early anticoagulation post lscs in a symptomatic...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Early Anticoagulation Post LSCS in a Symptomatic …jkscience.org/archives/volume153/Report1.pdfEarly Anticoagulation Post LSCS in a Symptomatic Cortical Venous Thrombosis with Protein](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030816/5b29c8b97f8b9a084d8b4745/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
JK SCIENCE
148 www.jkscience.org Vol. 15 No.3, July-September 2013
CASE REPORT
From the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and G Medicine*, ASCOMS & Hospital, Jammu- J&K IndiaCorrespondence to : Dr Prabhjit Kour. Assistant Professor, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, ASCOMS & Hospital, Jammu- J&K, India
Early Anticoagulation Post LSCS in a SymptomaticCortical Venous Thrombosis with Protein - S Deficiency
Prabhjit Kour, Sanjay Bhat*, Saurabh Sharma*, Abhinav Gupta*
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, a rare condition withvariable clinical presentation especially in high riskpredisposed individuals like hypercoaguable states,dehydration, oral contraceptives, hormone replacementtherapy, pregnancy and puerperium (1). The clinicalscenario can be in the form of headache (95%), focalseizures with or without secondary generalization (47%),unilateral or bilateral paresis (43%) and papilledema (41%)(2,3). We report a case of CVT presenting in puerperium,36 hours post lower segment caesarean section (LSCS)as generalized tonic-clonic seizures in whom anti-coagulation therapy was initiated earliest possible (48hours), despite the major surgical intervention.Case Report
Twenty nine year female presented to us with historyof two episodes of generalized tonic-clonic seizures,occurring 36 hours post LSCS half an hour apart. Therewas no preceding history of any fever, headache ortrauma. Her obstetric history included two previousspontaneous abortions; first one at 10 weeks of gestationand the second one at 14 weeks of gestation. Ante-partumperiod of current pregnancy was uneventful and the peri-partum period including LSCS was uneventful Initialevaluation revealed normal general physical and systemicexamination. Laboratory investigations revealed normalserum electrolytes, normal kidney and liver function tests.Magnetic resonance imaging of brain revealed focal
AbstractPost partum cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) in a high risk predisposed individual and its managementparticularly after a major surgical intervention i.e. lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) is debatable.Guidelines are there to treat after 72 hours of major surgical intervention. We report a case of CVT withgeneralised tonic clonic seizures as a life threatening complication in whom anticoagulation was started at48 hours post LSCS without any complications of anticoagulation. We recommend early anticoagulationdespite major surgical intervention, so as to avoid the impending life threatening complications followingcerebral venous thrombosis in predisposed individuals.
Key WordsCerebral Venous Thrombosis, Anticoagulation, Hypercoaguable State
Introductioncortical and subcortical hyperintensities in both cerebralhemispheres predominantly in parieto-occipital regionswith MR venogram revealing complete occlusion of leftjugular and transverse sinuses, giving diagnosis of cerebralvenous thrombosis (Fig-1).
Patient's bleeding time, clotting time and prothrombintime index was normal. Patient's FDP and d-dimer levelswere raised; Anti Nuclear Antibodies and AntiPhospholipid Antibody were within normal ranges. Herprotein C levels were normal but protein S activity, ashappens normally during pregnancy and puerperium, wasreduced. Protein S quantitative assay also revealedreduced levels of protein S (45 U/dl) in serum (Normal-greater than 63 U/dl).
Subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)was started 48 hours after her LSCS overlapped withoral Vitamin K Antagonist (VKA)- warfarin. Patientremained asymptomatic and was discharged on oral VKAwith advice regarding regular INR monitoring.Discussion
Thrombosis of the dural sinus and/or cerebral veins(CVT) is an uncommon form of stroke usually affectingyoung individuals (2). Despite advances in the recognitionof CVT in recent years, diagnosis and management canbe difficult because of the diversity of underlying riskfactors and the absence of a uniform treatment approach.CVT represents 0.5% to 1% of all strokes (3). Multiple
![Page 2: Early Anticoagulation Post LSCS in a Symptomatic …jkscience.org/archives/volume153/Report1.pdfEarly Anticoagulation Post LSCS in a Symptomatic Cortical Venous Thrombosis with Protein](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022030816/5b29c8b97f8b9a084d8b4745/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
JK SCIENCE
Vol. 15 No. 3, July -September 2013 www.jkscience.org 149
factors have been associated with CVT, but only someof them are reversible.
Traditionally, the most frequently postulated mechanisminvolved in CVT in obstetric patients is a hypercoaguablestate (4) associated with dehydration and anaemia.However, other factors may play an important role, suchas protein S deficiency, which is common duringpregnancy and puerperium (5,6). Deficiency of protein Shas been reported in previous cases of CVT in obstetricpatients (7,8).
According to the guidelines of the European Federationof Neurological Societies (9), the first line treatment forcerebral venous and dural sinus thrombosis isanticoagulation. The rationale for its use is to favourspontaneous thrombus resolution and to re-canalize theoccluded vein or sinus, to avoid thrombus propagation, totreat underlying prothrombotic condition and to preventcomplications such as pulmonary thromboembolism.Treatment is usually started with dose-adjustedintravenous heparin between 3000 and 5000 internationalunits or body-weight-adjusted subcutaneous low-molecular weight heparin, until the patient stabilizes.Treatment for this acute phase is followed by oralanticoagulation with warfarin to prevent recurrence andthrombosis in other parts of the body.
Our patient was treated with anti-coagulation withLMWH within 48 hours of the major surgical intervention(LSCS), though usual recommendation is to start anti-coagulation after 72 hours after a major surgery for useof LMWH as per ACCP (American College of ChestPhysicians) guidelines (10), overlapped with oral VKA(Vitamin K antagonist).
We recommend early anticoagulation despite majorsurgical intervention, so as to avoid the impending life
threatening complications following cerebral venousthrombosis in predisposed individuals.
References
Fig.1 MR Venogram showing Occlusion of left Jugular (Red) and Transverse Venous Sinuses (Yellow)
1. Cantu C, Barinagarrementeria F. Cerebral venous thrombosisassociated with pregnancy and puerperium: review of 67cases. Stroke 1993; 24:1880-84.
2. Bousser MG, Ferro JM. Cerebral venous thrombosis: anupdate. Lancet Neurol 2007;6:162-70.
3. Stam J. Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses.N Engl J Med 2005;352:1791-98.
4. Inglis TCM, Stuart J, George AJ, Davies AJ. Haemostaticand rheological changes in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Br J Haematol 1982;50:461-65.
5. Comp PC, Thurnau GR, Welsh J, Esmon CT. Functionaland immunologic protein S levels are decreased duringpregnancy. Blood 1986;68:881- 85.
6. Mackinnon S, Walker ID, Davidson JF, Walker JJ. Plasmafibrinolysis during and after normal childbirth. Br JHaematol 1987;65: 339-342.
7. Cros D, Comp PC, Beltran G, Gum G. Superior sagittalsinus thrombosis in a patient with protein S deficiency.Stroke 1990:21: 633- 636.
8. Moreb J, Kitchens CS. Acquired functional protein Sdeficiency, cerebral venous thrombosis and coumarin skinnecrosis in association with antiphospholipid syndrome:report of two cases. Am J Med 1989;87:207-210.
9. Einhaupl K, Stam J, Bousser MG, et al. EFNS guideline onthe treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis inadult patients. Eur J Neurol 2010;17:1229-35.
10. Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, Gutterman DD,Schuünemann HJ; American College of Chest PhysiciansAntithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of ThrombosisPanel. Executive summary: Antithrombotic Therapy andPrevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College ofChest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical PracticeGuidelines. Chest 2012 ;141(2 Suppl):e419S-94S.