e values in co-design for development · chelsea-joy wardle, m. green, c. mburu, and m. densmore....

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ETHICS AND VALUES IN CO-DESIGN FOR

DIGITAL DEVELOPMENTReflections on the challenges and opportunities in engaging across borders with stakeholders as equal partners in design

Melissa Densmore

University of Cape Town

DIODE Workshop

22 January 2018

Cape Town

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UCT CENTRE IN ICT4D

The Executive Committee

Acting Director: Melissa Densmore, HCI

Director: Edwin Blake, CS

Ulrike Rivett, IS

Wallace Chigona, IS

Marion Walton, Film and Media

Brian DeRenzi, CS

Photo Credits: Sarah Brittan Photography, Elevate Festival https://elevate.at/websites/2013/en/discourse/guest/walton/index.html

13 Staff, 4 Departments, 3 Faculties, 50ish Postgrads

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| co-design & mobile hci | digital participation | | educational technology | heritage | health |

| service delivery | community networks |

RESEARCH THEMES

CO-DESIGN AS AN ETHICAL STANCE

Photo Credits: Economist, The New Tech Bubble, 12 May 2011Telecentre: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecentre

Where your Computer Goes to Die. Jay Akbar for MailOnline. 23 April 2015

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecentre

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MAKING DO… AND MAKING NEW!

Rangaswamy, Nimmi, and Melissa Densmore. "Understanding Jugaad: ICTD and the tensions of appropriation, innovation and utility." ICTD2013 Notes. Cape Town, South Africa

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The Challenges of Technology Research for Developing Regions. Eric Brewer,

Michael Demmer, Melissa Ho, R.J.

Honicky, Joyojeet Pal,

Madelaine Plauche, and Sonesh

Surana.

IEEE Pervasive Computing. Volume 5,

Number 2, pp. 15-23, April-June 2006.

Plan hard,

but be

flexible

The Case for Technology for Developing

Regions.Eric Brewer, Michael Demmer, Bowei Du,

Kevin Fall, Melissa Ho, Matthew Kam, Sergiu

Nedevschi, Joyojeet Pal, Rabin Patra, and

Sonesh Surana.

IEEE Computer. Volume 38, Number 6, pp.

25-38, June 2005.

Co-design

Co-Deploy

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INCLUSIVE DESIGN – TESTING OUR ASSUMPTIONS

Assumption Reality

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“Co‐Design is a method. It is a

way of progressing through a

problem or design scenario… it

refers to any act of

collective creativity, that is

shared by two or more people…

co‐design refers to the creativity

of designers and people not

trained in

design working together in the

design development process.” Co-creation and the new landscapes of design.

Elizabeth B N Sanders and Pieter Jan Stappers. 2008.

CoDesign 4, 1: 5–18.

Users

Informants

Partners

shifting the role of users

in design activities

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VALUE SENSITIVE DESIGN

capitalismdecolonization

ubuntu

socialismfreedom

19 October 2017

justice

copy-left

survival

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ICTD ETHICS

Proposal for “minimum ethical standards” in ICTD/ICT4D Research

(https://ictdethics.wordpress.com/), led by Andy Dearden and

Dorothea Kleine

Principles: Positionality, Cultural Awareness, Appropriate Research

Methods, Reciprocity and Partnerships, Honesty and Realism, Link to

others, Authentic Participation, Accountability and Reporting, Risks,

Non-discrimination, Disclosure and Informed Consent,

Confidentiality, Treatment of Data

https://ictdethics.wordpress.com/

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vocabularies cultures

values

languagesliteracies

A Common Base of Understanding

Claim Mobile: Engaging Conflicting Stakeholder Requirements in Healthcare in Uganda. M. R. Ho, E. K.

Owusu, and P. M. Aoki. In Proceedings of ICTD2009. Doha, Qatar. April 18-19, 2009.

resources

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LOST IN TRANSLATION

“contrasting sense of self, individuality and community, orality versus print-

based literacy, and technological skills versus local situational knowledge”

Being Participated - A Community Approach. Heike Winschiers-

Theophilus et al. 2010. In Proceedings of the 14th Participatory

Design Conference (PDC ’10) 1-10.

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Ovahimba community in Namibia ventures into crowdsourcing design. Colin Stanley,

Heike Winschiers-Theophilus, Edwin Blake, and Kasper Rodil. In Proc. IFIP WG, vol. 9,

pp. 277-287. 2015.

CROWDSOURCING 3D MODELS OF

OVAHIMBA CULTURE

Too perfect!Not my house

She has no clothes on

The dress code is not right

BOPHELO HAESO – GOOD HEALTH FOR MY VILLAGE

Productive Participation requires:

Time for Exploration

Frequent Engagement

Long-Term Deployments

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THE CO-DESIGN CYCLE

Identify Current

Processes

Find Common Ground

Set Expectations

Mixed Methods

unexpected

outcomesnon-

adoption

power relations

Needs Assessment

Co-Design Co-DeployPartner Identification

Evaluate

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TOOLS AND METHODS

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TOOLS AND METHODS

Medic Mobile’s Human Centered Design Toolkit: A Spotlight on Sketch Cards. Diane Kane. March 30, 2016.

http://medicmobile.org/blog/medic-mobiles-human-centered-design-toolkit-a-spotlight-on-sketch-cards

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LOCAL IS LEKKER

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SEPARATE THE CONCEPT FROM THE ARTEFACT

What

if… ?

“li tlohelleng li hole ‘moho!”

let them grow together!

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CO-DESIGN FOR MOTHERS

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DESIGN FOR NURSING MOTHERS

How can we empower mothers to participate in the

digital?

Interrupted interactions

Single-handed

interaction

Don’t distract the baby

(or do, once they’re

old enough)

Feedback and choice

Positive Reinforcement

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IMPLICATIONS FOR CO-DESIGN

Accommodate Scheduling and Attention Constraints

Workshops vs interviews with children

Surveys vs Usage Logs – prefer passive data collection

Probes support intermittent data collection over a long time without being there

Provide childcare

Expect interruption

Expect lack of focus

Working with an NGO

Turnover and time constraints affects pace of research

Conflicts between moms-as-co-designers vs ngo-as-co-designer

Chelsea-Joy Wardle, M. Green,

C. Mburu, and M. Densmore.

Exploring Co-design with

Breastfeeding Mothers.

To appear in CHI2018, Montreal

Canada, April 2018.

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CO-DESIGN FOR UNEMPLOYMENT

Working alongside Afrika Tikkun and the Zanokhanyo Network, NGOs that provide training (job readiness) and resources (computer access and job placement) to participants

Barriers to job-seeking

Language, skills

Searching the internet for relevant jobs is difficult

Communication is limited

Lack of funds

Need to support mobile-first modalities of use

Barriers to co-design

Participants are itinerant, different for each cycle

Participants are not confident – power differentials, language barriers

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INITIAL SET OF FREE LOCAL SERVICES

● Owncloud○ Local File sharing service to share music, videos,

documents

● Rocket chat○ Local chat program similar to WhatsApp to chat to

friends in your local community

● Diaspora○ A local social networking service similar to facebook

to socialize with your friends in you local community

Exploring and co-designing:

Community Radio iNethi Music IoT Employment

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INETHI OVERVIEW AND PHILOSOPHY

iNethi Network uses mesh with TVWS and WiFi radios

Mesh provides simple set-up (self-forming) and repair (self-healing)

Mesh routes over TVWS or WiFi or both to provide better coverage, capacity and redundancy

iNethi Cloudlets for decentralized content

distribution

Encourage content generation and local innovation

Create wiki content, build locally hosted apps, locally hosted services

Community driven design and ownership

Inethi will be a co-op / community owned network

Cloudlet Platform will support new services designed for and by the community

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COMMUNITY DRIVEN – OUR LOCAL GEEKS IN OCEAN VIEW

Andre van Zyl

Computer Teacher, OV Secondary

Marius Waries

iLearningLab

GaniefManuel

The Community Food Project

and the women of Ocean

View?

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WORKSHOPS AND MEETINGS

May Workshop Oct Workshop

Two workshops

Deployments

Braais

Weekly meetings

(alternating OV

and UCT)

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VALUES & ETHICS: CO-DESIGN AS A CONTRACT

Community vs Individual Consent?

Reciprocity: creating partnership vs

dependency

Intellectual Property Ownership

Who is ‘local’ – reflexivity and

Resolving Value Confilcts

Claim Mobile: Engaging Conflicting

Stakeholder Requirements in Healthcare in Uganda.

M. Densmore. In ICTD2009. Doha, Qatar.

Be willing to “fail” your technology

Claim Mobile: When to Fail a Technology.

M. Densmore. In CHI 2012. Austin, TX, USA.

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SAN CODE OF RESEARCH ETHICS

Respect

Honesty

Justice and

FairnessCare

Process

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COLLABORATION ACROSS BORDERS

Ethics in research should extend to reflecting on how we treat other

researchers, and how we frame our research activities, as well as

respect for local norms and laws - or having a very good reason for

violating them

How do you recruit research assistants?

Is it legal to take South African data out of the country?

POPI Act

https://www.saica.co.za/Technical/LegalandGovernance/Legislation/ProtectionofPersonalInformationAct/tabid/3335/language/en-ZA/Default.aspx

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YOU’RE INVITED

Tour of Campus and visit to Centre in ICT4D Lab

2:00p Tues – start from lunch

10:30a Wednesday

- Meet in the Computer Science building, 3rd floor

- Meet the students: 11:00a

Find me on WhatsApp: +27 79 672 1262

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SAN CODE OF RESEARCH ETHICS

Respect

Honesty

Justice and

FairnessCare

Process

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AFROFUTURISMIMAGINING THE FUTURE OF BLACK IDENTITY

RECLAIMING THE HISTORICAL NARRATIVE

vs.

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COMPUTER SCIENCE ACROSS BORDERS

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DO APPS HAVE POLITICS?

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UBUNTUUb

un

tu

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COMPUTER SCIENCE ACROSS BORDERS

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Implementing Delay Tolerant Networking. Michael Demmer, Eric Brewer, Kevin Fall,

Sushant Jain, Melissa Ho, Rabin Patra. IRB-TR-04-020, Dec. 28, 2004.

Poster: Delay Tolerant Networking for Sensor Networks. M. Ho and K. Fall.

Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc

Communications and Networking (SECON). 2004.

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ONE LAPTOP PER CHILD (LAPTOP.ORG)

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LONG DISTANCE WIFI,

ARAVIND EYE HOSPITAL

AND

TULIP IT

Rethinking Wireless in the Developing World. L. Subramanian, S. Surana, R. Patra, S. Nedevschi, M. Ho, E. Brewer and A. Sheth. Hot Topics in Networks (HotNets-V), Nov 2006.

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PROJECTS

Inethi (HPI) Job Seeking Language Learning

NICU Mothers (HPI)

Milk Donor Motivation

BopheloHaeso (HPI)

e values in co-design for development · chelsea-joy wardle, m. green, c. mburu, and m. densmore....

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