early beginning of culture and society
TRANSCRIPT
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The Beginning of Culture
and Society
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• Charles Darwin– “Origin of the
Species” (1859)– “Descent of Man”
(1871)
• Man descended from lower simpler forms of being.
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Early Beginnings of Culture and Society
• Human Evolution–Paleontology (a
branch of anthropology) examines the apes as immediate descendant of human species (7,000,000 years ago).
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Fossils
• Pithecanthropus erectus (erect ape man)–Earliest known
Hominids–Java fossils
50,000,000 and 800,00 years ago.
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Fossils
• Sinanthropus–More advanced
than Pithecanthropus–Northern China
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Fossils
• Anthropoidea –Primates such
as gorilla, orangutan and chimpanzees–Family of
Pongidae
• Hominidae–Primates such
as early man
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GENUS: HOMO
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CLASS: MAMMALIA
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Fossils of the Early Men
• Taung, South Africa• Earliest known man-
like fossil• Australopithecines
(southern ape)• Prof. Raymond Dart,
1925
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Fossils of the Early Men
• East Africa• Zinjathropus
boisei• L.S. Leakey and
wife, 1959
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Fossils of the Early Men• Java Indonesia• Pithecanthropus erectus
(“erect ape man”)• Eugene Dubois, 1891• Bone skull thick• Forehead receding• Broad eyebrows• Power of speech
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Fossils of the Early Men
• Choukoutien, Peking, China
• Pithecanthropus pekinensis
• 1927• Similar to Java
Man
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Fossils of the Early Men
• Melbourne, Australia
• Talgai man• 1940• Similar to Java
man
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Fossils of the Early Men• Niah Cave, Sarawak
Borneo• Asian types indicate
that Tasmanian and Australian Borneo are closer to Niah skull
• 1958
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Fossils of the Early Men
• Tabon Cave, Palawan Philippines
• Latest fossil evidence prehistoric Southeast Asian men from Pleistocene period
• Skull existed 22,000 years ago
• 1962
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Tool Tradition of the Early Men• Artifacts of pre
human primates used animal bones, broken pebbles and river stones.
• Used for hunting food• Ex. Abbevillian, hand
ax, flake tools.
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Tool Tradition of the Early Men• The second wave of
development of tool is known as MOUSTERIAN flake tools
• Careful RETOUCHING of technique of flaking
• INNOVATIONS also took place such cave as shelter, massive use of fire, bones for tools and burial of the dead.
• However, superseded by blade technology
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The New Stone Age (Neolithic)
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The New Stone Age (Early Period)
• 6000-7000 years ago• Period of flaked and
polished stone tools.• Ground blades and
cutting edges• Axes and adzes of
oval form• pottery
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The New Stone Age (Middle)
• 4000-7000 years ago.• Axes, adzes, ridged
back types and tangled butt tool
• Domesticated plant and animals intensified
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The New Stone Age (Late)• 2000BC-100AD years
ago.• Materials polish
capable• Sawing, drilling• Polished trapezoidal
tools• Jade implements
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Human Races
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Human Races
• History of CIVILIZATION is a history of MIGRATIOn.
• MIGRATION implies mingling of people
• Resulting to GENETIC INHERITANCE and effect on cultural and PHYSICAL FEATURE.
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Human Races
• Misconceptions about human races1. Undesirable
DISHARMONY OF ANATOMICAl features
2. Hybrid VIGOR in physique and mentality
3. Physical and psychological INFERIORITy
4. Personality is a PRODUCT of human race
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11 Major Racial Categories
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11 Major Racial Categories1. Caucasoid–Light to dark brown–White race–Thick head hair–Narrow and
projecting nose–Lips average to thin–Tall to short stature
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11 Major Racial Categories
2. Mongoloids–Yellowish to light
brown–Black straight hair –Lips medium
thinness–Cheek bones
projected forward
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11 Major Racial Categories
3. African Negroid–Yellowish or dark brown
to almost black–Very curly, woolly,
frizzly and little body hair.–Nose wide– Ears small– Lips thick
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11 Major Racial Categories
4. Melanesians –Deeply pigmented
skin and eyes–Tightly curled hair–New Guinea to Fiji
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11 Major Racial Categories5. Micronesian
Polynesians–Body hair slight–Skin is light–Head hair from
straight to frizzly but mostly wavy –Islands of Hawaii to
New Zealand
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11 Major Racial Categories
6. Congo/ Central African Pygmies–Genetically Negroid– Less than 5 ft tall–Not as dark as African
Negroids and Melanesians but more bodily hair than the two
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11 Major Racial Categories
7. Far Eastern Pygmies–Malay peninsula
(Indonesians, Luzon and Mindanao Islands)– Lips fairly thick–Head hair woolly– Skin color very dark,
slight bodily hair– 5 ft tall
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11 Major Racial Categories
8. Australoids–Head hair nearly
straight to frizzly but mostly heavy–Much bodily hair– Features the same
with Caucasoid except the color of skin
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11 Major Racial Categories
9. Bushman Hottentot– Eyelids epicanthic
folds similar with the Mongoloids
– Body hair is thin– Skin color not dark– Sport fat thighs and
buttocks– 5 ft tall
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11 Major Racial Categories10. Ainus–Wavy hair–Lips thin–Bodily hair heavy–Hokkaido, Japan
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11 Major Racial Categories11. Veddoid–Wavy to curly
hair–Some bodily
hair –Chocolate
brown skin
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• Negroid– Forest Negro (Guinea Cost)– Melanesia (From Southern Asia
to Africa and Oceania)– Negrito (Central African
Pygmies/Negrillos and Far Eastern Pygmies)
– Bushman (Bantu, Forest negro, Sudanese and Bushman-Boskop)
– Sudanese (Nilotic Negroes/Nilotes)
– Hamite (East Africa, Sudan Mediterranean in built)
• Polynesians• Ladino (Latin Americans)• Neo Hawaiian (Hybrid of
Hawaiian, European and Polynesian)
Sub races