Ex.) regulated production and
distribution of goods
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• Demanded tribute in the form of labor known as mita
• Chasquis- system of runners who traveled roads to warn of any revolts/danger
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Social Structure
• Based on an age-old form of community cooperation known as allyu–Undertook tasks
too big for a single family such as irrigation projects, etc
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Writing System
• Never developed a writing system• Quipu- counting device used to
record data–Knots and their positions on a
string indicated numbers–Colors of the strings represented
different types of information
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Religion • Reinforced power of the
state• Virachocha- primary
Incan god; god of creation• Inti- sun god who rulers
traced ancestry to• Temple of the sun– Located in Cuzco–Most sacred of all Incan
shrines
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Decline of the Empire
• Following the death of Huayna Capac, empire was plunged into a civil war that weakened the empire
• In 1533 AD Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizzaro captured ruler Atahualpa–After receiving ransom, Atahualpa was
killed–Pizzaro conquered Incas and captured the
city of Cuzco