early childhood revised
DESCRIPTION
Early ChildhoodTRANSCRIPT
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Physical Growth children’s body growth and changeaverage growth is 2.5 inches and 5-7
pounds a year during early childhood girls are slightly smaller and lighter top-heavy lookLegs and trunk lengthenBody fat declines
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Physical Growth growth variations due to:GeneticsNutritionPrenatal problemsLife experiencesSocio-economic status
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Brain Developmentbrain growth in early childhood is not
as rapid as in infancyend of early childhood, brain size only
increases 15%changes occur more in neurons
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Brain DevelopmentChanges in child’s brain structures:• increase in number & size of
nerve endings• Increased myelination (myelin sheath)• better focus & coordination• Most rapid growth in frontal lobe
(decision making & thinking)
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Gross Motor DevelopmentSimple run and jump movements
enjoyed at age 3Child is more adventurous at age 4Child is self assured taking hair
raising risks at age 5Climbing & going down the stairs
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Handedness1:9 (left to right handed)Right handedness is dominant in all
cultures & appears to be genetically influenced
About 45% of right handed people primarily process speech in left hemisphere of brain
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HandednessLeft handers are: more varied in their speech
processing More likely to have reading
problems More common in musicians,
mathematicians, architects and artists
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Obesity in Early ChildhoodEngage in physical activityHealthy dietDon’t use food as reward or proof of
love
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Piaget’s Preoperational StageSubstages:1.Symbolic Function (2-4 years)Egocentrism – child cannot see other
people’s perspectiveAnimism – child assigns life-like
qualities to inanimate objects
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Piaget’s Preoperational StageSubstages:2. Intuitive ThoughtCentrationLacks conservation abilitiesLacks mental reversibilityCannot perform seriation
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The Self• Erikson’s Initiative vs. Guilt• Self-Understanding Child’s cognitive representation of the self Develops along with self-recognition (18 mos)• Self-description / Self-conception physical characteristics, physical
actions, or material possessions
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As children age, there is increased:Emotional understandingUse of emotion language/vocabularyAbility to reflect on emotionNeed to control and manage emotions
to meet social standards
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Piaget’s Stages of Moral Development1.Below 4 years old, rules are meaningless2.Heteronomous morality (4 to 7) rules are absoluteFocus on action’s consequence and not
intentionImminent justice – belief that if rule is
broken, punishment will be given immediately
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Piaget’s Stages of Moral Development*between ages 7 and 10 years, there is
transition3.Autonomous morality (10 yrs and above)Rules can be changed because they are
created by humansJudgment of behavior should be based on
both intentions and consequences
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Gender Social and psychological dimensions of being
male and female
Two Aspects of GenderGender Identity – sense of being male and
femaleGender Role – expectations of being
masculine and feminine; how one acts, feels or thinks
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Theories on Gender Development1.Psychoanalytic Theory – child is sexually
attracted to opposite sex parent but eventually identifies with same sex parent
2.Social Cognitive Theory – gender roles are learned through observation, imitation, rewards, punishments
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Theories on Gender Development3.Cognitive Developmental Theory– child
organizes his/her world on basis of gender; also achieves gender constancy
2.Gender Schema Theory – child perceives what is gender-appropriate or inappropriate in their culture; conform to gender stereotypes
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Influences of Gender DevelopmentFamilyPeersSchool and TeachersTV/Media
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1. AUTHORITATIVE• limits given but also nurturing and
encouraging• Independence within those limits• Socially competent
2. AUTHORITARIAN• Highly controlling; little discussion• Socially incompetent; fearful, weak
communication skills
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3. NEGLECTFUL• Uninvolved in child’s life• Socially incompetent; lacks self-control,
immature
4. INDULGENT/PERMISSIVE• Highly involved but with few demands or
restraints• Socially incompetent; impulsive, aggressive,
non compliant
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Dual-earner families Extended families Single parent families Families with OFW parents Step families Families with adopted child/children Families with same sex parents
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