early civilizations of india, pakistan and china

38
Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Upload: winfred-lyons

Post on 21-Jan-2016

220 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Page 2: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Concepts and Definitions

India How does geography effect

India? Where and what were

India’s first civilizations? Why did they decline? Who were the Aryans? What were some of their

cultural contributions? Describe the caste system Describe the principles of

Buddhism and Hinduism

Vocabulary and Places Caste- know all five

classes Indus River, Ganges River Himalaya Mountains Hinduism Buddhism Karma Dharma patriarchal society nirvana

Page 3: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Geography of India

Geography major force shaping the early cultures of India

Himalaya Mountains to the north, ocean to the south

Central India-Deccan Plateau –a dry area not good for supporting agriculture.

coast is a good agricultural region, densest populations.

Two major river systems The Ganges and the Indus- begin

in the Himalayas. The first civilizations grew up

around the Indus River Valley

Page 4: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Monsoons were a defining feature of life

Monsoon rains come in the summer and in the winter the wind shifts direction and bring it brings hot, dry air

Monsoons bring rain to agricultural areas

What if the monsoons came too early or late?

Geography of India

Page 5: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

India’s First Civilizations

Along the Indus River valley in present day Pakistan, civilization flourished from 3,000-1500 B.C.

Two major cities were Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Very little is known about this culture because archeologists have yet to decipher their writing

Page 6: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

Each city around 35,000 people

well planned with grid streets, raised buildings and a sewer system

The uniformity suggests cities had well organized governments

Like all ancient civilizations, religion and political power were closely linked

Harappan economy was based on agriculture and they trade extensively with Mesopotamian civilizations

Environmental factors and invasion led to the downfall of the Harappan culture

These cities were not discovered until the 1920’s

Page 7: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Using your notes and the book (pages 72-73) describe features of Harappan culture that demonstrate they were an advanced civilization.

Question #1

Page 8: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Invaders

Aryans, a nomadic group from central Asia, crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains and conquered the region around 1500 B.C.

The Aryans created a new society in India. They eventually controlled most of northern India

The Aryans settled down and became agriculturists. They used iron, a new invention, to clear land. They grew grains in the arid north, rice, cotton and spices were grown in the south and along the river valleys

Page 9: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Aryan Life

The Aryans developed a written language , Sanskrit around 1000B.C.

They wrote religious rituals, legends that had previously been passed down orally

The writings reveal that early Aryan culture was ruled by rajas. Each had a small state and fought each other

Question #2- What are the advantages of passing on cultural knowledge orally and passing it on through writing? What are the disadvantages?

Page 10: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Society in Ancient India

Aryan conquest had long lasting effects on India

Created social divisions and a set of social institutions that last even today- this is known as the caste system

Page 11: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Important Indian social creation

It sets up a rigid hierarchy that determines a persons occupation, economic potential and social status

It was based in part on a persons skin color- the Aryan conquers were had lighter skin than the native Indians

The five castes are- Brahman, Kshatriyas, Viasyas, Sudras and the Untouchables

Caste System pages 74-77

Page 12: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Known as jati There are thousands of castes in India.

Brahmans- top of society, usually priests, in charge of religious ceremonies

Kshatriayas- typically warriors, as society changed they found new forms of employment

Vaisyas- commoners, merchants and farmers

Caste System

Page 13: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Sudras- most people in India, peasants that preformed manual labor, had limited rights

Untouchables- the lowest class, did jobs other Indians would not accept, collecting trash, handling dead bodies, lived away from others, not considered human

Caste System

Page 14: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Life centered on the family unit

Ideal family had three generation living under one roof (grandparents, parents and children)

Oldest male was head of the household (patriarchal society)

Men were educated, taught by a guru

Marriage was important and arranged by the parents

Symbol of dominance by men was the suttee. It was a funeral pyre that women had to throw themselves on top of after the death of their husband

Family Life in Ancient India

Page 15: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

One of the worlds most complex religions

Hinduism has no single founder or sacred text

Mixture of Aryan beliefs and native Indian beliefs

Hinduism has many different gods and goddesses because to Hindus Brahman is too complex for most people to understand

Hinduism – “God is one but wise people know it by many names”

Page 16: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Hindu Beliefs

Hinduism is a polytheistic religion

Important Gods- Brahma the Creator Vishnu the Preserver Shiva the Destroyer Each represents an aspects of

Brahman- they can take many different forms and each is worshiped by different people

Each god also has a family

Page 17: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Sacred Texts

Hindu teaching recorded in the Vedas and the Upanishads

Bhagavad-Gita spells out many ethical ideas central to Hinduism- importance of duty over desire and ambition

Page 18: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Every person has an essential self (atman)

Ultimate goal of existence is to achieve moksha, a union with Brahman

To do this you must free yourself from personal, selfish desire

Most do not achieve moksha in one lifetime

Hindus believe in –reincarnation- rebirth of the soul in another bodily form- allows Hindus to achieve moksha through many lifetimes

Hindu Goal of Life

Page 19: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Karma and Dharma

Easier to achieve moksha if you follow rules of karma

Karma- all of the actions in this life will effect your next life. Symbolized by the wheel of fate

To escape wheel of fate need to perform the religious and moral duties of a Hindu- dharma.

obeying dharma a person acquires merit for the next life.

concepts of karma and dharma ensure social order by supporting the caste system

Page 20: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Describe the relationship between the caste system, dharma.

Why are sacred texts important to many religions?

Assignment

Page 21: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

In the sixth century B.C. a son of a local ruling family in northern India named Siddhartha Gautama founded a new religion

This religion would spread across Asia and become one of the world’s most influential religions

He wanted to escape the trappings of his good life and “discover” the true meaning of life

After searching and wandering he meditated under a tree for forty-eight days and understood the cause of suffering. He became the Buddha, “The Enlightened One”

Buddhism pages 78-79

Page 22: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Buddhism

Goal of Buddhist life is to attain nirvana that is the end of self and the union with the Great World soul.

All life is suffering, caused by human attachment to the material world.

Once people let go of this attachment worldly pain and suffering are forgotten

Page 23: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

The Four Noble Truths

1. Ordinary life is full of suffering

2. Suffering is caused by our desire to satisfy ourselves

3. The way to end suffering is to end desire for selfish goals and to see others as an extension of ourselves

4. The way to end desire is to follow the Middle Path

Page 24: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Middle Path

1. Right View2. Right Intention3. Right Speech4. Right Action5. Right Effort6. Right Livelihood7. Right Mindfulness8. Right Concentration-

meditation

Page 25: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Both grew from the same traditions Both stress nonviolence, karma, dharma,

nonviolence, and a cycle of rebirth Hinduism had formal rituals and many gods Buddhism had rejected rituals, individuals

seek spiritual enlightenment through meditation, nirvana was offered to all regardless of birth.

Buddhism and Hinduism Compared

Page 26: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Indian Empires and Culture

400 B.C. to 500 A.D.

Page 27: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

People Chandragupta Maurya Asoka Aryabhata

Cultural Items and Places Silk Road Stupa Rock chamber

Concepts and Definitions to know

Page 28: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

In 400 B.C. the Aryan rule was in decline and India was comprised of warring rajas.

India faced a new threat from the west-Persia and then from the Macedonian general Alexander the Great

Chandragupta Maurya founded the first great empire in India around 350 B.C. to 301 B.C.

The Mauryan Empire waged war to gain power

Mauryan Dynasty pages 81-82

Page 29: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Mauryan Dynasty

The Mauryan Empire: Had a large army and

secret police Had a highly centralized

government The empire was divided

into four provinces ruled by local governors

To pay for the government the people, agriculture and industry were heavily taxed

Page 30: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Thirty two years after the death of Chandragupta his grandson Asoka became the ruler

Many consider him the greatest ruler ever in India

Early in his reign he used the military to expand the power of the empire

After a battle where over 100,000 soldiers died he converted to Buddhism and adopted a policy of non-violence

Mauryan Empire under Asoka

Page 31: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Mauryan Empire under Asoka

After his conversion he advocated religious tolerance, treated his subjects humanely, opened hospitals

Throughout the empire he erected large stone pillars with his edicts

He built roads and planted trees to make travel easier

He sent out missionaries to spread Buddhist teachings

He disbanded the secret police and the government looked out for peoples welfare

Page 32: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

After the death of Asoka period of war and disunity new kingdom in northern India dominated by trade trade connections and political instability elsewhere

people from central Asia, Greece and Persia settle in northern India.

migration added to and created instability in Indian culture.

southern India - Tamil Empire dominated they practiced different religion (Jainism) and spoke a different language (Tamil)

A Period of Turmoil

Page 33: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Kingdom in Bactria (now Afghanistan) Established in the first century A.D. Kingdom prospered through trade. Trade route that from China to the Mediterranean

(Roman Empire). The Silk Road was established between 200 B.C. and

100 A.D. Trade goods from Rome were traded for silks and

spices from Asia. The goods traveled on camel caravans

Kushan Kingdom and the Silk Road pages 83-84

Page 34: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

The Silk Road

Page 35: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

In the third century A.D. invaders from Persia overran the Kushan Empire

replaced by the Gupta Empire The empire efficiently run engaged in trade with

the Mediterranean. More power in the hands of the local rulers. Many religious pilgrims came to India to visit

major Buddhist religious centers fifth century A.D. the Guptas were invaded by

the nomadic Huns empire declined. India would not be united for hundreds of years

Gupta Empire pages 84-85

Page 36: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Indian Literature- passed down orally, after the Aryan invasions it was written in Sanskrit

Bhagvad Gita- sermon by the god Krishna about taking action because of the moral rightness of it

Indian Culture pages 85-86

Page 37: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Buddha inspired architecture of Asoka. architecture of the Mauryan Dynasty served

religious purposes. stupa, the pillar and the rock chamber

examples of Indian architecture. Pillars- most famous examples of Asoka’s

reign. placed along roads had the sayings of the Buddha, marked sites in the Buddha’s life the laws of the empire. They were topped with carvings, usually lions

Indian Architecture and Science

Page 38: Early Civilizations of India, Pakistan and China

Indian Architecture and Science

Stupas- originally to house relics of Buddha’s life. eventually became a place for Buddhist devotion and worship

Rock Chamber- carved out of cliffs. for Buddhist monks to live and religious ceremonies

Contributions in Indian science and math astronomy. They knew that the earth was a sphere it revolved around the sun.

algebra. Indian mathematicians

introduced the concept of zero and used a symbol for it