Revisiting SULFUR DIOXIDE

Major reductions in concentrations Epidemiology shows continued health correlation with SO2

Concern about very short term peaks

Damage to some materials even at low concentrations

Revisiting OZONE

The problems of no-threshold Relationship with background levels i.e. broad rural distributions

Inhomogenity and depletion in urban areas

Problem as a secondary pollutant complex to reduce

Revisiting PARTICULATE MATTER

Confusion over mechanisms and measurement

Regulatory problems: uncertainty no-thresholds

Constitutional dilemmas TSP PM-10 PM-2.5

PARTICLES

Compositional complexity and nanoscale heterogeneity [Buseck et al, Atmospheric Geochemistry No.

281 http://geology.asu.edu/~7starM/index.htm] Organics… Phase transitions of aqueous

atmospheric particles [Martin, S.T Chem. Rev., 100, 3403-3453,

2000]

Buseck et al

SODIUM CHLORIDE TO SULFATE

Mechanisms Area/number Oxidative stress Metals/radicals

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

MSU College of Human Medicine John Hopkins School of Medicine

ALVEOLI

Revisiting PARTICULATE MATTER

ORGANIC ACIDS

Dicarboxylic acids - oxalic and malonic acids common in photochemical smog

Pinic acids from monoterpene oxidation

Resin acids, abietic acids

Respiratory irritants...

OUTLINE

Pollutants of concern getting the balance right

Indoor air pollution Natural sources - dust forest fires Monitoring Control

Technological vs sociological change Interfacing with the public and politicians

THE SCIENTIFIC

TO THE

SOCIOLOGICAL

SIMPLE HALOGENATED COMPOUNDS

Carbon tetrachloride once widely used Chloroform widely used, chlorinated water,

paper mills, waste sites Ethylene dichloride production of vinyl chloride Tri/tetrachloroethylene landfills Vinyl chloride industrial emissions include the

discharge of exhaust gases, landfills

ACETONITRILE

forest fires

automobile exhaust

manufacturing facilities Acute exposure - irritation of mucous membranes

Chronic exposure affects CNS and carcinogenic(?)

1,3-BUTADIENE

Some concern in 96/62/EC but never adopted

UK, NZ have set standards

Standards will probably be met

Carcinogen

QUINOLINE

metallurgical processes

manufacture of dyes

petroleum refining

coking

Liver carcinogen

CHLORONATED DIBENZO COMPOUNDS

Dioxins/Furans fugitive dusts, waste incinerators, cement production, and pulp/paper production, “preserved” wood combustion

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) released to the air from disposal sites

Toxic, carcinogenic...

ATMOSPHERIC REACTIONS

We have not considered reactions…

role of anthropogenic/biogenic VOCs fine particle production especially

organic materials novel radicals beyond OH, NO3

INDOOR AIR POLLUTION

Increasing time in indoor environment Sensitive populations indoors:

elderly, young and ill Monitors outside! Lower ventilation rates - energy savings Novel building materials - outgas

…also poverty and gender issues

BROADENING THE BASE OF CHEMICALS

In Europe 30,00 chemicals Regulation on the Evaluation and Control of the Risks of Existing Substances

toxicity persistence accumulation use modelling literature

PVC ducks toxic!

EU White Paper adopted 13 February 2001

INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS

Outdoor pollutants Combustion products Outgassed aldehydes and hydrocarbons Secondary emissions-

O3 reaction fabrics Secondary products -

O3 reaction with terpenes

VULNERABLE GROUPS INDOORS POVERTY AND GENDER ISSUES

Coal PM10 250 µg m-3 CO 42 ppm SO2 192 ppb

Women and children exposed in kitchen Poor people experience higher pollution indoors

Kerosene and gas less mutagenic PAH...

Heated interiors- La Pintana, Santiago

Firewood PM10 489 µg m-3 CO 57 ppm SO2 295 ppb

INDOOR CHALLENGES

Heterogeneity of indoor environment - monitoring

Personal freedom Sick building syndrome - sociological context Often indoor air not same governmental

agency as outdoor air Department of Health or Housing or Safety or Industry or even Cultural Heritage

NATURAL SOURCES

Forest fires Dust

add to cooking smoke industrial emissions

Impact of forest fire smoke into cities Dust as a broad source of PM Cooking fires and global climate

May 17 2000 NOAA image Processed by YSChung YELLOW

DUST

Photographs from:C.J. Park, NIER, Seoul

FOREST SMOKE IN CITIES

Health effects of particles problem of size problem of toxicity

Canadian fires affect US pollutant concentrations [Wotawa and Trainer Science 288: (5464) 324-328]

Fine particles and regional haze - PSD [Fox, EM p. 15 Nov.1999]

ACIDS FROM FOREST FIRES

Rain may be acidic OR alkaline Ammonia and organic acids important

during haze [see Balasubramanian et al JGR 104,26881]

HCl, HCOOH KCO3, NH3

HNO3 H2SO4

EMISSION CONTROL

Emissions

Pollution

CONCERN

…less applicable in an age of secondary pollutants

SURFACTANTS DETECTED in AEROSOLS

0

50

100

150

200

0 100 200 300 400

TSP µg m-3

pmol

m-3

Jariya Sukhapan UEA

SUMMER WINTER SPRING

...alter hygroscopic properties

Surfactants in alveoli aid gas exchange, but also lung defense.

Would aerosol surfactants alter these functions?

PULMONARY SURFACTANTS

PULMONARY SURFACTANTS

ALVEOLI

FIRE SMOKE

April 11 2000 NOAA images Processed by YSChung

HOT SPOTS

MONITORING SOPHISTICATED / HI-TECH

MOPITT - carbon monoxide TOMS - ozone

“The first NOx BOX in space…”

MONITORING AND ANALYSIS Chemical Ionization MS [A.Kiendler]

Proton Transfer Reaction MS [R.Holzinger, Ionenphysik, Austria]

Aerosol Mass Spectrometer for Size and Composition [J. T. Jayne et al, J. Aer. Sci. Tech. 33, 49-70 (2000)]

…allows exploration of complex systems e.g.organics in urban air Lewis et al Nature 405, 778 (2000)

MONITORING SIMPLE / LO-TECH

Regulatory agencies often have limited resources

Small towns: reduced expertise resource and training

Detailed analysis: time-consuming interpretation

Indicative monitoring now in EU regulations...

SOLID STATE SENSORS Solid state e.g Laser-ablated

nanocrystalline SnO2 material for CO Electrochromic NO sensors with

WO3 Sensors and Actuators B 89 (2003) 205-211

P.T. Moseley et al Techniques and Mechanisms in Gas Sensing Adam Hilger

problems low sensitivity and selectivity, long response times and drift...

“CAN TRANSGENIC MICE HEAR AIR POLLUTION?”

Biomonitors Dyes Biomolecules Listening out for

urban air pollution Tirabassi T, Atmos Env 33: 4219-4220(1999)

Photo Credit: Purina Mills 1997 Calendar

CONTROL

Strategies in contemporary atmospheres

Interfacing with public and politicians

AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Emission inventory

Lower Pollution

POLICY CONCERN

Computer model

Meteorological measurement

Monitoring network

Air quality standards/goals

Devise tactics to meet standards

Enforce emissions

Elsom (1992)

Disagreement

Political wrangle

Economic impact

Siting issues

Models!

Distrust

Perceptions

PUBLIC REACTION TO AIR QUALITY INFORMATION

Mistrust - puts a positive spin on air quality Too complex - concentrations, compounds Not relevant to individuals - doesn’t relate to

how I feel Not local - its bad here, but no monitors Not timely - reports the past not the future Buck-passing - government ought to do

something not simply report

MONITORING NETWORKS

may be ill equipped to provide the appropriate information…

people’s understanding tends to be

localised within the immediate physical, social and cultural landscape

NOT SO MUCH IS AIR POLLUTION GETTING WORSE …ITS CHANGING!

WOOD SMOKE VOCs, O3

COAL SMOKE DIESEL SMOKE

LEAD H2S SMELLs

TIME

the challenge we face is that also science, monitoring and control must change!