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Egyptian Arabic Lesson 18

If he has good grades...Vocabulary مل

ک ک

perioddawn

joke

gulf

desert

border

dierence

errand

fatrafagr

nukta nukat

xaliig

ßa˙raa’

˙add ˙uduud

ixtifaaf ixtilaafaat

mišwaar mašawiir

Other Nouns

especially

usually

xußuußan

caadatan

Other Words

Academic and Professional Words

ک ک

General Secondary Examscience

score, grade, total

tourism and hotels

pharmacy

engineering

scientist, scholar

writer, literary person

design

architecture

public relations

author

pharmacist

tuition

grade, mark, score

issanawiyya lc

ammacilm culuum

magmuuc magamiic

issiyaa˙a wilfanaadi’

ßaydala

handasa

caalim culamaa’

’adiib ’udabaa’

taßmiim

fann ilcimaraat

calaqaat camma

kaatib kuttaab

ßaydali

maßariif ittacliim

daraga daragaat

Expressions and Proverbs

ک May God help you.

May the same happen to you. (Said as a good wish or in response tocongratulations-particularly as regards marriage or children.)

May God give you strength.

Congratulations!

May God bless you. (response to Congratulations.)

May God preserve you. (= ank you, said in response to a serviceor enquiry after one’s health. May be used with other pronouns.)

rabbina yikuun coonak

cu’baalak

rabbina yic†iik ilcaaya

mabruuk

allaah yibaarik ik

allaah yixalliik

to grow close

to request

to repeat

to accept

to be accepted

to intend

to dier

to need

’arrab yi’arrab

†alab yu†lub

caad yiciid

’ibil yi’bal

it’abal yit’ibil

nawa yinwi

ixtalaf yixtilif

i˙taag yi˙taag

Verbs

ني ني

ني ني

ک ک

intending

crazy

needing, needy

in a hurry

certain

naawi nawiyyiin

magnuun maganiin

mi˙taag mi˙tagiin

mistacgil mistacgiliin

mit’akkid mit’akkidiin

Adjectives

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Dialogue Assignment

1) Work with a partner and take turns talking about your future plans. Ask them what they will do if parts of the plan do not workout (for example if your partner says ‘I want to move to Alaska’ you should ask ‘If you couldn’t go to Alaska – where would you go’).Use compete sentences in each response.

4. Transform into conditional sentences with and ک in appropriate places. Translate your answer into English.Examples #1: Prompt: ک. ني Answer: . ک ک ني If we hadn’t been busy, we would have

come.Example #2: Prompt: . ک ک Answer: . ک ک ک

If he hadn’t received a good score, he would be entering the College of Engineering.

Drills

1. Translate the following sentences into English.

ک . ک ک . جل

ک . ک .

ک . ک

2. Replace the word مل with the word to form a conditional sentence. Translate your answer into English.Example: Prompt: . مل Answer: . If you see Adil, tell him to call me.

. مل مل ک مل .مل .

مل . جل مل .

3. Make sentences that are contrary to fact. Replace the word with the words and ک and then translate both sentences.Example: Prompt: ک Answer: ک ک If we don’t do this, what will

happen. --> If we hadn’t done this, what would have happened.

.ک .

ک .ک . ک

ک .

..

.

ک. ک مي ک . ک

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5. Translate the following sentences into Arabic.

If they were going to go to Syria, they would have told me.If I didn’t like water I wouldn’t live near the gulf.If they come before 10:00 p.m. we will all go together.If I leave after 3:00 I will have to be in a hurry.

If I had left before 3:00 I wouldn’t have had to be in a hurry.If I weren’t crazy, I wouldn’t study Arabic.

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EA 18 Language Notes

1. ConditionalsBoth fuß˙a and colloquial have two kinds of conditional sentences, which may be referred to as ‘possible’ conditionals and‘contrary to fact’ conditionals. With ‘possible’ conditionals, the speaker assumes that there is at least a chance that what he issaying might happen. For example:

If you study hard, you will succeedIf Mahmoud arrives tomorrow, I’ll speak to him about this.

e implication here is that the speaker thinks that there is a chance the person might study hard, and therefore really mightsucceed, and that there is a chance that Mahmoud may arrive tomorrow, and that therefore he’ll be able to speak to him.

‘Contrary to fact’ conditional sentences, in contrast, have the implication that the speaker thinks that what he is talkingabout will not or cannot happen, and that therefore the results won’t happen either. e whole thing is hypothetical. Forexample:

If I were king, I would free all the slaves in the land.If you had arrived last night, Maryam wouldn’t have left.

e implication of these sentences is that the speaker realizes that he will never be king, and therefore never be in a positionto free all the slaves, and that in fact you did NOT arrive last night, and therefore Maryam did leave.

To understand Arabic conditionals, it is very important to keep a distinction in your mind between ‘possible’ conditionals and‘contrary to fact’ conditionals.

Unfortunately, this distinction is marked somewhat dierently in fuß˙a than it is in colloquial. In fuß˙a, themain distinction isborn by the conditional particle. and , usually followed by either a perfect or jussive verb, are used for possible conditions,while , followed by a perfect, is used for ‘contrary to fact’ conditions. For more details, see a fuß˙a grammar book.

In colloquial, things are a little more involved. Some speakers do maintain the distinction between and on the one hand,and on the other, but many do not. is means that from a learner’s point of view, any particular use of , or could beeither ‘possible’ OR ‘contrary to fact.’ e real distinction between the two types of sentences in colloquial, therefore, is not inthe word used to mean ‘if,’ but rather in the way the sentence is constructed after the ‘if.’

Conditional sentences always have two parts, the ‘if ’ clause, and the result clause. ere are (as always) additional details,but the main distinction between ‘possible’ and ‘contrary to fact’ conditionals in colloquial is that ‘possible’ conditionals do nothave a form of the verb ک in the RESULT clause, while ‘contrary to fact’ conditionals always have a form of the verb ک inthe RESULT clause. Compare:

If you go home, you’ll see Karim there.. مي ک

Possible:

Contrary to Fact:If you had gone home, you would have seen Karim there.

. ک مي ک

e other details include the following:(1) In ‘possible’ conditionals, the verb of the IF clause must either be past tense (even if the meaning is present tense or future),or it must be preceded by a past tense form of the verb :For example .ک

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If she is studying English in America, I’ll be able to speak

with her when she returns.

If she arrives early, she’ll come to the restaurant with us.

If she is going to arrive early, tell her to come to therestaurant with us.

ک جن ک ک . مل

. مل

. ک مل

(2) Notice in the above examples of ‘possible’ conditionals that the IF clause is marked with a special tense (either with a formof ک or with a past tense verb), but that the RESULT clause is left alone.

(3) In ‘contrary to fact’ conditionals, in which the RESULT clause is always marked with a form of the IF clause is ,ک optionally marked with ک as well. For example:

If Ashraf were studying English, he would have under-stood what I said to him.

If Ashraf were studying English, he would have under-

stood what I said to him.

. جن ک

. ک جن ک

Remember that the ک in the RESULT clause of ‘contrary to fact’ conditionals is obligatory, while the ک in the IF clause isoptional.

(4) Remember also that although some speakers use and for ‘possible’ conditionals’ and for ‘contrary to fact’ conditionals,as in the above examples, other speakers mix them seemingly randomly. You can substitute for and for in the above

examples with no change of meaning, since the meaning is carried by the use of .ک

(5) In both English and Arabic, it is most common to leave the word ‘then’ out of an ‘if-then’ sentence: If you come at noon,(then) you will be able to eat lunch with us. If you want to add the equivalent of ‘then’ to a ‘possible’ conditional, use the form

. is means something like ‘then it is true that’ or‘then it must be true that’:

If that is your opinion, then you didn’t study the matter

well.

If you see Sharif in the market, then you will know that

he is not sick today.

. ک مل ک

.

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Imperative PronounPerfectPlain Imperfectbi- Imperfect˙a- Imperfect

ibni

ibni

ibnu

huwwa

hiyya

inta

inti

ana

humma

intu

i˙na

bana

banit

baneet

baneeti

baneet

banu

baneetu

baneena

yibni

tibni

tibni

tibni

abni

yibnu

yibnu

nibni

biyibni

bitibni

bitibni

bitibni

babni

biyibnu

bitibnu

binibni

˙ayibni

˙atibni

˙atibni

˙atibni

˙abni

˙ayibnu

˙atibnu

˙anibni

Verbal Noun

Active Participle

binaa’

baani

Imperative PronounPerfectPlain Imperfectbi- Imperfect˙a- Imperfect

2. Here is the conjugation of a typical Form I Defective verb. Remember that Form I defective verbs have a variety of vowelpatterns and this is only one example

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