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TRANSCRIPT
JKAU: Met., Env. & Arid Land Agric. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 1, pp: 19-30 (2011 A.D./14321 A.H.)
DOI: 10.4197/Met. 22-1.2
19
Evaluation of the Agricultural Value and Germination
Vigor of the Introduced Seeds of the Main Crops in Saudi
Arabia
Fathy S. El-Nakhlawy and Mohamed A. Shaheen
Department of Arid Land Agriculture,
Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Abstract. This investigation was conducted to evaluate the main
introduced field and vegetable crop seeds in Saudi Arabia concerning
purity, germination, germination vigor and agricultural value. Two cv.
were studied from alfalfa, barley, millet, cucumber, pepper and three
cv. from tomato. The pure seed percentages were 97.21%, 99.10%,
96.14%, 98.25%, 95.81% and 82.14% for alfalfa Australian-S, alfalfa
Cuf 101, barley Gesto, barley Giza-2000, millet Indian and millet
African cv., respectively. Purity for vegetable cv. were 98.05%,
96.60%, 98.16%, 96.09%, 98.34%, 99.00% and 98.80%, for cucumber
Green Long, cucumber Beit Alfa, pepper California Wonder, pepper
Hot Arohein, tomato Super-Strain-B, tomatoes Five Stars and tomato
Mormande cv., respectively.
Normal seedlings under standard conditions and saline
irrigation water stress were 96.67% and 68.94% for alfalfa Australian-
S cv. respectively and 94.20% and 60.66% for barley Gesto cv.,
respectively, while in vegetable crops cucumber Green Long had
86.88% and 42.61%, respectively, pepper Hot Arahein produced
73.64% and 56.67%, respectively and tomato Five Star had 78.68%
and 42.17% for normal seedlings (%) under standard conditions and
salt stress condition, respectively.
Alfalfa Cuf 101 had the highest seed agricultural value
(94.38%) and millet African cv. had the lowest agricultural value
(62.98%) within the field crop cultivars. In vegetable crops cv.,
cucumber Beit Alfa cv. had the highest value (87.07%), while pepper
Hot Arohein had the lowest agricultural value (70.76%).
Keywords: Purity, pure seeds, germination, normal seedling, abnormal
seedling, germination vigor, agricultural value.
20 F.S. El-Nakhlawy and M. A. Shaheen
Introduction
Seed testing is one of the main simple techniques used to know the
viability of seeds (Jakum, 2005). Before seeds storage, especially
vegetable seeds, their viability must be ensured. This viability can be
treated using the germination test of seeds (Navarro, 1980). As for seed
vigor term, Tekrony (2006) stated that this term is more difficult than
seed viability, but it equals in importance with germination in the field or
green house. Germination vigor and viability are important and needed to
describe seed lots and prediction with the field or green house
germination. High relationship was found between lot seed tests and field
seed germination (Yaklich and Kulik, 1979, and Kolasinska et al., 2000).
In a study on tomato seeds, Demir and Ellis (1992) stated that tomato
maximum seed quality is attained at the end of the seed filling period and
seed viability and vigor begin to decline immediately. Foolad and Lin
(1999) found a significant correlation (0.89) between germination under
cold stress and non stress, also between salt and non salt stresses (r =
0.63). Ramana et al., (2002) stated that salt stress effect on seed
germination was highest on tomato, followed by onion and lowest effect
was showed on cucumber.
The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the introduced
seeds of three field crops (alfalfa, barley and millet) with two cv. in each,
and three vegetable crops, with two cv. in cucumber, pepper and three cv.
in tomato concerning seed purity, germination and germination vigor,
besides the agricultural values of these introduced seeds.
Materials and Methods
Three introduced field crop seeds and three vegetable crop seeds
with 2 cv. of each, except tomato presented with 3 cv., were tested for
their seeds purity, germination, germination vigor and agricultural values
during 2009 season. The studied cultivars are showed in Table 1.
Four seed tests were carried out for each cultivar, including purity,
germination, germination vigor and agricultural value tests. The previous
four tests were done according to AOSA (1996) and ISTA (2003)
procedures and roles. Each test was done in a completely randomized
design with four replications, and statistical analysis using analysis of
Evaluation of the Agricultural Value and Germination Vigor… 21
variance procedures and LSD test for mean comparisons was used as
described by El-Nakhlawy (2008).
Table 1. The studied cultivars of field and vegetable crops.
Crop Cultivars
Field Crops:
Alfalfa Cuf 101, Australian-S
Barley Gesto, Giza-2000
Millet Indian, African
Vegetable Crops:
Cucumber Green Long, Beit Alfa
Pepper California Wonder, Hot Arohein
Tomatoes Super Strain-B, Five Stars and Mormande
The purity test samples were separated into four components (pure
seeds, other crop seeds, weed seeds and inert matter). Germination test
results included normal seedlings, abnormal seedlings, hard seeds and
decayed seeds. Germination vigor was conducted on the pure seeds of
each cv. using saline irrigation water (10,000mg/L) as a stress treatment,
and the test results were normal seedlings, abnormal seedlings, hard
seeds and decayed seeds. Seed agricultural values were measured for
each cultivar in each replicate using this equation:
seed agricultural values = purity (%) × normal seedling (%)
Results and Discussion
Results of this study are classified into four parts, the first is
concerned with the purity test, the second for germination test and the
third shows the results of germination vigor, then the fourth is the
agricultural value of seeds for field and vegetable crop seeds.
Field Crops
Purity Test
Results of purity tests of cv. seeds of alfalfa, barley and millet crops
presented in Table 2, revealed significant differences between the
Australian-S and Cuf 101 cv. in other crop seeds, weed seeds and inert
matter while, no significant difference was shown between the two cv. in
pure seeds. Data of purity analysis showed that Cuf 101 cv. was
significantly increased than Australian-S cv. in seed purity
characterization, while the pure seeds were 97.21 and 99.10 for
Australian-S and Cuf 101 cv., respectively.
22 F.S. El-Nakhlawy and M. A. Shaheen
Table 2 also shows that Giza-2000 and Gesto cv. were not
significantly different in pure seeds, and their values were 96.14% and
98.25%, respectively. Giza-2000 was better than Gesto in other crop
seeds, weed seeds and inert matter. Comparison of Indian and African
millet cv. revealed that Indian cv. significantly dominated over the
African cv. in all purity test components. Indian cv. seeds had 95.81,
0.77, 2.21 and 1.21% for pure seeds, other crop seeds, weed seeds and
inert matter percentages, respectively. These results are confirmed with
those of Tekrony (2006).
Germination Test
Australian-S cv. and Cuf 101 cv. alfalfa seeds produced 96.67% and
95.24% normal seedlings, respectively without no significant difference.
Also, no significant differences were shown between the two cv. in hard
seeds (%) and decayed seeds (%), but Cuf 101 produced abnormal
seedlings (2.63%) more than Australian-S cv. (1.40%) with significant
difference (Table 2). As for barley cv., the results showed that Gesto cv.
significantly differed from Giza-2000 cv. producing 94.20% and 90.40%
for the two cv., respectively, as well as Gesto cv. had other germination
test components lower than Giza-2000 cv. Indian millet cv. germination
(%) was significantly more than the African cv. Also, Indian cv. had
lower abnormal seedlings, hard seed and decayed seeds (%) than African
millet cv. as shown in Table 2.
Germination Vigor
Under the saline water stress, normal seedling (%) of the two alfalfa
cv. were 68.94% and 65.80% for Australian-S and Cuf 101 cv.
respectively, but Cuf 101 cv. had abnormal seedling (%) more than
Australian-S cv. with 32.61% and 23.34%, respectively. Hard seeds were
higher in Australian-S cv. than Cuf 101 cv. (Table 2). Giza-2000 barley
cv. produced 70.46% normal seedling (%) and significantly more than
Gesto cv. (60.66%) under the saline water stress. Also, Giza-2000 cv.
seeds had lower abnormal seedlings (%) than Gesto cv. (30.41%). No
significant difference was found between the two barley cv. in hard
seeds, while no decayed seeds resulted in the two barley cv. seeds under
the germination vigor test. As for millet cv. germination under salted
water stress, African cv. produced the highest normal seedlings and
lowest abnormal seedlings (%) than the Indian cv. with significant
differences. Normal seedlings were 71.24% and 63.25% for African and
Evaluation of the Agricultural Value and Germination Vigor… 23
Indian millet cv. respectively, as presented in Table (2). These results are
similar to those reported by Jakum (2005) and Kolasinska et al. (2000).
Table 2. Means of purity, germination and germination vigor tests components (%) of
introduced alfalfa, barley and millet cultivar seeds.
Tests Components
Alfalfa Barley Millet
Australian-S Cuf
101 Gesto
Giza-
2000 Indian African
Purity Test (%)
Pure seeds 97.21 a* 99.10 a 96.14 a 98.25 a 95.81 a 82.14 b
Other crop seeds 0.74 a 0.14 b 1.16 a 0.19 b 0.77 b 5.94 a
Weed seeds 0.84 a 0.35 b 0.70 a 0.22 b 2.21 b 3.82 a
Inert matter 1.11 a 0.41 b 2.00 a 1.34 b 1.21 b 8.10 a
Germination Test (%)
Normal seedling 96.67 a 95.24 a 94.20 a 90.40 b 88.30 a 76.67 b
Abnormal seedling 1.40 b 2.63 a 2.00 b 3.20 a 3.35 b 6.70 a
Hard seeds 1.93 a 2.13 a 2.80 b 3.35 a 2.44 b 3.63 a
Decayed seeds 0.00 a 0.00 a 1.00 b 3.05 a 5.91 b 13.00 a
Germination Vigor Test (%)
Normal seedling 68.94 a 65.80 a 60.66 b 70.46 a 63.25 b 71.24 a
Abnormal seedling 23.34 b 32.61 a 30.41 a 21.20 b 20.64 a 17.33 b
Hard seeds 7.72 a 1.59 b 8.93 a 8.34 a 16.11 b 11.43 b
Decayed seeds 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a 0.00 a
* Means followed by same letter within each crop are not significantly different according to LSD at P ≤ 0.05.
Vegetable Crops
Purity Test
The purity test results of the three vegetable crop cv. seeds presented
in Table 3, revealed that Green Long and Beit Alfa cucumber cv.
produced 98.05% and 96.60% without significant difference in the pure
seed (%), while in the other purity test components, Green Long cv. was
significantly less than Beit Alfa cv. Concerning pepper cv. No significant
differences were found between California Wonder and Hot Arohein cv. in
pure seed (%), other crop seeds (%) and weed seeds (%), but California
Wonder cv. had inert matter in it seeds less than Hot Arohein (Table 3). The
three tomato cv. were insignificantly different in pure seed (%), but
significant differences were found between them in the other purity test
results (Table 3). Pure seed percentages were 98.34%, 99.00% and 98.80%
for Super Strain-B, Five Stars and Mormande cv., respectively.
24 F.S. El-Nakhlawy and M. A. Shaheen
Evaluation of the Agricultural Value and Germination Vigor… 25
The previous purity test results of the seven vegetable cv. showed no
significant differences in purity (%), but inert matter (%) was
significantly different within each crop. These results might be due to the
cleaning procedures of seeds in the seed company concerning inert
matter. Also, weed seed (%) significantly differed within cucumber and
tomato cv. These differences might be due to the weed distribution in the
cv. field when left to flowering and seeds production besides weed seed
separation control during seed thieving and cleaning procedures.
Germination Test
No significant difference was found between Green Long and Beit
Alfa cucumber cv. in normal seedling (%). They produced 86.88% and
90.13%, respectively (Table 3). The two cv. significantly differed in
abnormal seedling (%) and hard seeds (%) where Green Alfa produced
4.42% and Beit Alfa produced 5.86% abnormal seedlings (%), but Beit
Alfa had hard seeds (%) less than Green Long, while no decayed seeds
resulted in the germination test (Table 3). Comparison between
California Wonder and Hot Arohein pepper cv. in germination test results
(Table 3) showed no significant difference between the two cv. in normal
seedling (%). Their values were 85.36% and 73.64%, respectively, while
California Wonder cv. produced abnormal seedling (%), hard seeds (%)
and decayed seeds (%) significantly lower than Hot Arohein pepper cv.
The germination test results of the tomato cv. revealed that Super
Star-B cv. was significantly more than the Five Stars and Mormande cv.
in normal seedlings (%) and the lowest in hard seeds among the three cv.
Normal seedlings (%) were 88.25%, 78.68% and 80.11% for the previous
cv., respectively (Table 3). These results are confirmed by the results of
Jakum (2005).
Germination Vigor Test
Results of vegetable crop cv. seeds germination under saline
irrigation water stress revealed adverse effects on normal seedling
(germination) percentage in all studied vegetable cv. (Table 3).
Comparison of the two cucumber cv., rvealed that Beit Alfa cv.
significantly increased in normal seedling (%) more than Green Long cv.
and their values were 51.35% and 42.61%, respectively. Also Beit Alfa
cv. had significantly lower abnormal seedlings (%) and hard seed (%)
than Green Long cucumber cv. As for pepper cv. seeds germination vigor
results (Table 3) showed no significant difference between California
26 F.S. El-Nakhlawy and M. A. Shaheen
Wonder and Hot Arohein pepper cv. in normal seedlings (%), where their
values were 61.75% and 56.67%, respectively. California Wonder cv.
produced 2.08% abnormal seedling (%), significantly lower than Hot
Arohein pepper cv. (9.69%). But the opposite was found for hard seeds
(%), where California Wonder cv. produced 36.17% and significantly
differed from Hot Arohein (33.64%), as shown in Table 3. Concerning
the response of germination test components under stress, Super Strain-S
cv. significantly dominated over the other two cv. in normal seedlings
(%), and was the best in lowest abnormal seedlings and hard seeds (%)
among the three studied cv., as shown in Table 3. Normal seedlings
percentages were 56.84%, 42.17% and 54.13% for Super Strain-S, Five
Stars and Mormaned cv., respectively. The results of germination vigor
test concerning the significant differences between the vegetable cv. in
their response to the stress condition during seed germination, might be
due to the genetic makeup of each cultivar, besides the genetic X stress
interaction effects. From these data, pepper California Wonder had the
highest stress tolerance, while cucumber Green Long and tomato Five
Stars cv. were the highest adversely affected during seed germination.
These results are similar to the results of Foolad and Lin (1999) and
Ramana et al. (2002).
Agricultural Value
Agricultural value of crop cv. seeds as shown in Table 4 revealed
that alfalfa cv. had the highest values without significant difference
between them. Their values were 93.45 and 94.38% for Australian-S and
Cuf 101, respectively. Within barley cv., Gesto had 92.55% and Giza-
2000 had 86.91%, with a significant difference between them. The lowest
agricultural value among the field crop cultivars was produced from the
millet African cv. (62.98%) and Indian cv. (84.60%), as shown in Table
4. As for vegetable crops, Beit Alfa cucumber cv. had 87.07%, while
cucumber Green Long had 85.19% agricultural values. California
Wonder pepper cv. had 83.79% and significantly differed from Hot
Arohein cv. (70.76%). Comparing tomato cv., Super Strain-S cv.
significantly dominated over the Five Stars and Mormande cv., where
their values were 86.79%, 77.89% and 79.15%, respectively. The
previous results about the agricultural values of the field crop and
vegetable crop cv. showed significant differences between them. These
results, might be due to their purity (pure seed and germinated, normal
seedlings), which depends upon cleaning, thieving and cleaning
Evaluation of the Agricultural Value and Germination Vigor… 27
procedures of seeds besides the efficiency of the cultural practices,
especially weed control in the seed production field before weed
flowering, as well as, the genetic makeup of each crop cultivar and their
interaction with environmental factors affecting seed setting and seed
germination under normal and stress conditions.
Table 4. Seed agricultural value of the studied cultivars of field crops and vegetable crops.
Crop Cultivar Seed Agricultural Value (%)
Field Crops:
Alfalfa
Australian-S 93.45 a*
Cuf 101 94.38 a
Barley Gesto 92.55 a
Giza-2000 86.91 b
Millet Indian 84.60 a
African 62.98 b
Vegetable Crops:
Cucumber
Green Long 85.19 b
Beit Alfa 87.07 a
Pepper California Wonder 83.79 a
Hot Arohein 70.76 b
Tomato
Super Strain-B 86.79 a
Five Stars 77.89 c
Mormande 79.15 b * Means followed by same letter within each crop are not significantly different according to LSD at P ≤ 0.05.
Acknowledgment: The authors greatly thank Deanship of Scientific
Research, King Abdulaziz University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for
funding and helping to complete this research.
References
AOSA (1996) Rules for testing seeds. Journal of Seed Technology 16: 1B 113.
Demir, I. and Ellis, R.H. (1992) Changes in seed quality during seed development and
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El-Nakhlawy, F.S. (2008) Principles of Statistics, Biostatistical Experimental Design and
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Foolad, M.R. and Lin, G.N. (1999) Relationships between cold and salt-tolerance during seed
germination in tomato: Germplasm evaluation. Plant Breeding 118: 45-48.
ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) (2003) International rules for seed testing. Seed
Sci. Technol. 21: 466.
Jakum, B. (2005) Testing seeds for germination. The Master Gardner J. Available at:
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28 F.S. El-Nakhlawy and M. A. Shaheen
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Evaluation of the Agricultural Value and Germination Vigor… 29
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