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Early Childhood Programs: Lasting Benefits and Large Returns
Amy Hornbeck
NJSBA May 4, 2018
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Brain development
First 5 years are a time of rapid brain development
Early experience influences brain building for better or worse
Adverse early impacts on the brain affect physical & mental health
ECE PROGRAMS CAN STIMULATE BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND INCREASE ACHIEVEMENT
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Achievement Gaps Exist at Many Income Levels
Lost Potential
Growth
Barnett, W. S. (2007). Original analysis of data from the US Department of Education, National Center for
Educational Statistics, ECLS-K Base Year Data files and Electronic Codebook (2002).
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What do we know about Achievement Gaps?
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Benefits of High-Quality ECE
Direct Impacts on Children
Increased school readiness and success
Decreased special education and grade repetition
Improved social and emotional development
Decreased risky behavior and better health
Impacts on Parents
Increased employment and earnings
Impacts on Society
Lower costs of school, social services, crime, health care
Higher productivity, earnings & economic growth
Less educational, social and economic inequalityCopyright NIEER- No reproduction without permission
Economic Returns to Pre-K
Source: Ramon, I., Chattopadhyay, S. K., Barnett, W. S., Hahn, R. A., & Community Preventive Services Task
Force. (2018). Early Childhood Education to Promote Health Equity: A Community Guide Economic Review.
Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 24(1), e8-e15.
Program Cost Benefits B/C
Perry Pre-K $20,854 $179,446 8.6
Chicago CPC $9,719 $105,294 10.8
State Pre-K $5,719 $30,491 5.3
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What does all the evidence say: Cognitive gains from 0-5 ECE in the US (123 studies since 1960)
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Treatment End Ages 5-10 Age >10
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Age at Follow-UpNote: 1 sd = achievement gap, so High Quality preschool closes
nearly half the achievement gap
All Designs HQ Programs
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Among young children who are low income,
few have access to high quality pre-KCopyright NIEER- No reproduction without
permission
Pre-K Access by Income (Age 4)Any High-Quality
56.652.7
67.4
76.8
18.2 20.026.0 28.9
LOW MIDDLE-LOW MIDDLE-HIGH HIGHCopyright NIEER- No reproduction without
permission
What is High Quality Pre-K?
• Intentional, artful, and scientific teaching
• Responsive and individualized
• Strong curriculum integrating all domains: strong hearts & strong minds
• Emphasizing unconstrained skills, especially rich language interactions
• Partnering with parents and community
• First steps in a coherent P-3 educationCopyright NIEER- No reproduction without
permission
• Early learning standards and program guidelines
• Teachers w/ BA degree and specialized training
• Maximum class size of 15 children
• Two years from age 3, 6 hrs. + wrap around
• Maximum class size of 15 children
• Evidence-based curriculum
• In-class coaching for all teachers
• Tools to measure progress and plan improvement
• Part of systemic reform of P-3 education
NJ Court Ordered Pre-K Model: 31 Cities
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How Do We Get High Quality?
• High expectations
• Adequate funding
• Strong teachers
• Small classes
• Full day
• Other supports for children and teachers
• Continuous Impr.Copyright NIEER- No reproduction without permission
Continuous Improvement is a Key
to Quality
Set learning and program standards Measure and
assess progress
Analyze results and plan
improvements
Implement improvements
Continuous Improvement Cycle
http://www.nj.gov/education/ece/guide/Copyright NIEER- No reproduction without permission
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Professional Development and Continuous Quality Improvement
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NJ Model Transformed Pre-K Quality
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3.9
19.9
34.6
27.7
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Perc
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ECERS-R Score (1=minimal, 3=poor 5= good 7=excellent)
00 Total (N = 232) 08 Total (N = 407)
NJ Raised Quality in Public and Private
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NJ Model Raised Achievement (Grades 4 and 5)
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.18 .17.14
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.29
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LAL 4th LAL 5th Math 4th Math 5th Science 4 th
1 year Abbott pre-k 2 year Abbott pre-kCopyright NIEER- No reproduction without
permission
NJ Pre-K Cut Retention & Special Ed. (Grade 5)
12% 12%
19%
17%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
Retention Special Education
Abbott Pre-K No Abbott Pre-K
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1 Year of NJ Abbott Pre-K: Effects Over Time
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PPVT Read MathCopyright NIEER- No reproduction without
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2 Years of Abbott Pre-K Effects Over Time
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PPVT Read MathCopyright NIEER- No reproduction without
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Increased Quality in NJ Pre-K Improved Education Outcomes
• Gains in language, literacy, math
• 2 years have twice the effect of 1
• 2 years closed 40% of the achievement gap
• Effects sustained through 2nd grade
• Grade repetition cut in half by 2nd grade
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What can you do in your district?
• Make sure Pre-K is on the radar of administrators in your district.
• Begin planning now for how you would expand in your district should funding become available.
• Ensure that everyone understands the benefits of collaborating with child care and head start programs.
• Push your superintendent to ensure that principals or other administrators that supervise Pre-K have specialized training.
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Takeaway Lessons
1. High Quality programs have shown persistent effects across various cognitive and behavioral domains.
2. Pre-K varies in initial and long-term effects—can only expect persistent gains from large initial gains, and that requires quality.
3. Proper design, high standards, adequate funding, and evaluation can ensure high cost/benefits
4. Essence of quality is strong individualized teacher-child interaction, especially 1:1 and in small groups.
5. High-quality preschool benefits both low- and middle income children, with substantial effects on both groups, but greater impact on children living in or near poverty and/or DLLs
6. ECEC can be a strong public investment: Increased educational achievement and attainment, Decreased economic and educational inequality and fewer social problems and Job and GDP growth (local and national).
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Will you choose quality pre-K
for all?
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