early america- 8/26
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Early America
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Native American Inhabitants
• No written story exists– Archaeologists use artifacts to infer– Folklorists have recorded songs, legends,
myths
• Uncertain arrival– As recently as 12,000 years ago or as
much as 70,000 years– Regardless, at least 30 times longer than
Europeans not until late 1500s
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European Settlers• 100 years after
European explorers landed in North America still no permanent settlements north of Florida
• 1607 English settlers- Jamestown, VA Picture from:
http://northamericadredge.com/loc.html
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Settlers + Natives
• Natives usually greeted settlers as friends– Taught agriculture, woodcraft techniques– Introduced to maize, beans, squash,
snowshoes, canoes, etc. crucial to survival
• Entranced by natives– They did not realize that Native
Americans had own cultural values, literary traditions
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Native American Tradition
• Oral Tradition: Stories spoken aloud rather than committed to paper; told by elders to younger generations
• Mainly viewed as folklore [unwritten songs, stories, etc. of a culture] for a long time– Thus, the song lyrics, hero tales, migration
legends, and accounts of the creation were studied more for their story value than literary
• It IS considered literature!
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Alternatives to Written Accounts
• No religious texts like Bible, Koran instead, sacred symbols on animal hides, in beadwork, and woven into rugs or clothing
Picture from: http://sarweb.org/?news_stockman_grant
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Native American Literature• Language of lyrics,
narratives that have been captured in writing often poetic & moving
• Diverse BUT commonality deep respect for nature– Tales, chants celebrate
wonders of natural world, interconnectedness with world of the spirit
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Lack of Language
• Imagine you have just landed in a new country and this is what you see when you go exploring…
Since you have never seen one of these animals before, you would not have a name to call it!
Picture from: http://divaboo.info/
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Borrowed Language
• Early colonists borrowed words from the Native Americans’ vocabulary
• Pronunciation was difficult for them Anglicized (shortened, simplified), e.g.:otchock = woodchuck segankw = skunk
Tití pigmeo or mono de bosillo (pocket monkey) Pygmy Marmoset- Native to South America countriesPicture from: http://jdobias.blogspot.com/2011/05/days-71-72-and-73-im-city-boy-get-me.html
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Borrowed Language
• Some U.S. places originating from Native American words:
Picture from: http://wapedia.mobi/en/List_of_U.S._state_name_etymologies
-Shenandoah
-Rappahannock
-25 state names
-5 of the 6 Great Lakes
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Native American Myths & Legends
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Explaining Phenomena
• Native Americans asked same questions as anyone else: “Why am I here?” “How did Earth come to be?” “When did life begin?”
• Need for explanation myths, traditional stories passed down to new generations
• Origin Myths: stories that explain phenomena such as customs, religious rites, natural landmarks, events beyond our control
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Oral Tradition
• These traditionally unwritten songs, stories, poems, etc. convey a people’s values, concerns, and history
• What did the Native Americans value in their culture? What things did they fear? What was most important for them to pass on to future generations?
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The Earth on Turtle’s Back
•Onondaga-Northeast Woodlands–Lived in what is now central NY–Originally from Canada–Wood & bark long houses–Did not believe in fighting
• Retold by Michael J. Cadutoand Joseph Bruchac• Story about the creation ofthe world• Earth forms as an offshoot of a celestial place called Skyland
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When Grizzlies Walked Upright• Modoc– Lived in what is now Oregon and Northern CA– Farmers, fishers, hunters, weavers– Forced onto Oregon reservation– Some Modoc had hostile relations with US troops
• Retold by Richard Erdoes and Alfonso Ortiz• Tells origin of all Native American people• Chief of the Sky Spirits’ creations,• interactions with daughter