e- waste report final

8/3/2019 E- Waste Report Final

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Contemporary Issue on Seminar

A Study On

E-Waste Management

In The Partial Fulfillment ofMasters of Business Administration

2009-2010

Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

Deepshikha college of technical education ,Jaipur

Submitted By: Submitted To:

JITENDRA ( MBA-II nd sem ) Ms.


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DECLARATION

This is to declare that the Seminar titled E-waste management is a bona fide work andis not copied from any source or is submitted by any one else for academic or non academic reasons.

JITENDRA( MBA-II nd sem )

Date:08-05-2010


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Every project begins with an idea and materializes with concrete efforts. In thebeginning, I would like to thank the almighty God who gave me the strength andcapability to work on this Seminar Topic and complete it successfully.

It is indeed gratifying to have the privilege to express my deep sense of Gratitude &Appreciation to my esteemed guides Miss Anuradha mam & Miss Neerul mamD.C.T.E. ,JAIPUR for her scholarly painstaking & incessant encouragement, inspiringsupervision & valuable guidance during the course of investigation. For all this kind

consideration Im beholden her in my feelings of respect of regards for her.

I would also like to thank my parents, my classmates , my all teachers and all otherpeople who helped me in successfully completing my topic.

JITENDRA( MBA-II nd sem )


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Preface

Planning for E- waste management within the frame work of sustainable developmentraises several intra inter generational issues such as public health their livelihood.

Changing lifestyle, advancement of new technologies scientific development hascontributed largely in exploitation of the environment. In the rat-race competition to growat a faster pace mankind has indirectly led severe damages of valuable assets i.e. ournatural resources, which is a vital aspect for the very existence of, human beings.

Various strategies have been led down for the management of E- waste by thegovernment and several attempts were made to improve manage the pathetic situations ofE- waste management. But it seems to be inadequate as per the present scenario isconcerned.

The common problem faced by all the developing countries, especially Asia, is the

disposal of E- waste availability of dumping grounds. As management of E- waste is acrucial & burgeoning issue developing countries are coming up with several affordablealternatives & exclusive methods of sustainable E- waste management which is costeffective, technically appropriate socially acceptable solutions to all.

E-waste management refers to improve imageof organization in society. In this study Iam going to find out the effect of E-waste management in present scenario and whatkinds of methods a firm use instead of E-waste management and how can a firm manageE-waste.


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TABLE OF CONTENT

S.No. CONTENT Page

No.1 Declaration

2 Acknowledgment

3 Preface

4 At A Glance

5 Definition

6 Introduction

7 Classification of E-Waste Management

8 General Facts on E-Waste Management

9 Components of E-Waste Management

10 How to handle E-Wastes

11 Effect on environment and human health

12 Management of E-Wastes

13 Status of E-Waste Management In India

14 Then indian scenario

15 The Challenges of E-Waste Management In India

16 Management option

17 Example of E-waste managment

18 Conclusion

19 Bibliography & Wibliography


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AT A GLANCE

In a society where we think of so many things as disposable, where we expect to beconstantly discarding last year's gadget and replacing it with this year's model, do we endup tempted to think of people and relationships as disposable? ...if we live in a contextwhere we construct everything from computers to buildings to relationships on theassumption that they'll need to be replaced before long, what have we lost? ...God isinvolved in building to last He doesn't give up on the material of human lives ...and Heasks us to approach one another and our physical world with the same commitment ...God doesn't do 'waste'

-Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams,

New Years Message posted on youtube

E-waste Management Related Quotes

". . E-waste in our country is being increased by 1per cent every year and only five percent of urban e-waste are recycled in India "

Dr. AbdulKalam

"There must be a reason why some people can afford to live well. They must haveworked for it. I only feel angry when I see waste. When I see people throwing awaythings we could use. "

-Mother Teresa (1910-1997), A Gift for God, 1975

E-waste is an important resource that can be made useful instead of shunning it asa social and environmental burden. Attempts should be made to explore alternate sourcesof metals.

Webindia123

When they had all had enough to eat, he said to his disciples, Gather the piecesthat are left over. Let nothing be wasted.
http://www.daylife.com/topic/Abdul_Kalamhttp://www.daylife.com/topic/Abdul_Kalamhttp://www.daylife.com/topic/Abdul_Kalamhttp://www.daylife.com/topic/Abdul_Kalam


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Jesus in John 6:12 NIV Bible -

Use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do without.-New England proverb -

We are recycling not only to protect the environment, but for economic reasons aswell. Disposal is simply too costly and too dangerous. The challenge is to redirect theflow of raw materials going to landfill into strengthening our declining local economies.The solution to pollution is self-reliant cities and counties.

-Neil Seldman, Institute for Local Self-Reliance-

E-wastesare the discarded leftovers of our advanced consumer society. Thisgrowing mountain of garbage and trash represents not only an attitude of indifferencetoward valuable natural resources, but also a serious economic and public health problem.

-Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States,Message to the Congress, 23 May

Waste is a terrible thing to mind -- Recycle-U.S. bumper sticker -

What is E-Waste ?

Electronic waste (e-waste) comprises waste electronics/electrical goods that arenot fit for their originally intended use or have reached their end of life. This may includeitems such as computers, servers, mainframes, monitors, CDs, printers, scanners, copiers,

calculators, fax machines, battery cells, cellular phones, transceivers, TVs, medicalapparatus and electronic components besides white goods such as refrigerators and air-conditioners. E-waste contains valuable materials such as copper, silver, gold andplatinum which could be processed for their recovery.


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Definition

"Electronic waste" may be defined as all secondary computers, entertainment

device electronics, mobile phones, and other items such as television sets andrefrigerators, whether sold, donated, or discarded by their original owners.

"E-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end oftheir "useful life."E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of someelectronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on their condition anddensity. The hazardous content of these materials pose a threat to human health andenvironment. Discarded computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines,electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and batteries if improperly disposed canleach lead and other substances into soil and groundwater. Many of these products can bereused, refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are less

harmful to the ecosystem. This paper highlights the hazards of e-wastes, the need for itsappropriate management and options that can be implemented.

This definition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale,salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others define there-usables (working and repairableelectronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc.) to be "commodities", andreserve the term "waste" for residue or material which was represented as working orrepairable but which is dumped or disposed or discarded by the buyer rather thanrecycled, including residue from reuse and recycling operations.

The Schwab Foundation employs the following criteria when looking for leading

social entrepreneurs: Innovation, Sustainability, Reach and social impact.

"Electronic waste" may be defined as all secondary computers, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, and other items such as television sets andrefrigerators, whether sold, donated, or discarded by their original owners.

Electronic waste, popularly known as 'e-waste' can be defined as electronic equipments / products connects with power plug, batteries which have become obsoletedue to advancement in technology changes in fashion, style and status nearing the end oftheir useful life.

E-Waste for short - or Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) - is the term used to describe old, end-of-life or discarded appliances using electricity. It

includes computers, consumer electronics, fridges etc which have been disposed of bytheir original users.


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Classification of E-Waste

E-waste encompasses ever growing range of obsolete electronic devices such as

computers, servers, main frames, monitors, TVs & display devices, telecommunicationdevices such as cellular phones & pagers,

calculators, audio and video devices, printers, scanners, copiers and fax machinesbesides refrigerators, air conditioners, washing machines, and microwave ovens, e-wastealso covers recording devices such as DVDs, CDs, floppies, tapes, printing cartridges,military electronic waste, automobile catalytic converters, electronic components such aschips, processors, mother boards, printed circuit boards, industrial electronics such assensors, alarms, sirens, security devices, automobile electronic devices.

General Facts on E-Waste

o In India the amount of waste generated per capita is estimated to increase at a rate

of 1%- 1.33% annually.o It is estimated that the total waste quantity generated in by the year 2047 would be

approximately 260 million tons per year.o It is estimated that if the waste is not disposed off in a more systematic manner

more than 140sq.km of land would be required in the country by the year 2047 forit disposal.

Economics

The rapidly growing quantities of e-waste make for some astonishing facts. Didyou know that the annual amount of e-waste generated from end-of-life electrical andelectronic products (WEEE) is estimated to be a two digit amount, in million tons! Andthis is predicted to double in the coming decades. Explore further statistical data showingglobal comparisons and country specific factsheets on quantities of e-waste, per capita e-waste generation, composition of different appliances in the waste pile etc.

Valuable Materials

Electronic appliances are composed of hundreds of different materials that can be both toxic but also of high value. Gold, silver, copper, platinum etc. are valuablematerials which recyclers recover from e-waste.

Hazardous Material

Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) are made of a multitude of componentswhich contain toxic / hazardous substances, e.g. carcinogens such as lead and arsenic.


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The recycling processes and disposal of these components, while being a lucrativebusiness proposition for some, poses serious health risks and environment dangers.

Components of E-Waste Management

The major components of e-waste management are:

E-waste collection, sorting and transportation.E-waste recycling; it involves dismantling, recovery of valuable resource, sale

of dismantled parts and export of processed waste for preciousmetal recovery.

How to handle E-Wastes

At macro-level, there are two ways to handle the E-Wastes. They are

DisposalRecycle / Refurbish.

1. Disposal

The anatomical architecture of computers are that, parts of micro-processor,computer chip, monitor, circuit board, molded plastics make-up that gleam, think pad /PC. At atomic level, the array of chemical constituents that make-up the computers arethe trail of lead and cadmium, barium, poly-chlorinated biphenyl, etc. De-facto horror is

that they all release highly toxic dioxins and furans under its own unfavorable conditions.Land-filling E-waste, one of the most widely used methods of disposal, is prone tohazards because of leach ate which often contains heavy water resources. Even state-of-the-art landfills are sealed to the long-term. Older landfill sites and uncontrolled dumpspose a much greater danger of releasing hazardous emissions.

2. Recycling

Specialized electronic recyclers strip-off essential re-usable components andincinerate the left-overs in smelters. However, the end product is a metal stream, which isworth some money, based on the composition of the metals. It's got a lot of steel,

aluminum and copper. The scrapped chunks could be recycled / used, but it's the leastpreferred, since the cost of recycling is not free. Either the producer should inflate thecost of greener-product or the government should provide subsidiaries for it. That's not acommercial equation which could be marketed since it's not a producer's responsibility togive ultra-green products at a marketable cost. Added to that, due to regulations andpollution laws, it's often cheaper to export the scrap to third world / needy countrieswhere such laws, if they exist at all, are more lax than those in Canada and the UnitedStates. Cool, collect resourceful metals from the amalgamation of scraps! There are


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number of countries that make a huge business in the processing, recycling, smelting anddisassembling of electronics, and pathetically, it is done in an environmentally unfriendlymanner.

EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH

Disposal of e-wastes is a particular problem faced in many regions across theglobe. Computer wastes that are landfilled produces contaminated leachates whicheventually pollute the groundwater. Acids and sludge obtained from melting computerchips, if disposed on the ground causes acidification of soil.

For example, Guiyu, Hong Kong a thriving area of illegal e-waste recycling isfacing acute water shortages due to the contamination of water resources. exhorted theneed for a global agreement to address the problems and challenges posed by hazardous

waste. Also, in the late 1980s, a tightening of environmental regulations in industrializedcountries led to a dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous waste disposal. Searching forcheaper ways to get rid of the wastes, "toxic traders" began shipping hazardous waste todeveloping countries. International outrage following these irresponsible activities led tothe drafting and adoption of strategic plans and regulations at the Basel Convention.

The Convention secretariat, in Geneva, Switzerland, facilitates andimplementation of the Convention and related agreements. It also provides assistance andguidelines on legal and technical issues, gathers statistical data, and conducts training onthe proper management of hazardous waste.

Source of e-wastesConstituent Health effects

Solder in printedcircuit boards, glasspanels and gasketsin computer monitors

Lead (PB)

Damage to central and peripheral nervoussystems, blood systems and kidney damage.

Affects brain development of children.

Chip resistors andsemiconductors

Cadmium(CD)

Toxic irreversible effects on human health. Accumulates in kidney and liver. Causes neural damage.

Teratogenic.

Relays andswitches, printedcircuit boards

Mercury(Hg)

Chronic damage to the brain.

Respiratory and skin disorders due tobioaccumulation in fishes.

Corrosion protection of untreated and

Hexavalentchromium(Cr) VI

Asthmatic bronchitis.

DNA damage.


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galvanized steelplates, decorator orhardner for steelhousings

Cabling andcomputer housing

PlasticsincludingPVC

Burning produces dioxin. It causes

Reproductive and developmental problems; Immune system damage;

Interfere with regulatory hormones

Plastic housing ofelectronicequipments andcircuit boards.

Brominatedflameretardants(BFR)

Disrupts endocrine system functions

Front panel of CRTs

Barium (Ba)

Short term exposure causes:

Muscle weakness;

Damage to heart, liver and spleen.

MotherboardBeryllium(Be)

Carcinogenic (lung cancer) Inhalation of fumes and dust. Causes

chronic beryllium disease or beryllicosis.

Skin diseases such as warts.

MANAGEMENT OF E-WASTES

It is estimated that 75% of electronic items are stored due to uncertainty of how tomanage it. These electronic junks lie unattended in houses, offices, warehouses etc. andnormally mixed with household wastes, which are finally disposed off at landfills. Thisnecessitates implement able management measures.

In industries management of e-waste should begin at the point of generation. Thiscan be done by waste minimization techniques and by sustainable product design. Wasteminimization in industries involves adopting:

inventory management, production-process modification, volume reduction, recovery and reuse.

Inventory management


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Proper control over the materials used in the manufacturing process is animportant way to reduce waste generation (Freeman, 1989). By reducing both thequantity of hazardous materials used in the process and the amount of excess rawmaterials in stock, the quantity of waste generated can be reduced. This can be done intwo ways i.e. establishing material-purchase review and control procedures and inventory

tracking system.

Developing review procedures for all material purchased is the first step inestablishing an inventory management program. Procedures should require that allmaterials be approved prior to purchase. In the approval process all production materialsare evaluated to examine if they contain hazardous constituents and whether alternativenon-hazardous materials are available.

Another inventory management procedure for waste reduction is to ensure thatonly the needed quantity of a material is ordered. This will require the establishment of astrict inventory tracking system. Purchase procedures must be implemented which ensure

that materials are ordered only on an as-needed basis and that only the amount needed fora specific period of time is ordered.

Production-process modification

Changes can be made in the production process, which will reduce wastegeneration. This reduction can be accomplished by changing the materials used to makethe product or by the more efficient use of input materials in the production process orboth. Potential waste minimization techniques can be broken down into three categories:

i) Improved operating and maintenance procedures,

ii) Material change and

iii)Process-equipment modification.

Improvements in the operation and maintenance of process equipment can resultin significant waste reduction. This can be accomplished by reviewing current operationalprocedures or lack of procedures and examination of the production process for ways toimprove its efficiency. Instituting standard operation procedures can optimise the use ofraw materials in the production process and reduce the potential for materials to be lostthrough leaks and spills. A strict maintenance program, which stresses corrective

maintenance, can reduce waste generation caused by equipment failure. An employee-training program is a key element of any waste reduction program. Training shouldinclude correct operating and handling procedures, proper equipment use, recommendedmaintenance and inspection schedules, correct process control specifications and propermanagement of waste materials.

Hazardous materials used in either a product formulation or a production processmay be replaced with a less hazardous or non-hazardous material. This is a very widely


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used technique and is applicable to most manufacturing processes. Implementation of thiswaste reduction technique may require only some minor process adjustments or it mayrequire extensive new process equipment. For example, a circuit board manufacturer canreplace solvent-based product with water-based flux and simultaneously replacesolventvapor degreaser with detergent parts washer.

Installing more efficient process equipment or modifying existing equipment totake advantage of better production techniques can significantly reduce waste generation.New or updated equipment can use process materials more efficiently producing lesswaste. Additionally such efficiency reduces the number of rejected or off-specificationproducts, thereby reducing the amount of material which has to be reworked or disposedof. Modifying existing process equipment can be a very cost-effective method ofreducing waste generation. In many cases the modification can just be relatively simplechanges in the way the materials are handled within the process to ensure that they arenot wasted. For example, in many electronic manufacturing operations, which involvecoating a product, such as electroplating or painting, chemicals are used to strip off

coating from rejected products so that they can be recoated. These chemicals, which caninclude acids, caustics, cyanides etc are often a hazardous waste and must be properlymanaged. By reducing the number of parts that have to be reworked, the quantity ofwaste can be significantly reduced.

Volume reduction

Volume reduction includes those techniques that remove the hazardous portion ofa waste from a non-hazardous portion. These techniques are usually to reduce thevolume, and thus the cost of disposing of a waste material. The techniques that can beused to reduce waste-stream volume can be divided into 2 general categories: source

segregation and waste concentration. Segregation of wastes is in many cases a simple andeconomical technique for waste reduction. Wastes containing different types of metalscan be treated separately so that the metal value in the sludge can be recovered.Concentration of a waste stream may increase the likelihood that the material can berecycled or reused. Methods include gravity and vacuum filtration, ultra filtration, reverseosmosis, freeze vaporization etc.

For example, an electronic component manufacturer can use compactionequipments to reduce volume of waste cathode ray-tube.

Recovery and reuse

This technique could eliminate waste disposal costs, reduce raw material costsand provide income from a salable waste. Waste can be recovered on-site, or at an off-site recovery facility, or through inter industry exchange. A number of physical andchemical techniques are available to reclaim a waste material such as reverse osmosis,electrolysis, condensation, electrolytic recovery, filtration, centrifugation etc. Forexample, a printed-circuit board manufacturer can use electrolytic recovery to reclaimmetals from copper and tin-lead plating bath.


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However recycling of hazardous products has little environmental benefit if itsimply moves the hazards into secondary products that eventually have to be disposed of.Unless the goal is to redesign the product to use nonhazardous materials, such recyclingis a false solution.

Sustainable product design

Minimization of hazardous wastes should be at product design stage itself keepingin mind the following factors.

Rethink the product design: Efforts should be made to design a productwith fewer amounts of hazardous materials. For example, the efforts to reducematerial use are reflected in some new computer designs that are flatter, lighterand more integrated. Other companies propose centralized networks similar to thetelephone system. Use of renewable materials and energy: Bio-based plastics are plasticsmade with plant-based chemicals or plant-produced polymers rather than frompetrochemicals. Bio-based toners, glues and inks are used more frequently. Solarcomputers also exist but they are currently very expensive. Use of non-renewable materials that are safer: Because many of thematerials used are non-renewable, designers could ensure the product is built for

re-use, repair and/or upgradeability. Some computer manufacturers such as Delland Gateway lease out their products thereby ensuring they get them back tofurther upgrade and lease out again.


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Status of E-Waste Management In India

Despite a wide range of environmental legislation in India there are no specific

laws or guidelines for electronic waste or computer waste (Devi et al., 2004).

As per the Hazardous Waste Rules (1989), e-waste is not treated as hazardousunless proved to have higher concentration of certain substances. The import of thiswaste therefore requires specific permission of the Ministry of Environment and Forests.As the collection and re-cycling of electronic wastes is being done by the informal sectorin the country at present, the Government has taken the following action/steps to enhanceawareness about environmentally sound management of electronic waste (CII, 2006):

Though the Indian Supreme Court banned the import of hazardous waste in 1997,

600 tons of e-waste still entered the country in the last six months under the guise ofcharitable or re-usable materials, all duty-free.

It is estimated that the US alone exports 80 percent of its e-waste to China, Indiaand Pakistan.

Funnily enough, India's regulatory body, the Central Pollution Control Board,continues to deny that e-waste is coming into India. But regardless, it is certain that legalloopholes are being exploited by importers, traders and recyclers alike to take advantageof a profitable business with a high human and environmental impact.

o Several Workshops on Electronic Waste Management was organized by the

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in collaboration with ToxicsLink, CII etc.

o Action has been initiated by CPCB for rapid assessment of the E-Waste

generated in major cities of the country.o A National Working Group has been constituted for formulating a strategy for

E-Waste Management.o A comprehensive technical guide on "Environmental Management for

Information Technology Industry in India" has been published andcirculated widely by the Department of Information Technology

(DIT), Ministry of Communication and Information Technology.

Demonstration projects has also been set up by the DIT at the Indian TelephoneIndustries for recovery of copper from Printed Circuit Boards. Although awareness andreadiness for implementing improvements is increasing rapidly, the major obstacles tomanage the e wastes safely and effectively remain. These include:


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o The lack of reliable data that poses a challenge to policy makers wishing to design

an e-waste management strategy and to an industry wishing to make rationalinvestment decisions.

o Only a fraction of the e waste (estimated 10%) finds its way to recyclers due to

absence of an efficient take back scheme for consumers.

o The lack of a safe e waste recycling infrastructure in the formal sector and thusreliance on the capacities of the informal sector pose severe risks to theenvironment and human health.

The existing e waste recycling systems are purely business-driven that havecome about With out any government intervention. Any development in these e wastesectors will have to be built on the existing set-up as the waste collection and pre-processing can be handled efficiently by the informal sector, at the same time offernumerous job opportunities. The Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairsmandated the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA)to implement the programme "Knowledge Partnerships in e-Waste Recycling" and

India is one of the partner countries

THE INDIAN SCENARIO

While the world is marveling at the technological revolution, countries like Indiaare facing an imminent danger. E-waste of developed countries, such as the US, disposetheir wastes to India and other Asian countries. A recent investigation revealed that muchof the electronics turned over for recycling in the United States ends up in Asia, wherethey are either disposed of or recycled with little or no regard for environmental or

worker health and safety. Major reasons for exports are cheap labour and lack ofenvironmental and occupational standards in Asia and in this way the toxic effluent of thedeveloped nations 'would flood towards the world's poorest nations. The magnitude ofthese problems is yet to be documented. However, groups like Toxic Links India arealready working on collating data that could be a step towards controlling this hazardoustrade.

It is imperative that developing countries and India in particular wake up to themonopoly of the developed countries and set up appropriate management measures toprevent the hazards and mishaps due to mismanagement of e-wastes.

The Challenges

The challenges of managing E-waste in India are very different from those inother countries, both the developed and developing.


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No doubt, there can be several shared lessons; the complexity of the E-waste issuein India, given its vast geographical and cultural diversity and economic disparities,makes WEEE management challenges quite unique. A few of these are: -

o

Rapidly increasing E-waste volumes, both domestically generated as well asthrough imports. Imports are often disguised as second-hand computer donationstowards bridging the digital divide or simply as metal scrap.

o No accurate estimates of the quantity of E-waste generated and recycled.

o Low level of awareness amongst manufacturers and consumers of the hazards of

incorrect E-waste disposal.o Widespread E-waste recycling in the informal sector using rudimentary

techniques such as acid.o E-waste workers have little or no knowledge of toxins in E-waste, and are

exposed to serious health hazards.o Inefficient recycling processes result in substantial losses of material value.

Who can help in overcoming the challenges posed by e-waste, are:

o Manufacturers

o Users

o Recyclers

o Policy makers

MANAGEMENT OPTIONSConsidering the severity of the problem, it is imperative that certain management

options be adopted to handle the bulk e-wastes. Following are some of the managementoptions suggested for the government, industries and the public.

Responsibilities of the Government

(i) Governments should set up regulatory agencies in each district, which arevested with the responsibility of co-ordinating and consolidating the regulatory functionsof the various government authorities regarding hazardous substances.

(ii) Governments should be responsible for providing an adequate system of laws,controls and administrative procedures for hazardous waste management (Third WorldNetwork. 1991). Existing laws concerning e-waste disposal be reviewed and revamped. Acomprehensive law that provides e-waste regulation and management and proper disposalof hazardous wastes is required. Such a law should empower the agency to control,supervise and regulate the relevant activities of government departments.


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Under this law, the agency concerned should

o Collect basic information on the materials from manufacturers,

processors and importers and to maintain an inventory of these materials.The information should include toxicity and potential harmful effects.

o Identify potentially harmful substances and require the industry totest them for adverse health and environmental effects.o Control risks from manufacture, processing, distribution, use and

disposal of electronic wastes.o Encourage beneficial reuse of "e-waste" and encouraging business

activities that use waste". Set up programs so as to promote recyclingamong citizens and businesses.o Educate e-waste generators on reuse/recycling options

(iii) Governments must encourage research into the development and standard ofhazardous waste management, environmental monitoring and the regulation of hazardous

waste-disposal.

(iv) Governments should enforce strict regulations against dumping e-waste in thecountry by outsiders. Where the laws are flouted, stringent penalties must be imposed. Inparticular, custodial sentences should be preferred to paltry fines, which these outsiders /foreign nationals can pay.

(v) Governments should enforce strict regulations and heavy fines levied onindustries, which do not practice waste prevention and recovery in the productionfacilities.

(vi) Polluter pays principle and extended producer responsibility should beadopted.

(vii) Governments should encourage and support NGOs and other organizationsto involve actively in solving the nation's e-waste problems.

(viii) Uncontrolled dumping is an unsatisfactory method for disposal of hazardouswaste and should be phased out.

(viii) Governments should explore opportunities to partner with manufacturersand retailers to provide recycling services.

Responsibility and Role of industries

1. Generators of wastes should take responsibility to determine the outputcharacteristics of wastes and if hazardous, should provide management options.

2. All personnel involved in handling e-waste in industries including those at thepolicy, management, control and operational levels, should be properly qualified


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and trained. Companies can adopt their own policies while handlinge-wastes. Some are given below:

Use label materials to assist in recycling (particularlyplastics).

Standardize components for easy disassembly. Re-evaluate 'cheap products' use, make product cycle'cheap' and so that ithas no inherent value that would encourage a recyclinginfrastructure. Create computer components and peripherals ofbiodegradable materials. Utilize technology sharing particularly for manufacturingand de manufacturing. Encourage / promote / require green procurement forcorporate buyers.

Look at green packaging options.

3. Companies can and should adopt waste minimization techniques, which willmake a significant reduction in the quantity of e-waste generated and therebylessening the impact on the environment. It is a "reverse production" system thatdesigns infrastructure to recover and reuse every material contained within e-wastes metals such as lead, copper, aluminum and gold, and various plastics, glassand wire. Such a "closed loop" manufacturing and recovery system offers a win-win situation for everyone, less of the Earth will be mined for raw materials, andgroundwater will be protected, researchers explain.

4. Manufacturers, distributors, and retailers should undertake the responsibility ofrecycling/disposal of their own products.

5. Manufacturers of computer monitors, television sets and other electronicdevices containing hazardous materials must be responsible for educatingconsumers and the general public regarding the potential threat to public healthand the environment posed by their products. At minimum, all computermonitors, television sets and other electronic devices containing hazardousmaterials must be clearly labeled to identify environmental hazards and propermaterials management.

Responsibilities of the Citizen

Waste prevention is perhaps more preferred to any other waste management optionincluding recycling. Donating electronics for reuse extends the lives of valuable productsand keeps them out of the waste management system for a longer time. But care shouldbe taken while donating such items i.e. the items should be in working condition.


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Reuse, in addition to being an environmentally preferable alternative, also benefitssociety. By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations, and lower-income families can afford to use equipment that they otherwise could not afford.

E-wastes should never be disposed with garbage and other household wastes. This should

be segregated at the site and sold or donated to various organizations.

While buying electronic products opt for those that:

o are made with fewer toxic constituents

o use recycled content

o are energy efficient

o are designed for easy upgrading or disassembly

o utilize minimal packaging

o offer leasing or take back options

o have been certified by regulatory authorities. Customers should

opt for upgrading their computers or other electronic items to thelatest versions rather than buying new equipments.

NGOs should adopt a participatory approach in management of e-wastes.

Example of E-waste managment

HP, Takeback program and Recycling e-waste

HP (Hewlett Packard) has announced that it will accept used printers, scanners,fax machines, personal computers (desktop and notebook), monitors, handheld devices,cameras and associated external components such as cables, mice and keyboards, andsend them for recycling. Individuals and corporations can drop their end-of-life productsat some of the HP service centers. These centers are limited to some of the major cities inIndia. Let HP increase the number of such take back centers.

HP is also inviting citizens to make a pledge to recycle e-waste responsibly. Forevery pledge, HP will donate Rs 50 to Sashays, a voluntary organization committed tofinding solutions to problems related to solid waste and e-waste.

Conclusion

E-waste management is the need of present time becouse every electronicproduct wasted when products are unusable & demaged. so present time it is requiredevery company manage e-waste. Like China, India is now confronted with the huge


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_waste_management

http://w w w. e f y m a g . c o m

http://www.iimm.org/knowledge_bank/9_e-weste-management.htm

http://www.infotreksys.com

e- waste report final

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