e85: the next street performance and racing fuel robert l. colesworthy 12/3/07 advanced engineering...
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E85: The Next Street Performance and
Racing FuelRobert L. Colesworthy
12/3/07 Advanced Engineering & Technology Conference
Introduction Robert L. Colesworthy Winning on Ethanol - Why it works
and what is driving racing to go to it Different blends, availability, and how
E85 will fit the future Application specifics, a review of
compatibility of parts, corrosion, etc. How to optimize for effective use of
ethanol as a performance fuel
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Winning on Ethanol - What is Driving Racing to Go to It? Environmentally-friendly fuel Favorable political climate Safety Low cost and increasing
availability Power-making potential
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-2% -2%-6%
-23%
-17%
-64%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
E10 GV: DMCorn EtOH
E10 GV: WMCorn EtOH
E10 GV: Cell.EtOH
E85 FFV: DMCorn EtOH
E85 FFV: WMCorn EtOH
E85 FFV:Cell. EtOH
“Ethanol Blends Significantly Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions” Argonne National Labs.
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Michael Wang – Argonne National Laboratory, Aug. 2005
Power Making Fuel Characteristics
1. Octane Rating
2. Burning Rate
3. Latent Heat of Vaporization
4. Energy Value
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1. Octane Measures fuel’s resistance to pre-
ignition and detonation, commonly called “knocking”
Three common octane ratings for motor fuels: Research Octane Number (RON) Motor Octane Number (MON) (R+M/2) method
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1. Octane MON rating is most useful to racers
because it is measured under high loads and at high RPM’s
High MON rated fuels allow the use of higher compression and advanced spark timing
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1. Octane
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E85 delivers MON octane ratings equal to, or better than, most gasolines
2. Burning Rate
The speed at which fuel burns and releases its heat energy
There is less time for fuel to burn at high RPM’s, so rapid burning fuel is a must in racing
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2. Burning Rate
Peak horsepower and engine efficiency are realized if fuel is almost completely burned by 20 degrees after Top Dead Center (TDC)
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3. Latent Heat of Vaporization
Measures a fuel’s ability to cool the intake charge and combustion chamber
Measured in BTU’s per gallon Higher rated fuels remove heat better
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3. Latent Heat of Vaporization
E85 promotes better cooling: Making the intake charge more dense,
thereby packing more energy (per volume) into the engine
Helping to control detonation Reducing temperatures in the engine
and oiling system components
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4. Energy Value
The total heat energy contained in a given amount of fuel – BTUs/lb.
Horsepower generation depends on “Net Energy Value” - Equal to the energy value multiplied by the amount of fuel that can be burned
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4. Energy Value
A fuel’s “stoichiometric” defines its ideal air/fuel ratio
Lower stoichiometric fuels allow more fuel to be burned which, in turn, increases the Net Energy Value of the fuel
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4. Energy Value
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The lower stoichiometric of E85 provides the fuel with a higher Net Energy Value than most gasolines
Fuel Comparison Chart
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Fuel Octane(MON)
Burning Rate(ms@stoic.)
Latent Heat(BTU/gal)
Energy Value
BTU/lbs
Power Stoic.
Net Energy Value
(MJ/kg)
Pure Ethanol 102 .39 396 12,800 6.5/1 3.00
Pure Methanol 103 .43 503 9,750 5/1 3.08
Pump Gasoline 80-90 .34
150(avg.)
18,700-19,100
12.5/1 2.92
Racing Gasoline 99 N/A
160(est.)
18,500(est.)
12.5/1 2.90
E30 87-94 .36 337 17,178 10.7/1 2.94
E85 99-100 .38 359 14,021 7.4/1 2.99
Fuel Rankings
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Fuel Octane(MON)
Burning Rate(ms@stoic.)
Latent Heat(BTU/gal)
Net Energy Value
(MJ/kg)
Pure Ethanol 2 5 2 2
Pure Methanol 1 6 1 1
Pump Gasoline 6 2 6 5
Racing Gasoline 4 1 5 6
E30 5 3 4 4
E85 3 4 3 3
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Gasoline vs Ethanol STP Trq
600.0
620.0
640.0
660.0
680.0
700.0
720.0
740.0
760.0
4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500
RPM
ST
P T
rq
Gasoline Ethanol
Dave Slatten – 540 CID Drag Race Engine Dyno Results
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Gasoline vs Ethanol STP Hp
550.0
600.0
650.0
700.0
750.0
800.0
850.0
900.0
950.0
1000.0
4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500
RPM
ST
P H
p
Gasoline Ethanol
Dave Slatten – 540 CID Drag Race Engine Dyno Results
Different Blends, Availability, and How E85 will Fit the Future
E10 E85 E100 (E-98)
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Application Specifics, a Review of Compatibility of Parts, Corrosion, etc. E10:1. Passenger car-compliant for decades. A
simple replacement fuel
2. Reduced emissions/oxygenate
3. MTBE replacement
4. Promotes clean fuel injectors
5. Octane booster
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E85:1. Requires vehicle modifications
2. “Flex Fuel” vehicle (FFV) – identified by a gas cap insignia
3. Ethanol-compatible fuel tank, pump, lines, etc.
4. Modified air/fuel ratio: enriched air/fuel ratio (approx. 25-28%) or specialized sensors and computer programming
5. Additional changes and race car handling considerations
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E100 (E98):1. Contains 98% ethanol and 2% denaturing
chemical
2. Race-only fuel (IRL series)
3. Extremely hygroscopic
4. May require “top oil” and post-race “pickling” procedures.
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How to Optimize for Effective Use of Ethanol as a Performance Fuel
Know Your Fuel – Determine Actual Ethanol Content
Fuel System Modifications Engine Modifications Handling and Storage Racing E85 Fuel
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Know Your Fuel – Determine Actual Ethanol ContentThe actual ethanol content of E85 varies widely by the time of year and pump-to-pump. For our easy Four-Step Titration Method, you will need:1. 100 ml. graduated cylinder & stopper
2. Sample of test E85 fuel
3. Distilled water
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Step 1:
Fill the cylinder to the 50 ml. mark with the test fuel.
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Six-Step Water Titration Method,for E85
Step 2:
Add 48 ml. of distilled water.
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Six-Step Water Titration Method,for E85
Step 3:Put stopper in top of cylinder. Shake vigorously to mix the water and fuel. Allow it to stand.
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Six-Step Water Titration Method,for E85
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Six-Step Water Titration Method,for E85
Step 4:Pull stopper out slightly to allow pressure buildup to escape. Reseal and allow to stand for 15 min.
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Water/Ethanol
Gasoline
Volume B = 86 mlVolume A = 93 ml
Six-Step Water Titration Method,for E85
Step 5:Write down the overall Volume A and the separation line Volume B.
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Step 6:Apply this formula to determine gasoline content: Percent Gasoline = 2.1 + 1.94 (Volume A – Volume B)2.1 + 1.94 (93-86)2.1 + 1.94 (7)2.1 + 13.58Percent Gasoline = 15.68%To find the ethanol content, subtract the percentage
gasoline content (15.68) from 100:
100 – 15.68 = 84.32% or approx. E85
Fuel System ModificationsTo make your race vehicle E85 compatible, you must inspect the following and make any needed changes:1. Correct fuel tank type & size2. Vented gas cap3. Compatible fuel pump – correct type
and capacity4. Compatible carburetor/injectors
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Engine ModificationsProtect your engine and take full advantage of the power-making capability of E85 fuel:1. Utilize ethanol-compatible motor oil
2. Increase engine static compression ratio
3. Increase engine dynamic compression
4. Adjust air/fuel ratio
5. Adjust spark timing
6. Experiment with spark timing correction
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Handling & StorageEthanol blends are hygroscopic. Once water has been introduced, corrosion will develop. Be sure to:
1. Store the fuel only in approved containers and keep it tightly capped at all times.
2. All alcohols are very drying to skin. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
3. Follow all other normal fuel handling and storage recommendations.
4. Inspect your motor oil for “milking” and change frequently.
5. After racing, “pickle” the engine and vehicle. Drain all fuel from lines and use an appropriate anti-corrosive agent.
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Racing with E85Not only does E85 vary in ethanol content by the time of year and from pump to pump, but the 15% gasoline portion also affects engine performance and fuel system requirements.
While pump E85 has a nominal octane rating of 105 (R+M/2 method), we strongly recommend that you find a supplier of “E85 Racing Fuel”. The fuel should have a consistent and high (85%) ethanol content and the gasoline should also be a high grade racing fuel. This will protect your engine from varying octane levels and air/fuel mixture requirements.
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Contact Information:
12/3/07
Robert L. ColesworthyIQ Learning Systems, Inc.1833 Scherer ParkwaySaint Charles, MO 63303
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