EARLY COLONIAL AMERICA

MARYLAND

• 2nd Chesapeake Colony• Established in 1632• Cecilius Calvert

• Imagined as a Fuedal domain• Government affairs should be left to artistocrats not

the common people

• Established as a Catholic colony• Hoped Prostestant and Catholics could live in harmony

• Catholics held the power• Out numbered by Protestants

• Death rates were extremely high

MARYLAND CON’T

• English Civil War brought to Maryland• Virginia and Maryland sided with Charles II• Not good since he lost

• Religious conflicts• Protestant vs. Catholics (not just an Irish thing)• 1640’s saw Maryland in virtual Anarchy• 1649- Act Concerning Religion

• Maryland becomes a safe haven for many persecuted religions• Divinity of Jesus and the Trinity prerequisits• Not good for Jews

PURITAN NEW ENGLAND

• Puritanism• The truest faith and ideals of Protestantism• Church of England to much like Catholicism

• The church nor nation living up to its ideals• Sermon a central point in Puirtanism

• Most people in their lifetimes would here 7,000+ • Followers of John Calvin

• World divided into two: Elect and Damned• Those who would be saved was already chosen• Idleness an immorality signs of damnation

• Charles I- 1620’s and 1630’s• Restoration of Catholicism• Social problems blamed on poor• Puritans left to New England

CON’T

• John Winthrop-governor 1645• “Natural” Liberty• Those who act without restraint

• “Moral” Liberty• Those that act with good

• Led to restraints on liberty, speech, religion, and personal behavior

• The Family• Male the head• Women: wives and mothers

• Some leadership, but never priests• Abuse not uncommon

• Though magistrate did intervene• Enforced power of fathers over children and husbands over

wives

PILGRIMS

• Embarked to Virginia 1620• Hope to save children for vices of England• Blown off course• Would up at Cape Cod

• The Land• Arrived after Indian battles to land that was ready for

planting• Only bad thing they arrived 6 weeks before winter

• Squanto • Showed them where to fish and farm• 1621 the first Thanksgiving

• Mayflower Compact• Adult men would obey “just and equal laws’• The first written form of government in the U.S.

DIVISIONS WITHIN NEW ENGLAND

• Emphasis of self seen as a danger to Puritans: personal liberties• Roger Williams• Founding of Massachusetts creates division• Arrived in 1631

• Felt Mass. Should separate from church of England• People should be allowed to follow their consciences where they

led them• Denied that Puritans were somehow chosen by God• Banished in 1632• Set up colony of Rhode Island• Real religious freedom

ANNE HUTCHISON

• Arrived with husband in 1634• Held meetings in her home• Men, women, and merchants discussed religion• Questioned the church practice of damning people for

lack of attendance or moral charges• 1637-Her and husband charged with Antinomainism

• Putting self before church• Public woman

• Defended herself• Fate was drawn when she claimed God spoke to her rather than

through ministers or bible• Banished• Went to Rhode Island and Finally Westchester• Was killed by indians• 1987- Mass. Gov. Michael Dukakis pardoned her

PENNSYLVANIA

• William Penn • Member of the Society of Friends-Quakers• Father a friend of Charles II• 1681-Penn given a large tract of land south of New

York that also included Delaware

• Religious freedom was the norm • Friendly and fair negotiations with Native

Americans• Mass migrations placed pressure on land• Fate would later be sealed in the treaty• Penn would die broke and in debt

CRISIS IN THE COLONIES

• Bacon’s Rebellion- Virginia-1676• Governor William Berkley• Ran a corrupt government

• Vast tracts of land given to aristocrats• Removed right to vote from all men to land owners

• Small Land owers• indentured servitude

• Rise in tobacco and corrpution pushed them off their lands• Wanted indian lands west, but Berkley refused

• Was making good money off alliance and deer pelts• Nathaniel bacon leads revolt• Burn Jamestown and Berkley fled• British Navy comes and takes control and rebellion crushed

• Outcome• Reduced taxes• More aggressive land grabs west• And rise of slavery

PROSECUTION OF WITCHES

• The practice of witch craft was common but also punishable• Between 1400-1800 nearly 50,000 killed• New England

• Women, older, outspoken, violated traditional gender norms went against the church• Many were hanged

• Salem• 1691

• Several girls come down with fits• 3 witches named-Tituba• Only way to avoid prosectuion was to confess

• 1692• Snowballs into mass accusations• Some to settle scores• 150 accused with legal actions, mostly women• 14 women and 5 men hanged• Something seriously wrong with justice system

• Governor dissolves Salem court and prisoners set free• Decline in accusations• Opens up scientific discussion

MERCANTILISM

• Government regulated economic activity to promote national power

• Set upbounties, monopolies to encourage manufactoring

• Trade control so gold and silver flow in and not out• Promotion of Exports, strict Regulation of Imports• Colonies: produce raw materials• Home: Raw materials into Manufactured goods• Navigations Acts:• All materials leaving colonies on English Ships• Tobacco and sugar

• All materials entering colonies had to go through England• tarrifs

THE DUTCH

• 1664 Anglo-Dutch war• New Netherland awarded to James, the Duke of York• English Alliance with Iroquois becomes pivotal

THE COLONIES

• Divisions between colonies evident• Rise in manufactured good importation• Coffee, tea, linens, ceramics

• Artisans trade• Black smiths, shoe makers, etc.• But lack of manufacturing plants=Always reliant on English

goods

• Rise of classes within society• Aristocrats, middle class, and poor

• Women• Good wives and mothers, not a great deal of

freedom• Division of labor solidified