e u . 186˜˝ 0 v f-q l - united nations economic ... · pdf file0 v f-q l copyright...

93
-365- - Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Upload: duongtu

Post on 16-Feb-2018

212 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-365-

T��H�� >?5;�

�>��,E ���5���� �� �!"� C�D� )*�+6��� � 1 ���� �8P� #�B 186���. 1 ����� U 1 �����

L 1 �����Q-F 1 ����� V 1 ����� 0

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 2: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 3: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-367-

T��H�� >?;� ����g 1234'F: � �c&� _�z' q�� ��Y��� '� ��',�� 9P� � �c� T� 9P� ,�6 BP(: B6 !#�.

1234'.: ��(�� � �c&� E#$ �� �c� &; #�*� ³ �3� b; �� Zi( .�� �c� 7�/M \+ T/�,�� � ��w�� N=s� % >!�/ic TU� ,@�'.

<�5=�� 1%=6��

U/- T��H�� >?;� 1'$�'............................................................................. u�} uG-} "#]��......................................................................................... u�} uG-F E����......................................................................................... u�} UF- ���� k' 1�p8�� �"P���(�� 186��� ������� �� �!"� C�D� *�+6��� ��>��,E 1.............. u�u u}-}"#]��......................................................................................... u�u u}-FE����......................................................................................... u��u}-u�6(78�� .&(P'#�?� l/�[��� .�N�#4;.......................................................... u��u}-� �t� ,�,� � �c�r�>b�b#�� .&(P'#�?� ��V................................................. u�Hu}-�`8] =o/@ % ���V&� � �c�.................................................................... u~uu}-���(Q#�� .&(P'#�1� ���V� �/86: � �c�......................................................... u~~ U.- 186��� ������� �� �!"� C�D� *�+6��� ��>��,E155�P�dr� 1I�°�� 1558��d�� ���A=����

1 ���� k' 1�p8�� ���d����U................................................................. uH} uF-} "#]��......................................................................................... uH} uF-F E����......................................................................................... uH} uF-u l/�[��� .�N�#4;.............................................................................. uHF uF-� �4'=8��' �/(�� ���3 ,�,��� �,-���� � �c&� E#$........................................... uH� uF-� ���' 2�*�� �[J3� �, ,�,��� �,-���� � �c&� E#$E�#�@&� �'�,� �/86...................... uH� uF-�-} X& � �c&�-} 2�*�� �[J3� � �c�)>,���� 91� ��Y�(.................................... uH� uF-�-F X& � �c&�-F E�#�@&� �'�,� �/86��� � �c�)>,���� 91� ��Y�(............................ uH� uF-� �/�o'1� �/8]�� ���3 B/��� �,-���� � �c&� E#$............................................... �G} UU- �>��,E 1 ���� �8P� #�B 186��� ������� �� �!"� C�D� *�+6��� �L........................... �Gu uu-} �,�......................................................................................... �Gu uu-F 1 ����L-F.................................................................................. �Gu uu-F-} �6(78�� � 8[�� !�(��............................................................................. �Gu uu-F-}-} "#]��......................................................................................... �Gu uu-F-}-F E����......................................................................................... �Gu

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 4: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-368-

T��H�� >?;� ����g)����(

<�5=�� 1%=6��

uu-F-}-u [�� !�(�8� l/�[��� .�N�#4;��(7�6 E�#�@j� �86��� � 8........................................... �Gu uu-F-}-� �(3 � �c&�-} ��(7�6 E�#�@j� �86��� � 8[�� !�(�� � �c� ���#$............................... �G� uu-F-F )R(xK(....................................................................................... �GH uu-F-u .�#xJ��� � 8[�� � �)�� % �4�,�� �/P�L� ��'=�����-}...................................... �GH uu-u 1 ����L-................................................................................... �}G uu-u-} � E�#�@j� �86��� !�(��\h�8��.................................................................... �}G uu-u-}-} "#]��......................................................................................... �}G uu-u-}-F E����........................................................................................ �}G uu-u-}-u \h�8��� E�#�@j� �86��� !�(�8� l/�[��� .�N�#4;................................................. �}G uu-u-}-� �(3 � �c&�-F ���V&� �/h�8��� � 8[�� !�(�� � �c� ���#$) ��Y�>,���� 91�(................ �}u uu-u-}-� �(3 � �c&�-u (��� � �c� ���#$ ���V&� �/h�8��� Th�) ��Y�>,���� 91�(.................... �}u uu-u-}-� �(3 � �c&�-� B-���� �/��*�� !�(�� � �c� ���#$) ��Y�>,���� 91�(........................ �}� uu-� 1 ����L-U.................................................................................. �}~ uu-�-} N�8� 7��j ,�� �6(p .�RQ 7� �� �� q�� !�(��............................................. �}~ uu-�-}-} "#]��......................................................................................... �}~ uu-�-}-F ���E�......................................................................................... �}~ uu-�-}-u N�8� 7��j ,�� �6(p .�RQ 7� �� �� q�� !�(�� l/�[� .�N�#4;............................. �}~ uu-�-}-� �(3 � �c&�-� N�8� �7��j ,�� �6(p .�RQ 7� �� �� q�� !�(�� � �c� ���#$)����Y�

>,���� 91�( ............................................................................. �}H UL- ������ �� �!"� C�D� *�+6��� ��>��,E 1 ���� K 1,�$�� �$¹dN��� #���� 186��� �Q-F....... �F} u�-} "#]��......................................................................................... �F} u�-F E����......................................................................................... �F} u�-u l/�[��� .�N�#4;.............................................................................. �F} u�-� >,������ !�(�� � �c� E#$...................................................................... �FF u�-�-} BP � �c&�-} >,������ � 8[�� !�(�� � �c�) ��Y�>,���� 91�(............................. �FF u�-�-F BP � �c&�-F � >,������ Th�(��� � �c) ��Y�>,���� 91�(................................. �F� u�- � �#�6 �8[��� �����' � �c&� E#$' l/�[��� .�N�#4r R(xK�................................. �u� u�- � �#�6 �8[��� �����' � �c&� E#$' l/�[��� .�N�#4r R(xK�................................. �u�

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 5: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-369-

T��H�� >?;� ����g )����(

<�5=�� 1%=6��

Uf- �� ��>��,E1 ���� #�B 186��� ������� �� �!"� C�D� *�+6� ~................................. �uH u�-}"#]��......................................................................................... �uH u�-FE����......................................................................................... �uHu�-ul/�[��� .�N�#4;.............................................................................. �uHu�-��!��� T�í� � �c� E#$........................................................................ �uHu�-�-} �,�......................................................................................... �uHu�-�-}-} 9/4 � �c&�-} �� ��U¤ q�� � 8[�� X�41�' Th�(��� % T�í��� °�(c ,�,� {; �,7� � �c�

� �8hP ¥ [� � �#�� � >#�c Dh�6 TwÄ' T���� N��~ �´ ���� ��(�� �‘u‘....... �uH UV- 1 ����� 186��� ������� �� �!"� C�D� *�+6��� ��>��,E0...................................... ��u u~-} ��,�....................................................................................... ��u u~-F z����x ����� �8%�8� 18����� 9��'(� ����� �$·_.............................................. ��u u~-F-} "#]��......................................................................................... ��u u~-F-F E����......................................................................................... ��u u~-F-u l/�[��� .�N�#4;.............................................................................. ��u u~-F-� �: � �c&�-} m�/��b T�i�(��� T8��8� .�#���� Z8� ��(��� >,k1� �/86: ,�,��� "(L� � �c�

>��#�8� �,[��'............................................................. ��� u~-u 9�H�8�� ����_� 9�H�8�� ?8t �������........................................................... ��~ u~-u-} "#]��......................................................................................... ��~ u~-u-F E����......................................................................................... ��~ u~-u-� � �c&� ���#$.................................................................................. ��u u~-u-�-} N�� � �c&�-}WJ��&� >�K ................................................................. ��u u~-u-�-F N�� � �c&�-F���#L� � �c&� ............................................................... ��u u~-u-�-u N�� � �c&�-uR�=�+&� ........................................................................ ��� u~-u-�-� N�� � �c&�-��,[�� ......................................................................... ��� u~-u-�-� N�� � �c&�-��/4��� >�[��� >#h�,�� ......................................................... ��� u~-u-�-� N�� � �c&�-� #�� X,[��...................................................................... ��� u~-u-�-� N�� � �c&�-�,h�=�� ��)�� ................................................................... ��� u~-u-�-~ N�� � �c&�-~ �#���� ¾�#J��� ................................................................. ���

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 6: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 7: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-371-

<�=��U/ ;� 1'$�'T��H�� >?

U/-F o����

uG-}-} 9Y3 .�� �c&� T/�! � ��w�� N=s� "#��>,���� 91��/�Æ� D8���' !�(�� l/�[�� : )�( �6(78�� .&(P'#�1�) W#J�� #Y3�u} °�� 9UL�' T/�,�� �*+ � �u T[J�� � u-u ��

�/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��(¶ )­( � �#�� % �4�,�� �/P�L� ��'Õ�� �8h��� .�#xJ���' �6(78�� Th�(���u) W#J�� #Y3�uF ��

T[J��' T/�,�� �*+F-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��(¶ )�( [�� !�(�� � �)�� % �4�,�� �/P�L� ��'Õ�� � 8[�� .�#xJ���' ��(7�6 E�#�@j� �86��� � 8

� -}) W#J�� #Y3�uu -F T[J��' T/�,�� �*+ � F -� � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��(¶ )!( � �)�� % �4�,�� B-���� �/��*�� !�(��' ���V&� �/h�8��� !�(���-F) W#J�� #Y3�uu-u �

T[J��' T/�,�� �*+F-� � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��(¶ )+( � �)�� % �4�,��' N�� 7��j ,�� �6(p .�RQ `8�� q�� !�(���-u) W#�J�� #Y3�uu-�

T[J��' T/�,�� �*+ �F-� � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��(¶ )'( � �)�� % �4�,�� >,����� !�(���-}) �� #Y3� W#Ju� T[�J��' T/�,�� �*+ � F-� ��

�/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��(¶ )R( � �#�� % �4�,�� !�(�8� ����1� �h[��~) � W#J�� #Y3u� T[J��' T/�,�� �*+ � F-~ �

�/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��(¶ )¼( � �#�� � �'�,�� ·�*�� T8���� Z8� >�!��� X(/3(1� .�#�3 >,k� H) W#J�� #Y3�u~-F ��

T/�,�� �*+(¶ )�( � �#�� � X(/w/8�� .���6' �jcH) W#J�� #Y3�u~-uT/�,�� �*+ � .(

uG-}-F % m��� >!��(�� �����' � �c&� E#$' l/�[��� .�N�#4; ��6 ��w�� N=s� ����� �/�/Y���� ��hj���/4b(���� . ��#J��'u�' u���(��8� ��R(xK B� �#8� � ���6 T ����� % �,� �� �U¤ q�� .�' �2/�#��� Z8� .

U/-. C��+��

��)8� ,�,4 ��� ¢,�� T : ��hj�� l/�[��� .�N�#4; */J�� \] �� . �� '� ��x���� �7s� Z8� \] ��'\8� X,�� �� ,�,4 ��� l/�[� 28�� �#c� �74:

)�( [c' Nk56 `8��� �/t� .(8�¶��8��� '� ����� �h )­( �c� � �#4� �h�3¶��8��� '� ����6 �8i .�b .�� )�( �/�#J�� #$-�6 `8��� .$�#�V� ���' ¼#���� l/�[���.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 8: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 9: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-373-

<�=��UF 186��� ������� �� �!"� C�D� *�+6��� ��>��,E

1 ���� k' 1�p8�� �"P���(��. UF-F o����

u} -} -} �*+ "#�� �6(78�� .&(P'#�1� l/�[�� >,���� 91� XY3 W#J�� . X�,-��P� �(U� �� \] ��' B8[J�� % >!��(�� l/�[��� N�! {; W(4#�6 m3#�� ����F -F ' u -u) °�� 9UL��u ( ���hj�� ��

�U�V1� % ��+ ��/ �� �/�/�-��� X(P#�� {;' ��/4b(���� �/�/Y����u} -} ' u} -F ' u} -u � ��i'� {;' W'#J�� % >�(�*�� .�� �c&�u} -�' u} -�' u} -�T/�,�� �*+ � .

u}-}-F �6(78�� .&(P'#�?� �/ ���� #$-�8� m/t� m�//�� �+ ��o/ �� � �c&� E#$ �o!�� D�z' ��U¤ �/À p 9hj l/�[�.

u}-}-u �*+ "�#Q1�/���� l������ X,-��� �W#J��:

.&(P'#�1� .&(P'#�1� .�( � '� W#J�� . 8��� \J� ,�,4 � �´ ��8� �86: �Q �/�'� \+ �-F-� ���hj�� �� �^]��� T�J6 ­�* '� T�/� '� �(]� RQ Z8� �(��' v/�Pj �� '� �4=�� '� �,��� � D�[�' ��/4b(���� �/�/Y����

j$; R7S >=o7�' ��3',6 '� E(�� '� �(x� '� ThP D '� � 8i .�/�4 TUV % >( ��� .�(�K ��#c¨6 ¥��� E�E(�� '� ��/x� '� >(Q� TUV % '� �RQ % ���8� �8hP��R]�� '� �8h��� 7��À '� .

�6(78�� .3o(U�� �6(78�� ��R]�� �h�=��' .�R]�� '� �6(78�� !�(�� '� �6(78�� Th�(��� \+ . �(��� �/������ �*+ T�)� &' !N�� D T�J�� q�� '� B-���� �/��*�� '� ���V&� �/h�8���.

1Z%8'F: Z8� ,�=� & �/' ���3 �� ThP (+ ­(78�� Th��� Huº��(´ . �/(�� ���3 !o,� q�� � �c&� E#$ !#�' W#J�� %uF-�T/�,�� �*+ � .

1Z%8'.: Y3� ��6(78�� � 8[�� !�(�� l�#�� Z8� Wj$j� >#�J�� #F -� -F -F ��/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� � . � �)�� % �4�,�� �6(78�� � 8[�� !�(�6 �8[��� �����' � �c&� E#$' l/�[��� .�N�#4; !#�'� -} W#J�� % uu -F

T/�,�� �*+ �.

1Z%8'U: >��#@ �4�! % N�(p� D ­(p �, �� RQ (+ ­(78�� R]�� FGº ^]z' ��(´ ���,� ��/�}G},u �UP6 (8/�.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 10: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-374-

UF-. C��+��

u}-F-} °��� 9UL� % >!��(�� l/�[��� .�N�#4; {; T��8� �n,��� .&(P'#�1� D�A �� \] ���u �� T[J��u-u � ����6 W#�J�� �*+ % >!��(�� l/�[��� .�N�#4; {; D�A �� 2ª �� ��/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� �

86��­7��j� 7�/ .T��8� ,�,4 ��� ¢,�� T : l/�[��� .�N�#4; */J�� 2ª' .

1Z%8': Z8� 7J/�[� \] �� W#J�� �*+ % ­7��&� �/86�6 �i�� l/�[��� .�N�#4r ��z�� �Q �(P'#�1� .�( � �;m�,4 �6(p !�( ²�.

UF-U 1�p8�� �"P���(� *�+6� >��,E

u}-u-} � ln�[� ���6(78�� .�3o(U�� � ��(��' 7:�#�@� >��#L m� � m�,4 �6(p '� �6(p !�(�� .&(P'#�1���� (���� Z8� v�b' :

)�( Z8� �(�º �� �b; m�,4 �6(p >!�� �(P'#�1� ��� ln�[�~� .�3o(U�� �� #w�� '� Ð �'�� '� E(J� �/h/�/U�� �:�#�@� >��#@ _3�' �6(78��uG�(4(8/� / ¶9Q

)­( Z8� �(�º �� �b; �6(p �Q >!�� �(P'#�1� ��� lo�[�} ��6(78�� .3o(U�� � T:� '� Ð � T:� �/h/�/U�� �:�#�@� >��#@ _3�'FG�(4(8/� /9Q.

u}-u-F m�!��P�' E�#�@j� �/h/�/U�� >��#L� >��# D l/�[��� D|z(� �>b��b#�� .&(P'#�1� ��@ % �h�3 {; ���� (���� Z8� v�b' ���Vr� �t� ,�,� � �c� :

)�( � T:� E�#�@j� �/h/�/U�� >��#L� _3� �b;FG�(4(8/� /9Q:

‘}‘ �t� Z8� ��Vr� �,@ �b; �6(p >!�� �(P'#�1� ln�[�}� 7��U�' #w�� '� 9P �� T����¶9P

‘F‘ ,4 �6(p >!�� �(P'#�1� ln�[� �t� Z8� ��Vr� �,@ �b; m��� ¶#w�� '� 9P ‘u‘ % �� �c&� �#x�� �� \] �� ���Vr� �t� ,�,� � �c� �jc ��V; �� �,º ³ �b;

'� T�:� ©=�� NîU�� �� �b; �6(p >!�� �(P'#�1� ln�[� ��L� �*+ %' �`8] =�/@ �'��uGG �/3� /Xu &� �tw� _3� �b; '� �'�� '� T:� \hxJ�� E�#�@uGG 9Q /Xu ¶

¶�6(p �Q >!�� �(P'#�1� ln�[� Ç&;'

)­( �'�� E�#�@j� �/h/�/U�� >��#L� _3� �b;FG�(4(8/� / �(P'#�1� ln�[� �#w�� '� 9Q ,�6 Z8� ��Vr� �,@ �b; m�,4 �6(p >!���� �(�P'#�1� ln�[�� Ç&;' ¶#w�� '� 9P

p >!���6( .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 11: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-375-

u}-u-u ��/���� ����� % >�(�*�� E#��� �,@; ��P�(6 E�#�@j� �/h/�/U�� >��#L� B/�� �(U� :ASTM D 240 �13945 ISO/FDIS :1999 (E/F) 86.1 {; 86.3' uGB NFPA.

u}-u-� >(�Q#�� ­7��� �/86: � �c� �h�3 ±P� Z8� l/�[��� �(U� ��o�(Q#�� .&(P'#�1� ��@ %) #�Y3� W#J��u}-�T/�,�� �*+ � .(

)�( �b; m�,4 �6(p >!�� �(P'#�1� ��� ln�[��:

‘}‘ 278�� WJ��� ��FG 278�� ,� ��' #w�� '� 9P F ¶#w�� '� �/3� ‘F‘ 278�� WJ��� ��� 278�� ,� ��' #w�� '� 9P �#w�� '� ��(� .

)­( t�(� & �*�� �(P'#�1� ��� ln�[� % >!(4(�� ����� )� ( W�J��� ��� �b; �6(p >!�� 278��� 278�� ,� ��' #w�� '� 9P F#w�� '� �/3� .

u}-u-� �U��V1� % .!�' ,��:'u}-}' u}-F' u}-u .&(��P'#�16 �8[����� l/�[����� ����� ��(��� Z8� ���(Q#�� .&(P'#�1�' >b�b#�� .&(P'#�1�' .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 12: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-376-

�[���UF-F: *�+6�� �'���� >��,y� 1�p8�� �"P���(�

m�,4 ­(p

9�3

TU)�� {; T��3� �>b�b#�� .&(P'#�?�u}-F TU)�� {; T��3� ���(Q#�� .&(P'#�?�u}-u

&

9�3

&

­(p �(P'#�5� l �[� & n

�(P'#��

Z8� �(�º T+}Ð � T:� '� >��#@ ��' �6(78�� .3(U��

E�#�@�< FG�(4(8/� /Å9Q

Z8� �(�º T+~�Ð � #w�� '� ��' �6(78�� .3(U�� E�#�@� >��#@

� uG�(4(8/� /QÅ#w�� '� 9

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 13: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-377-

&

9�3

x� x� :P���_ ®

�[���UF-. : >��,E�x�x���x �"P���(� *�+6�

�$5, j5p5�z

&

&

­(p �(P'#�5� ln�[� &

C���3� ����3 �� �� � ./:,8�N /»&v

1t�d' $�$£ �� �!� K:��\y� �$¢ �� ):��\y�

1t�d' $+I� fQ» &P

1t�d' $�$£ �� �!� K:��\y� �$¢ �� ):��\y�

1t�d' $+I� FQ» &P

)W8o' ? �3 K :��\y� �� �!� K �� ¼t�[��½'?�� � U//

1����/9U ) �_C���3"� 1t�HN �� ��A=��| � U//&v /9U»

):��\y� 1t�d' $�$£ �� �!� K 1t�d' $+I :��\y� �$¢ ��

� fQ»�HN_ �_ &P

j5p5�

�$5, j5p5�z

j5p5�

&

j5p5�

&

9�3

9�3

9�3

9�3

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 14: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-378-

9�3

�[��� UF -U : 1�v��� �"P���(� *�+6� ��>��,E

9�3 ­(p �,4 m

�(Q� �(P'#��o

T+ �>(Q#�� ­7��� �/86: � �c� % 278�� WJ���� FG278�� ,�' 9P

� F �/3� '� � T+ 278�� WJ��� � 278�� ,�' 9P� � ��(� Å

WJ��� T+ �>(Q#�� ­7��� �/86: � �c� %278�� � � 278�� ,�' 9P � FÅ �/3� ­(p

­(p �(P'#�5� l �[� & n &

&

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 15: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-379-

UF-L �x�x��� �"P���i� :��\y� 1t�d' $�$£ �� �!�

u}-�-} '$�' 1

u} -� -} -} `t�#�� 278�� #$§ 9//��� b��b� �(P'#�� % ��Vr� �t� ,�,� ���#$ ��/��� � �c&� �*+ l[��� . � ��Vr� �,[ ��6 �(P'#�1� oÚ#� �#c1�' >,@�(�� B6 T[J� .t�}� ¦��+ �� �b; � :�#� 9P

b�b#8� #��� E�#�@�' ���V� . T�� & >,� m�6� 278�� 7/t Z� � q�� ��L� �3� Z8� #����� E�#�@&�' ���V&� �o#��' �����(� .p($ �´/� �Q N:�R �8�V 'b �RQ ,:( �3� Z8� ��Vr� �,[ �o#��' � -�9P .

u}-�-}-F 7oV� �t� ¾8 � q�� �(P'#�1� .x�� Z8� � �c&� �*+ `/ �� �U¤)+*�b#� (}� #�w�� '� 9P . �� 7oV� �t� �T�� q�� �(P'#�1� .x�� � �c&� �*+ � ½w���'}� Xj�p�' ��/x���#�� �hx���' .�(Q#�� �9P

�� '� .�( � % >5n ��� B4���' >#�� X�[6 >!o'= . '� �/x���#�� �hx��� '� .�(Q#�� W�R(� q�� �(P'#�1� .x�� D�A'.&(P'#�1� .�(Q#6 °�� ­7��&� �/86: � �c� {; B4��� '� Xjp�.

UF-L-. #���� Y�p;�

u}-�-F-}�/���� .�,��� �t(� X=8�:

��6� >��#@ �4�! ,�� \h XãFGº�4�! �:,6± }º ��(´ #�� .�y�§ ��=/ �:,6± G,} 9Q

��P _/:(�)���; ��P) (#�(3'#� ( �:,6± G,F �/3� ^�8' T@ D �n�, ±/� #��/����6 .4o�,� �$�:' T@ D �RQ ,:(

>��#@ ±/�)#�(#� ( �:,6± }º ��(´ �6($� ±/� �:,6± � Ð ^]z ±/� �:,6± G,} �6

UF-L-U �� �!"� 1���D

u}-�-u-} ���� . 8����

u}-�-u-}-} m� �#�� >,@�' �/3� >,� 7]�#J�6 =o7� É �Jo/U �(P'#�1� >( � �(U� �� �� �c&� N�#4; T : �\] �� .>( �8� ��$]�� �6( 31� % >!(4( �(U� ��3x� �Q >! �� � ��8-��� {; T���� �*+ �,7�' .

u}-�-u-}-F D�z' % T����� \U� ��n�[ >( ��� _3� �b; v�b % � �����P&� .�/8��6 mÄ ,/���� \] ��­(8� '� \P�� .>#V � �c&� N�#4; T : +o=+ \] �/t �>( ��� o=+ ��'#��� � �� �b;' .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 16: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-380-

u}-�-u-}-u /��� � ï�c ��U % �� �c&� *ÇJ�� �� \] �� >��#�@ ��4�! ,���' ���(7�8� T6:' �/h�(p� .��FGº ��(´± �º B6 ¼'�#�� �/ �3 �6($�' ��(´uG' ~GÐ .

u}-�-u-}-��(P'#�1� .�( � � >( � T� � �c� �o/���:

)�( �, % �R]�� ,:(�� �(U� �� Z8� ��8U�� � �c&� ���#$ 2�@ ��´8�» �(U� ,��}� -HG¶�(P'#�1� � 8� X�i � 9P

)­( � ��6 �´8�» �(U� ,�� ^�t m�,@�' m�� �c�}G-}F ,:( �(U� �� Z8� ��/8i1� 7�8�� � Ð �t� Z8� ; R]��}� Z�8� '� ���´8�» � 8� � �� ��� b�b#�� T��)� ³ �b; X�[�� � 9P

��,�� �´8�» � 8� b�b� 2p ���V� �t� Z8� ,�=� �t�}�9P .

u}-�-u-}-� �� 7tjQ Z8� �6(�U�� .�/8��8� m�t' �(P'#�1� >( � Dz(� �� �c&� N� . ��U !n,���' �,[� v�*� m� $ ��Vr�.

u} -� -u -} -� �(P'#�1� >( � X�i' ,:(�� 2p B6 �t��� �(U� �/À b�b#�� � �c� ���� N�#4r� 2Ç8��� �, ��z}� -HG +��,� Ti�(J6 9P }� 9P .�����' 2p B6 �t��� �(U� ,�� � �c&� �,6 �b; >NJU�� `

�(P'#�1� X�i' ,:(���G 9P . �t� ,�� b�b#8� ���V� �,@ �b¨t�G B�6 T[J� q�� �t��� >!�R 9�� 9P ��,�� �(P'#�1� X�i' ,:(�� 2p}�9P . �t� ,�� ���V� T[º ³ �b; ��GB6 �t��� �ÇJ|-�t 9P 2p

��,�� �(P'#�1� X�i' ,:(��}� 9P . �(�P'#�1� X�i B6 �t� Z[:� B/�� (+ N�#4r� �*+ � �,p�' �t��� _3� �b; ���V&� �([@ X,� ,/�5� {; '� �b�b#8� #��� E�#�@� �',@ {; �!�� �� �U¤ ,:(�� 2p'

p B6 �(P'#�1� X�i' ,:(�� 2}�9P .

u}-�-u-F �#$� �c&� ��

)�( >��#@ �4�! �|��� T� � T:1� Z8� �(P'#�� .�( � �j� l//U� �#ªFGº ��(´± } N�� #�]� �/À \h Xã % ��(´H� �� T�� & >,� T:1� Z8� >( ��� � ÐuG ��/:!

� �c� T� T :) >,� y���� �78U6 >�(�] �(P'#�1� >( � _3� �b;uG ���/:! /U�8��/t� l/(¶

)­( Z��#����� . 8���6 ,o/���� .¶�n/ ���� ��6($�' �U�� >��#@ �4�! Tnx��' )�( ¶7�8�� Tnx��' �(P'#�1� >( � �R(�� )!( >��#@ �4�! ,�� �/h�,�6&� ¾�#J��� ��#P' \8c�,�� ^]��� ��/: !n,�FGº ��(´± }º ���(´

)� /��� .�( ��� � ��8-��� �/]6m/h=4 �´8���� '� (¶ )+( ¶�$�: ��P�(6 T@ Z8� _n w� '� ^� � \�t� ¥�P Z8� �R]�� ,:(�� Dz(� )'( ��8�V WJ���' N\� �Q 278�� �(U�' ��R]�� ,:(�� T�)���-� ¶m �#�� 9P )R( 278�� � �6(8��� �t��� Z8� �(P'#�1� >( � X�i ���t Dz(� .1� � �c� �#ª' �(�P'#�

¶­(8� '� \P�� Dz(6 �� ��� 9���i �*�� Dz(�� �

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 17: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-381-

)¼( 278�� (e ���J�� �/4(� � ,�5��� D ��(���� 0J3 % ,:(�� 2p' X�[�� ���t Dz(� �� ��b��' 2P� TU)6) TU)�� #Y3�u} -� -} .( l[��� �jc b�b#�� Dt! 9��'

278� �(8���¶ )�( ��� . 8���6 ,/���� Z��#� ¶>( ��� o=+ ���#�6 ��8���� � )�( >,� +�(�K â#J�' �(P'#�1� >( � X�i Tn])�� ���V&� �,º �� {; '� ��(� . �,@ �b¨t

>,� 278�� _/:(�' >( ��� ¾�#J� #���/t ���V&��¶���V&� N,6 �YL � m�� ��� ��(� )¦( �� .t��8� � ���6 ���V&� �h�3 Tnx��� % �(�P'#�1� >(� �' �R�]�� ,:(�� B6 �J8�-

¶"#]�� �*p �o[-�� �',s� )�( >(��� `/ �� N��� ���V� �,º ³ �b;)�( ��#c� Wz'� % �(P'#�1� � �c� �#ª �

`����8� v�b' �­(8� Dz' % \P�#�� Dz(�6 ����Pj� �[[-�� >( ��� Dz(� �5� ¶���V&� �([@ �

)X( U�� .�(��� �n#)R ( {;)� ( B�/tz; B�#) ��(�� ��u .�# ( Z8�' 7�J3 >( ��� Z8�¶�(P'#�1� X�i' �R]�� ,:(�� B6 7�J3 �t���

)�( 7�J3 �t��� Z8�' ����� 0J3 Z8� ��(�� B�#c� �(P'#�� q 8� Z8� � �c&� N�#4; �n#U�'#�1� X�i' �R]�� ,:(�� B6¶�(P

)±( .�(��� �n#U�)R ( {;)� ( �(P'#�1� X�i B6 �t��� �(U� �/À � �c&� N�#4; � B6 ,:(�� 2p'}� ' HG � �c� T� �8/[L m� � 9P ) m���� #�Y3�u} -� -u -} -�

'u} -� -u -} -�(¶ )W( �t� Z8� �(P'#�1� T��)� ³ �b;}� � q�� 28�8� � ���6 N�#4r� \7��� �9P ��´8�» _3

mji� . �t� Z8� #��� E�#�@�' ���V� �,º ,�� m��� m/7�� N�#4r� y���'HG 9�P . �t� Z8� �(P'#�1� T��)� ³ �b;'}� ����V&� �',�@ X,� Tnx|��� �9P . D�/M %'

+,��� ,i� q�� �(P'#�1� X�i' ,:(�� 2p B6 �([��� �t��� Tox�� ��#c1� .&L� ²� Z8� #��� E�#�@�' ���V� �',@"���V&� �t�"¶

)�( Z8� ,@�' � �c� m��� �#ªu � ��6 >N(8» 28� }G-}F�h�� % \k&� 7�x@ � . 2ª' ��'� ,:(�� 2p' �(P'#�1� � 8� X�i B6 �t��� �(U� �/À 28��� Z8� � �c&� N�#4;

"�´8���� 28��� ���V� �t�� ,h�R }�9P "¶ )°( 7� ��t! T� #���� .�t�! Z8� �´8���� �(P'#�1� >( � ân#J��uG Ì�@ Z[:� é,�� �/3�

7/t Z� �}G-}F �/k&� 7�8�� � Ð . �� T�� & .�t,�� B6 �/�R >#�t ¦#� Z��#�'uGG �/3� . ¶l//U��� "�#Q1 \h Xã % .�( ��� Dz(� >#�J�� �*+ �jc'

)E( � .�(��� �o#U�)R ( {;)� ( Z8� �(�� q�� �(P'#�1� .�( � Z8�}G-}F �h�� % � B�(��� �JQ; D �\k&� 7�x@)� (')X .( ,�@�' D�z' � �&; � �c&� �*+ *ÇJ�� &'

­(8� '� \P�� Dz' �� ��(P'#�?� ���V&� �/t �,@ �*�� Dz(�� #fI��� �) ,�: �� �;�,@ (%�´8���� 28��� ��@ ¶

)�( �',s� % �h���� �t� Tnx��u}-��3!� B (+ �� .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 18: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-382-

u}-�-u-F-} ��(7��� >,/4 �t#Q % �c! �o�� _� .�� �c&� D/M *ÇJ��� . >,� �t#]��' �o�U�� ��(� �U¤'u `h:! � �c� T� ,�6 T:1� Z8� .'#��� �j��� �6�,� D/M *-�� �� \] ��'E�#�@&� ���(3 E)��P� D�� ��� .

u}-�-u-F-F Z8� �(�� q�� 28��� #| |�-��}G-}F �h�� % ^�t >,@�' ># \kr� 7�x@ � . �'�,4 ��� & b;' �x/��� &; �h����� �cj� ��nz( � 8� TU� >,@�.

u}-�-u-F-u z(�� % � �P � �c&� �x/�3 7/t �(U� q�� ��L� % >!��; \�] �� �>( ��� ����P& 9���i �*�� D �x/���� �(U� �� ¥n4#� q�� Dz(�� % >( ��� Z8� � �c&�� 4( 7/t .

UF-L-L ����+�� &���� 1���D� �� �!"� ����'

u} -� -� -} �h���� �t� T/x�� 2ª . �',s� �o/ �'u} -� � ����6 �!����� \] �� �*�� �b(���� �3!� "',s�h���� �" .

:�$;�UF-L lx­"����+�� :�$,"

>��#L� �4�! ��(´ �/ ���� �6($#�� Ð Ï�����

����� 9P� � 8���u � 8���F � 8���} %[�� 9xL�

РРР�'1� Nj�&� �(��} F u } F u } F u � �c&� >( ��� �t� ���V� �,@ T+

'� 9�3 & }� 9P

���V� �,@ T+ '� 9�3&

uG 9P

���V� �,@ T+ '� 9�3&

�� 9P

���V� �,@ T+ '� 9�3&

�G 9P

���V� �,@ T+ '� 9�3&

�� 9P

���V� �,@ T+ & '� 9�3

HG 9P

.�,+)��-� 8��� Dz' v�b % �

u}-�-�-Fln�[���/���� ����8� m� � �6(p �Q '� m�,4 �6(p '� �6(p !�(�� >b��b#�� .&(P'#�1� :

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 19: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-383-

)�( � T:� �/h/�/U�� �:�#�@� >��#@ �(U� �*�� �(P'#�1� ln�[�FG �(4(8/� / �6(p >!�� 9Q �'�� �t� Z8� ���V&� �,@ �b;}� � �T:� 7�U�' #w�� '� 9P �� ¶9P

)­( � ln�[� � T:� �/h/�/U�� �:�#�@� >��#@ �(U� �*�� �(P'#�1FG �(4(8/� / �6(p >o!�� 9Q �t� Z8� ���V&� �,@ �b; m�,4�� ¶#w�� '� 9P

)�( ��:�#�@� >��#�@ �(�U� �(P'#�� Z8� ���V&� �t� ,�,� � �c� % ���V� �,º ³ �b; � T:� �/h/�/U��FG �(4(8/� / � �c� �#ª �9Q W#�J�� % �(�*��� `8] =o/@ % ���V&�

u}-�¶T/�,�� �*+ � )!( �/h/�/U�� �:�#�@� >��#@ �'�� q�� �(P'#�1� ln�[�FG�(4(8/� / �6(p >!�� #w�� '� 9Q

�t� Z8� ���V&� �,@ �b; m�,4��#w�� '� 9P .�6(p >!�� ln�[� �3¨t &;' .

UF-Q :���\"� �� �!�W8o' ?��3 K

UF-Q-F $�'' 1

u} -� -} -} �(P'#�1� .�( � � �w� ��� ���(��� ­7��� �/86: ,�,��� ���#$ ��/��� � �c&� �*+ l[�Tc�!�([K '� `8] =�/@ .�8��) ��Ò Z8� �(�º <�(�P� � �c� N�' Tc�! �(P'#�1� >( � .�(�K oÚ#� . £@(� �b;

nx�� ����V� �',@7:j$; Ü q�� >o!�� �/��' \����� �=�� T .

UF-Q-. #���� Y�p;�

u}-�-F-} �/���� .�,��� �t(� X=8� :

�[���UF-L-F ::���\"� 1t�d' $�$£ �� �!� Y�p,

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 20: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-384-

_/:(� ��P)���; ��P( �:,6 ± G,F�/3� ��6� >��#@ �4�! ,�� \h XãFGº��(´ �:,6± }º��(´

#�� .�y�§ ��=/ �:,6± G,}9Q #�(#� �:,6 ± }º ��(´

/� �6($� ± �:,6 ± ��h�� % ^]z ±/� �:,6± G,} �6

<�(�P� � �c� N�' �3!� Tn[J (+ ��

u}-�-F-F � �c&� R74 ���

u}-�-F-F-} ��x@ <�(�P� N�' X,-���FGG#��/��! u m �#�� )��m3(�Q ( �#�:'�GG ��($' m �#�� 9 �FG @(�J �(U�' m �#�� 9�/���� .j�,���� �/8� Tc,�' �,@�' �#$ � m :

)�( ¶N�(8� ¼(�J�� �#�8� ��hj �8o[J �b N�Q � �3o(U�� EjQr� �8/P' �(U� �� \] �� )­( B6 �Uk ¼'�#�� v/�Pj �� � N)Q ����P� �U¤G,G}' G,GFEjQ; �8/P(� 9 . %'

j �� N)]�� X�,-�P� \] �� ��L� v8����� (���� Z8� \U/�P: \$�� ^�#V ��P�(6 �3U % _n w�' �3�(�P?� ¼(�J�� �#��� E(t N)]�� o,¤ . �� \] ��'

��,�� !o,��� ��' 7 34 Z8� ��(z(�� �3�(�P1� �(@ ��z(6 ¥��� >(�6 ^�#)�� �(U�F� ²R' �8�� _�¹8� �b; ^�t 9G,��\8J��� �t#$ ,�� 9]� .\] ��' N)]�� % o V ��,@;

��($F� ,�6 �, � �9 �G�3�(�P1� �t@ � 9 .��� 2ª' ¶mÄ !',) N)]�� �� � ,�5 )�( �#�: ��3�(�P?� #cÆ� �#��� ,�� 2�� �,º�G ,�6 Z8� 9 }GG TU)6 ��tL� � 9

�(U�' 7 34 Z8� �3�(�P1� Dz(� ,�� Z8�1� �7s ���J�� �/t �(U�j� >=+4 � �c) TU)��u}-�-}(¶

)!( �!�6� <,� T@ Z8� Dz(�FGG x FGG B6 +#�: Bt�� �� � ��Ò 9 FG {; �G 9 7�J���'}GG9 . � T:� p($ ¥ [� ,�� ���)�� ��, �P� �o/���'~G9 . 2p £J���

7z#� �t�@ �@(� ��P�(6 b�b#�� ��5� � ���)��}�G���' 9 7�JFGG 7��: T/¤' �9 ��'�=6 �(8�����º WJ��� ,��}�G >,�: � 9 �t�L� �@(8��) TU)��u}-�-F( ¶

)+( �3�(�P1� %#$ B6 ��t��� l[�� % <,��� TL� Z8� ���)�� Dz(�) TU)��u} -� -u(¶

)'( �4�! �(�U� �U % T�L� Z8� '� "�1� Z8� ��3�(�P1� D�z(� �/t >��#�L� B6}�º' ��(´F�º��(´ . m �#�� 7�x@ ¾8 � �3�(�P� Tc�! �� �c� !�#�� ����� oÚ#�FGG

#��/��!u��Vr� �,[ Z8� �(��' .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 21: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-385-

u}-�-F-F-F +�,: ��'�=6 �(P'#�1� � 8� � >!� ����� �#ÓHGº � 8�8� \P�#�� �(�� D . R7s� !�,�; ^ �#�'&� ���#$'�(P'#�1� 28� � W(��� �*� �+ ���(�*�� � �c . ��!/��&� �Q �(P'#�1� 28� �b¸ ��@ %') .�( � Tw

�/P�� �/�z(6 T����� q�� �(P'#�1� ( 2�À .�N�#4r�' .�,��� Z8� �#�� q�� .��]��� T/x�� ��'#��� � �(U� ���� �>,/s� ��y-�� �P���� �/���� 0/���8� �/�',�� ��Y��� .Ji�(� ���� . 8���6 ,/ISO/IEC 17025:1999

>#����' ��J�� .�y�§ >NJU6 ��8����.

�[���UF-Q-F : W8o' ?�3 K :���\"� �� �!� 1���P�

� �[��UF-Q-. : W8o' ?�3 K :���\"� �� �!� 1�¬

approximately 200 dm3

50 mm

100 mm}GG9 �G9

FGG #��/��!u �#�� m

45 °

1 50 m m

2 00 m m

71 m m

20 0 m m

1 50 m m

}�G9

FGG9

FGG9

}�G9

�}9 ��º

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 22: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-386-

�[���UF-Q-U :1�¬G$�' �'�3 c8I

UF-Q-U �� �!"� 1���D

u}-�-u-}���� . 8����

u}-�-u-}-} m� �#�� >,�@�' ��/3� >,� +�(�K � N=4 Ej$¨6 T��8� =o7� É �(P'#�� >( � T� l//U� �#ª .>( ��� �6( 3� % >!(4( ��3x� �Q >! �� � ��8-��� (+ v�b � "#]��'.

u}-�-u-}-F ����P&� .�/8��6 mÄ ,/���� Z��#� '� \P�� Dz' % ����Pj� >n,� >( ��� _3� �b; v�b % � �­(8� .>#V � �c&� N�#4; T : +o=+ \] �/t �>( ��� o=+ ��'#��� � �� �b;'.

u}-�-u-}-u 7/t 9�U�� >��#@ �4�! ,��' ���(7�8� T6:' �/h�(p� .��/��� � ï�c ^P' % .�� �c&� �#�FG ± �º/ �3 �6($�' ��(´ B6 ¼'�#�� �uG-~GÐ.

u}-�-u-F� �c&� ���#$ )�( >��#�@ ���4�! % ����� T� � �T:1� Z8� ��´8�» �(P'#�� .�( � �j� l//U� �#ª

FGº ��(´± }º N�� #�]� �/À \h Xã % ��(´H� ��� �T�� & >,� T:1� Z8� 7� ÐuG ��/:!)y��� �N�� % m/8� m��(�] �(P'#�1� �� �b; >, uG�/t� l//U�8� ��/:! (¶

)­( #��/��! .�,@(6 �3�(�P?� \8�J�� 9xL� 2|���� '� ±��u ¶ )�( ���� . 8���6 ,o/���� Z��#� .¶�/ ���� ��6($�' �U�� >��#@ �4�! Tox��' )!( >��#@ �4�! ,�� �/h�,�6&� ¾�#J��� ��#P' \8c�,�� ^]��� ��/: !n,�FGº ��(´± }º�(´ �) �/]6

m/h=4 �´8���� '� � /��� �(P'#�1� .�( � � ��8-���(¶ )+( ¶7�8�� Tnx��' �(P'#�1� .�( � �,@; �R(� )'( EjQr� �8/P' Dz(�' ���)�� T�)��)\U/�Pj �� N)]�� '� N�]�� (¶²U % )R( �t� Z8� �(P'#�1� >( � X�i ���t Dz(�u��P1� ���t =�# � 9 Z8� '� ��3�(

>� � ����� Ú� ��'�R _3� �b; ­#:� �t� . (�e b�b#��� �o4(�' _/:(��� ��P Tn])� T6��� �#��� =�#) \U/�Pj �� N)]�� '� N�]�� ( X�,-�P&� .�/8�� W �6 ,o/���� D

}GG9

FGG9

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 23: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-387-

����6 �i�� . X�,-�P& 9���i �*�� Dz(�6 �(P'#�1� � �c� �#ª �� �o/���' �>o( ���¶­(8� '� \P�� Dz(6 ��

)¼( ���V&� �,º Ì@ b�b#�� Ej$; 9�� . \����� �=�� Tnx��' _/:(��� ��P ���; o9�� . !��� ¶7�8�� Tnx��' �(P'#�1� >( � �R'

)�( ���@j�� .�� �c&� % #��� �� �U¤ .JÇ8§ �� � l�Y��' �3�(�P1� Z8� \h�(+ �/� ^�8�� .��'¶#1� X=� �b; !y� \U� �3�(�P1� ¦|#�

)�( � � �c&� N�#4; .�(�c �#U�)! ( {;)� ( Z�8� B��(��� B�#c1� �(P'#�1� ·( � Z8� ����� 0J3) ��u�Mr6 .�( � .�I(�8 :^�t ,@�' � �c& >( � T� D�A.(

UF-Q-L ����+�� &���� 1���D� �� �!"� ����'

u}-�-�-} ��/���� .(8��� Z8� �(�º � �c&� �� #�#�� D|z( :

)�( ¶�6 �i�� D4�#��' � �c&� Dz( ����� ��/ $ )­( ¶¾�#J��� �,�' �(P'#�1� >( � % \8c�,�� ^]��� )�( ¶7/t N�(78� �/ ���� �6($#��' �t#]�� >��#@ �4�! )!( ¾�#J��� >, �>,@ Z8� � �c� TU� � ���6)w�6<�( ( ����V&� `/���� �Rj��) T��)�� ³ �b;

#�#���� % v�b #�*� ������(¶ )+( � �c� T� N��� Ú(V#�� ����� �8��)X�#]�6(¶ )'( � �c&� �3�(�P1 \8�J�� 9xL�)#��/��!u.(

u}-�-�-F NîU�� �=�� ­�@ �U¤(teq)(6 ,@�(�� 2�U�� #��6 ���V� `/���� XRj�� �/���� ��!��� ��P�:

}GGG x ¾�#J��� �R )�/3�( teq= �3�(�P?� \8�J�� 9xL�)#��/��!u(

u}-�-�-u D�#��� E�#�@&� �tw� ­�@ m��� �U¤(Ddef) ��P�(6 � �c&� �jc ���V&� `/���� XRj�� �/���� ��!��� :

}GGG x �V(V#�� ����� �/�� )X�#Q( Ddef=

L� �3�(�P?� \8�J�� 9x)#��/��!u( u}-�-�-� �� �/h/�/U�� �:�#�@� >��#@ T�� �(P'#�� T� lo�[�FG �(4(8/� / % ���V� �� �/t �,º ³' 9Q

���V&� �t� � �c�) W#J�� #Y3�u}-� T/�,�� �*+ � ( �'�� NîU�� �=�� �� �b; �6(p >!��uGG ��/3� /Xu '� w� _3� '� T:� �'�� D�#��� E�#�@&� �tuGG9Q /XuT:� '� .�6(p �Q >!�� �(P'#�1� ln�[� &;'.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 24: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-388-

UF-a ��O �� �!� 1�v��� �"P���(� :���\� 1�8

UF-a-F '$�'1

u}-�-}-} '� >(�Q� TU�V Z8� �� �� �(P'#�� b�b� ­7��� �/86: ,�,� ���#$ ��/��� � �c&� �*+ l[� '� �/x���� ��/x� �(x� '� Xj+ . Xj+ '� ±( '� >(Q� TU)6 �(P'#�1� >! � �/�� oÚ#�) ��(@� 9�Q ( Z�8�

��V; �,[ 7�� Dz(� ,� � :�# �4R) ���&' '� �8/�t '� ­�� !(� '� ��Ò ( E�#��@�' ����V� �,@ �b; � :�#� �(x��� '� Xjp� '� �/x���#�� ��/x��� '� >(Q#8� X�,�� .o#��' T�:1� Z8� B�/3� X',� _6� 2p �3� Z8� �+ ���V&� �

�� ���8�V �($ T�� &'�9P .

UF-a-. #���� Y�p;�

u}-�-F-}�/���� .�,��� �t(� X=8� :

��:' T@ D �n�, ±/� )��#��/��P .4o�,�( �#�: ��8� X'� � :�# �4R}�G m �#�� 9

_/:(� ��P)���; ��P( ) �:,6± F�/3� ( ���&' '� ­�� !(� '� �8/�t '� ��Ò

#�� .�y�§ ��=/ ) �:,6± }9Q ( >��#@ �4�! Z8� �( � \h XãFGº��(´ ) �:,6± }º��(´(

#�(#� ) �:,6± }º��(´( �6($� ±/� ) �:,6± �Ð( ^]z ±/� ) �:,6± G,}�6 (

u}-�-F-F Z8� � :�#�� �4R Dz(� ,�6 ���(� �U¤ �U�' N�(p� .��/� � \�K �U % >��#�8� X'� ¥�P� �c� T� .��:' T@ ��P�(6 \P�� Dz(6 _n w�' ����� �44R l8c >#V �n�,�� ±/��� Dz(�'.

u}-�-F-u \�t� (�� % � :�#�� �4R >,�: �(�� D �/t #J[�� ���3 `6��� �/À ±/��� Dz(�.

UF-a-U �� �!"� 1���D

u}-�-u-} ���� . 8����

u}-�-u-}-} >,�@�' �/3� >,� 7]�#J�6 ����Pj� +=/7� É �(P'#�� >( � T� l//U� �#ª �� �c&� N�#4; T :m �#�� .��$]�� �6( 31� % >!(4( �(U� ,: ��3x� �Q >! �� � ��8-��� (+ N�#4r� �*+ � �,p�'>( �8� .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 25: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-389-

u}-�-u-}-F '� \P�� Dz(6 ����Pj� >n,� >( ��� _3� �b; v�b % � �����P&� .�/8��6 mÄ ,/���� Z��#�­(8� .>#V � �c&� N�#4; T : +o=+ �#x/t �>( ��� o=+ ��'#��� � �� �b;' .

u}-�-u-}-u ' N�(p� .��/� � \�K ^P' % .�� �c&� �#� �$( � >��#@ �4�! ,��' ���(7�8� T6: +��,�FGº ��(´± �º B6 ¼'�#�� �/ �3 �6($�' ��(´uG-~GÐ .

u}-�-u-F � �c&� ���#$ )�( l//U� �#ª� >��#@ �4�! % T:1� Z8� ����� T�� �� �´8�» �(P'#�� .�( �

FGº ��(´± }º N�� #�]� �/À \h Xã % ��(´H� 1� Z8� Ð >o,�� >( ��� � T: �� �T�� &uG ��/:! ) >, y��� �N�� % �8��56 m��(�] �(P'#�1� �� �b;'uG ��/:!

�/t� l//U�8�(¶ )­( ���� . 8���6 ,/���� Z��#� .¶�/ ���� ��6($�' �U�� >��#@ �4�! Tnx��' )�( >��#@ �4�! ,�� \8c�,�� ^]��� !n,ºFG º��(´ ± }º ��(´) .�(� � �� ��8-��� �/]6

m/h=4 �´8���� '� � /��� �(P'#�1�(¶ )!( ��Q#J�� �/�U�� ±/: �U¤ �/À ��� �c� !�#�� �(P'#�1� ��� `�t,� '� ¾�#J� ��#P ±��

¶y�� �:,6 � �c&� ��� � )+( ¶7�8�� Tnx��' �(P'#�1� .�( � �,@; �R(� )'( 8� N�6 ,� .P/: Z t,��� '� ¾�#J��� � ân#J� �Do�[�� .�/8��6 ,o/���� D' �� �� m �#�� 9Q

7�J��� �o,��� & >�]i �(� TU)� �/À �l/Y3 � :�# �4R ^P' E(t �����F� ¶9 )R( �, �' �,�: ,�� ��/��� ��t@ Z8� ��Vr� �,[ ^�8�� �¾�#J��� N7�3� � ��(� 0Ñ �jc

% _/:(��� ��b �Y�8�� . �m �#�� B�/3� �'# ,�6 ��/��� ��t@ �� ��Vr� �,[ !�6; �U¤' ¼(z(6 ���V&� �',@ ,i#� v�b' �#1� X=� �b; . �m��z�' ��/��� ���V� �U� ³ �b;'

¶���/��� �t@ Z8� ��Vr� �,[ ^/8�� !�� )¼( �/���� .(8��� T/x�� 2ª ����V&� �,@ �b;:

‘}‘ ¶� :�#�� �4R >,�: E(t #��/����6 27Ç8� Z[:1� WJ��&� ‘F‘ ¶<�(w�6 278�� ,�‘u‘ ¶Ú(V#�� ����� �8�� 2��' ²R' !��' �(P'#�1� >( � l�J�

)�( �U ��(� 9��¶� �c� T� ,�6 >#V � �c&� )�( Q� TUV Z8� Ú(V#�� ����� \�6' ���V� �,º ³ �b; �� �c&� >, ��($ �(x� '� >(

� .�(��� >!�; �o/���)+ ( {;)� .( >o, ����� ¦#��uG '� B��/:! '� ��/:! '� �/3� � T : `h:!�/8� m�!,� ��Vr� �,[ ^/8��.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 26: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-390-

)¦( � � �c&� N�#4; .�(�c �#U�)+ ( {;)� ( B�n/tz; B�#) ��(�� ��uK .&' ( 0J3 Z8� ¶�(P'#�1� � 8�

)�( � � �c&� N�#4; .�(�c �o#U�)+ ( {;)¦ ( B�#c1� �(P'#�1� q 8� Z8�) ��(�� ��u 28� (����� 0J��.

UF-a-L����+�� &���� 1���D� �� �!"� ����'

u}-�-�-} �/���� .(8��� Z8� �(�º � �c&� �� #�#�� !�,�; 9�� : )�( �/86:­7���¶����� )­( 1� WJ��&�¶#��/����6 27Ç8� Z[: )�( ¶<�(w�6 278�� ,� >o, )!( � �c&� Dz( ����� �8��.

u}-�-�-F 278�� WJ��� �� �b; m�,4 �6(p >!�� �(P'#�1� ��� lo�[��FG 278�� ,� ��' #w�� '� 9P 278�� ,� �� �b; '� �#w�� '� B�/3�� ��' #w�� '� ��(� 278�� WJ����#w�� '� 9P .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 27: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-391-

<�=��U. ���� �� �!"� C�D� *�+6��� ��>��,E 18��d�� ���A=���� 186��� ���

°�� 1 ���� k' 1�p8�� ���d���� 1�P�dr� 1I�U U.-F o����

XY3 W#J�� �*+ X,�� >,���� 91� � �#�� � �6(78�� Th�(��� l/�[�� u) T[J�� #Y3�F-u � �� ��hj �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� .( T[�J�� % >!��(�� l/�[��� ¬! {; W(4#�6 m3#�� ���� X�,-�P� �(U� �� \] ��'F-u ��

�/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� B�#J�� % >!��(�� � �c&� E#$' uF-�' uF-�T/�,�� �*+ � .

U.-. C��+��

uF-F-} �/P�L� ��'=���� �8h��� .�#xJ��� �#�c� �8hP !�( '� N�� % ��8� '� �6�* >#xJ� !�( \+ ���xJ3&� 7i�(c _ U� 03x� ThP �(8§ ��(U��) >#�J�� #Y3�F-u-}-� � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��.(

uF-F-F 'x�� & p �/(�� ���3 _3� �b; &; �6(p Th�(P +� ��6 � �#�� �*+ % !�(�� ��,� & R�G º��(´ � �c� % R'x�� & '� ���8]�� ���( �� ��,� º T��8� �z'#��� '� ��(���� !�(�� ��@ % �'� �@(�J�� ���( �� � �c� % ��(´

7�� T�� '� �([��� T���� >��#@ �4�! �!�� >��#@ �4�! ,�� ­(p �È 7� �� �� ,�� ���J�# >��#@ .4�! ,�� . ��� �� �Q �� p �/(�� ���3 ,�=� q�� Th�(u� º ��6(p Th�(P +� ��� {; �4@ ,4(� & �E�#�@&� X'�,� &' ���(´ "�#Q1�/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��.

uF-F-u � �#�� �*+ % 9P&6 �4�,�� �6(78�� Th�(���) T[J��u-F � ��/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� ( \�] �� 3 !�( +�� ��� m/h/�� �/� . .�x�� >!� �(U� !�(�� �*+ 9P� _� TP#� q�� Dh� �� �� (+ D:�(�� % �,º �� �Q

2h�(V Z8� '� �t� �#c� !�( Z8� �(�� ���� . �1 ��h��� % �4�, �Q Th�(P T��8� "#�� �� �,º ,: v�*�' � Z8�� �/���� 7��@ % p �/(�� ���3�G º ��(´ � Z8�� '� ���8]�� ���( �� � �c� %��,� º ���( �� � �c� % ��(´

��� T�� '� ,L� �*+ �'�� p �/(�� ���3 ���� .x�� 7Ji(6 ��@(�J�� . 2�4�(�� Th�(��� �¨t �v�b Z8� >'j�' �´ ���� ��(�� % �/���� 7��À 74��!;‘u ‘ ��(�� % D:�(�� % ��,� �� T��º �´ ����‘F ‘ 2 ��6 ����� .�x����

h�(�@�2h�(V Z8� '� �t� !�( Z8� 7.

uF-F-� !#�� �(�U� �� ',�� & ²1 v�b' �9h�(��� X�,-�P� �,� °#L� \c(� \] �� �3¨t �­ P1� �*p!V#�Pj� 9h�(: .� .�� �c� N�#4; � ,6 & �v)�� ��@ %'!�(�8� �/(�� ���3 B/��� �/8�.

uF-F-� "�#Q1 E�#�@&� �'�, Z8� >�!: �Q Th�(��� y��� �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��) X'�,�� & ²� �� >!,K � �c� �'#I _� E�#�@&� ( E�#�@&� �/86�� m P� m�� �c� .R�4� ,: _3� �b;) W#J�� #Y3�uF-�-F ( �b; '� >,��8� m� $ �p��V� �4�! _3�ISO 2592 � Z8�� �}GG º � ��3 7/t ,�=� �/h T/�K TUV % _3� �b; '� ���(´

� N��Z8 HG�R(�6 Ð.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 28: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-392-

U.-U *�+6��� ��>��,E

U.-U-F 1�p8�� ���d��

uF-u-}-} �',s� X�,-�P� \] ��uF-}­7��j� ��/86: 2 �6 m�#�c Tw¤ Th�� #$-�� �´t ,�,��� .

uF-u-}-F � Th�(�8� � ���6 l/�[�� % ���/ >!�8� �´ ���� ��(�� �¨t ��6(p ²� % ,/@(�� +#�c Tw��� q� �',s� % !��(�� #$-��uF-}.

uF-u-}-u >!,�� #$-�� �´t � ��&� % *c�� �� \] �� ��/tz; #$§ '� �%z; #�c Z8� �(��� Th�� � ���6 �',s� �uF-}Z8� ��/ �� #$-�� �´t' �/tzr� #$-�� '� %zr� #��� >,V ±P� . W(4#�� 2ª �.&L� �*+ %'

T[J�� % !��(�� �#$-�� ./� P� �',4 {;F-G W#J�� �F-G-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� l/�[���� ,�,��� � Th�8� ¥/�[�� . !��P� >�(��� .4�! Z8�� {; �)� q�� #$-�� �´t �(U� v�*6' �(���� q��� �J8�-�� #$-�� {; m�

>!�8� �´ ���� ��(�� \+ >! 7/8�.

:�$;�U.-F :j�p��4� 1�8����� ��P_ c8I �D�]�� *�+6�

���8o�� >$� 1��� ��'�� 1���)1�8o�� 1�� ��( 1s ���� 1I7e ≥ u� º��(´ - ‘}‘

<u� º��(´ >Fu º��(´ ‘F‘ <u� º��(´ ≤ Fu º ���(´≥ �G º��(´ ‘u‘

uF-u-}-� �´ ���� ��(�� % ��,�‘u ‘ .�4�! ,�� T��8� 7z#� '� 78�3 2 �6 �6(p Th�(�� �J�[�� !�(����J�# >��#@.

uF-u-}-� �� p �/(�� ���3 T�� q�� �4=8�� !�(�� ���!; �U¤Fu º ��´ ���� ���(�� % ��(´‘u ‘ m��t' B�#�J8� uF-u-}-�' uF-�-F.

uF-u-}-� �(U� q�� �4=8�� !�(��:

)�( p �/(�� ���3Fu º '� ��(´�� T�� '� �!��' #w�� �G º¶��(´ )­( ¶m/´/6 >#��� '� ���� '� �P �Q )�( �� ,�=� & Z8� ��(�KFG ¶R(8/8P'#���� � Ð �� �ts� �8�U�� �(�K ,�=� & �� ���#V

8P'#���� � #w�� Z8� R(8/}F,�ж�R(�6 )!( �� 7��P T�� �/�'� % >5 ���G¶m�#��

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 29: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-393-

7/8� ` ��� &�/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��B�/���� B��L� % :

)�( 2�*�� T[t � �c� % �8[J��� 2�*�� �� $ WJ��� �� �b;) >#�J�� #Y3�uF-�-} ( � T:�u¶\8U�� WJ��&� � Ð

)­( ; �4'=8�� � �c� % `t,��� �R �� �b) >#�J�� #Y3�uF-�-u ( +#�: Ew 3� ���t D� 9� �7� �� Z8� ,�=� '� B�/���� B��/��� � �� �'��:

‘}‘ �G ¶�/3� ‘F‘ �G �/3� �b; � �#�� !�( � �4=8�� >!�� �(�K ��u Z8� ,�=� �GÐ.

uF-u-}-� 78�� �4=8�� Th�(��� ��,� D/�8��� !�(' ��ij�� !�(��' ×/3�(��' �/�j��' �/��' Nj��� W�(3� Tw ��6( �� p �/(�� ���3 T�� q��Fu º��(´� �´ ���� ��(�� % ‘u ‘���#V:

)�( � T:� 2�*�� �[J3� � �c� % T[J�� q�� `h�#�� 2�*�� �� $ � �3 �(U� ��u¶Ð )­( �(�º &��(8-���� Z8� � �)8� � ���6 �/�#t '� �/�/h� #$§ .�b !�( �-} � �#�� '� ~¶ )�( ���� �',s� D �/(�� ���3' �4'=8�� �4�! `J�� ��:

��'�� 1��� )º1�s'(

C�H �"� ��O )&'(

Wt$��� k'Y Y)1����(

� Z8��}� � FG > R≥ �G � Z8��}G � �G > R≥ }GG � Z8��� � FG > R≥ uF � Z8��-} � uF > R≥ �� � Z8��-� � �� > R≥ }GG

!',@ �',6 � }GG > R

)!( Z8� T���� % X,-���� N�(�� ��P ,�=� &���Gm�#�� .

U.-U-. 1�P�dr� 1I�?5+�� 18��d�� ���A=���

uF-u-F-} '=���� �8h��� .�#xJ��� l/�[�� >,���� 91� XY3 W#J�� �*+ "#�� � �#�� % �/P�L� ��u) #Y3� >#�J��F-u-}-� � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� .( % ���8� '� �6�* !�( \+ �/P�L� ��'=���� �8h��� .�#xJ���'

���xJ3&� 7i�(c _ U� 03x� ThP �(8§ ��(U�� �#c� �8hP !�( '� N��.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 30: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-394-

uF-u-F-F m���#@ >#����� >,�,s� ���(��� =/��� q�� �- =/��� ²� % � �)� '� - #Y�� �� \] �� ����xJ3� °�(È � �#�� % 74��!; % m&'�} � �#�� % �( ��� N�#4; 7/8� ` �� ��' }v�b >�'#��� _��:� �b; v�*� 7J/�[� N�#4;' .

uF-u-F-u � �#�� % >! _4�!� �b;} � �#�� � +!� �P& _JJc 7�U�' } ��(�µ� � �c� N�#4¨6 �) #Y3� W#J��}�( �J¹J-�� >!�� l/�[� \] �� �- l�#���� '� l/�[��� ��� _t(�P� �b; - ��#�c� � �V '� �#c� � �� ��z

� �#�� � +!� �P� TJU� =/�#� Z8�� ,�� v�b'} . >#�c �Q +� ��� R(ª ��/t� �4�,� _JJc �b; �!�(�� �*+') #Y3���� >#�J�� mF-}-u-�-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��.(

U.-L 1,�?8��� ��'�� 1��� $�$%�� 1'$]�d�� �� �!"� C�D

U.-L-F 1,?8�� �v 1�p8�� ���d��

�� �/���� `h�#��� X�,-�P� �U¤�6(78�� Th�(��� �/' ���3 B/�:

�/�',�� �����:

ISO 1516 ISO 1523

ISO 2719

ISO13736

ISO 3679

ISO 3680

�/�$(�� �����: American Society for Testing Materials International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, USA 19428-2959:

ASTM D3828-93, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Tester

ASTM D56-93, Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester

ASTM D3278-96, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Setaflash Closed-Cup Apparatus

ASTM D0093-96, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester

Association française de normalisation, AFNOR, 11, rue de Pressensé, 93571 La Plaine Saint-Denis Cedex:

French Standard NF M 07 - 019

French Standards NF M 07 - 011 / NF T 30 - 050 / NF T 66 - 009

French Standard NF M 07 - 036

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 31: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-395-

Deutsches Institut für Normung, Burggrafenstr. 6, D-10787 Berlin:

Standard DIN 51755 (flash points below 65 °C)

State Committee of the Council of Ministers for Standardization, 113813, GSP, Moscow, M-49 Leninsky Prospect, 9:

GOST 12.1.044-84".

U.-L-. �� 1�p8�� #��� kI �� ��'�� 1��� ���  �� 1,?8.U º1�s'

uF-�-F-} !�(�� � +�Q' �D/�8��� !�(' ��ij�� !�(��' ×/3�(��' �/�j��' �/��' Nj��� W�(31 #$-�� ��(�� � �#�� � �4=8�� �6(78��u �� p �/(�� ���3 T�� q��' Fu º\8� {; W(4#�6 !,� ���(´:

)�( '=8�� <�(w�6 `t,��� �=6 7�� m�y� �4) >#�J�� #Y3�uF-�-u(¶ )­( ��8]�� ���( �� % �/(�� ���3) >#�J�� #Y3�uF-�-F-F(¶ )�( 2�*�� �[J3� � �c�) >#�J�� #Y3�uF-�-}.(

uF-�-F-F /��� ,/@(�8� �/�',�� ��Y��� ���#$ X�,-�P6 ��8]�� ���( �� % �/(�� ���3 �n/��� \PISO 1523: 1983 ×/3�(��' Nj��� W�(31 � ���6 . �/�� ����P6 ¥��� �� � T:� �/(�� ���3 >��#@ �4�! 7/t �(U� q�� .&L� %'

�/���� .j�,���� N�#4; \] �� �\h�� X�L� %:

)�( '� \h�� X�L� % B8/�&� �(U/8Q ����P�� T�» #cd 2P� N�' �� % ¶� )­( ��4�! �� T�� �4�! {; R7s�' ��/��� ,�y�� �4j� ����P� �m�hj �(U� �w/@ �R(ª

��:(��� �/(�� ���3 B/��� ���#��� 7 8��� q�� >��#L� . >��#�@ .4�! Z8� �([�8�' ,/���� <� �tz¨6 �mjw �v�b' ��hj >��#@ �4�! {; R7s�' ��/��� ,�y� \] �� �T:�

N�' % ���#��� 0J�6 ��/��� !y� �� Z8� �B8/�&� �(U/8Q {; N^ 6 28[�� �(6#U�� #cd ¶B8/�&� �(U/8Q Z8� �(�º

)�( � �c&� N��� ��/��� >��#@ �4�! DJ�#� & �� 2ª �� E(�( �/' ��3 Z8� �([L� ,��� �b; �6 Zi(�� �,��� �� . ��' \h�� X�L� 9xL m� �' ,�: �7/8� �(�º q�� B8/�&� �(U/8Q �/

�/t� �4�,6 m´/�6 �(U� >��#L� �4�! WJ��& �,� `/���� m/h=4 \h�� X�L� �=� X=8�.

U.-L-U 1,�?8�� �� �!�

,��� �R !,º >��#L� �4�! ,�� <�(w�6 `tFuº ��/�',�� ���Y��8� ����/��� ���( �� ����P6 ��(´��� ,/@(�8� 7:w 3� ���t #�: ¾8 � q�� \P/� 9 )ISO 2431: 1984( . ��� `t,��� �R 7/t ,�=� q�� .&L� %'}GG

7:w 3� ���t ¾8 � q�� \P/��� ,/@(�8� �/�',�� ��Y��8� ���/��� ���( �� X�,-�P6 #cd � �c� �#ª ��/3��9 .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 32: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-396-

U.-Q 6=�� w$' $�$%�� 1'$]�d�� �� �!"� C�DC���3"� 1'��$� 1�8������ ��J�� :�

U.-Q-F 9" �� �!"�-F :��J�� :�6=�� �� �!�

uF-�-}-} ,��

��/��' Nj���� W�(�3� T�w ��4=8�� Th�(��� % 2�*�� �[J3� �, ,�,��� � �c&� �*+ X,-��� �� p �/(�� �4�! T�� q�� �D/�8��� !�(' ��ij�� !�(��' ×/3�(��'Fu º��(´.

uF-�-}-F !�(��' R7s�

��P �o�, � §}GG \8U�� ��J��� >!�,��� �b W(��� � #�� \8 F� 9Y��� \8c�,�� �#�:' 9P ¾8 �' ��(@u�� ��,�� N=s� % 9P .

uF-�-}-u � �c&� ���#$

,��� �j� Ì@ � -�� % 2[� É �9Y�� X�(: Z8� �([�8� Nj��� 2Ç8�� ���}GG#�� \8 . 2�ª' >,� v�#� �'! � -�� ¦#�' >!�,��� 2/�#�F���P . �'# ,�6'F��� /8��� �� ��� WJ��� ±�� ��P �8[J�.

uF-�-}-� �h���� 9//�� ���#$' � �c&� ���

�/�8� \8U�� WJ��&� � ��(´ � ��� �8[J��� /8��� �� ��� WJ��� �� � ���� \] ��� . � ��3 _3� �b;' � T:� T[J��� `h�#�� 2�*��u �´ ���� ��(�� % >!�� ���!; % #Y��� �U¤ �3¨t �Бu ‘) B�#��J�� #�Y3�uF-u-}-�

'uF-u-}-�.(

U.-Q-. 9" �� �!"�-. :C���3"� 1'��$� 1�8����� �� �!�

uF-�-F-} ,��

_3� �b; ,�,��� � �c&� �*+ X,-��� �� �c&� �'#I % 7�/-�� ,�� E�#�@&� X'�,� >! 278� 7��#��' . #�� l�(� 7��P Z8� ,4(� �/3,� �8�� �n-��') ��/��� #´6 ( ��/� >��#@ �4�! {; . #´6 % Dz(�'

É 7/8� \P/: 2p ^/8�� ,�6 E�#�@&� �'�, Z8� ��,: Tx��' >y�-�� >!�� � !,K 9x@ ��/��� % 7��� �!��6; >!,K �'#I.

uF-�-F-F !�(��' R7s�

uF-�-F-F-} X'� #cd �,� � '� X(/�(�1� �U/ P � �8�� � 2�#�� R74 E�#�@j� �/86��� � �c& X,-��� �/�� ����#@ �/8i( �b' T�í�8� . #�(#� Dz(� 7/t ­(�w l�(�' >#�� #´6 �8�U�� Z8� ,4(�' . D 2�#�' ��8�U��

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 33: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-397-

�RQ 2p �( �i >��'! �8i' Z8� . � ����6 ���hj ���'�=6 R]�� �(c! �8i'' 278�� �( �i � � 2/�#� �U¤'�( �[8� . �jU)�� B �'uF-�-F-}' uF-�-F-FR7x8� �/PP1� �k#�� .�/���� .�,��� �t(� X=8�':

)�( R]�� 278�� =�# WJ��� �� � ,�5�8� �±/: !n,K �'�� � �c&� #´6 E(t �F,F 9 ) #Y3� TU)��uF-�-F-}(¶

)­( �� ��/P�@ T�� & �\�t1� T/])�8� ��4=�� % \� hR �#�(#�} 9 /º �8/�P' '� ����(´�#c� Ti�(J6 >��#L� .4�! >N�#�6 ¥��� �8�» �/P�@ .�b >��#L� ±/�� G,� º ���(´ .

Tc�! m �# #�(#��� �(U� ,��' >��#L�6 ��3,� >!� �$K ��8/[6 �(U� �� \] �� ��8�U�� ¶>��#�8� T/i(��� >,/4'

)�( >��#L� �4�! ^ �� �8/P(6 !'= �B-�� ,:() >!'= >=741� � �#c� W�(3� X�,-�P� �U¤�/3,��� �8�U�� B-��� >��#L� �4�! ^ �� � P� �8/P(6(¶

)!( /:(� �8/P' �� '� ����; ��P¶�#c� � P� _ )+( ��P ����KF8 \ 7�:!' #�� ± G,}¶#�� \8 )'( ��(6 RQ �!(:' �,[.

uF-�-F-F-F N�#�4; T� : `�8]�� 9UK N�' % 7YJ@' +,��(� X=8�' >y�-�� >!�8� �8w» ��/��� �(U� �� \] ��� �c&� . �3¨t ���/��� � >�/��� .3(U�� ��,�t �/3Ur m�#Y3' ����� ��s��� � �,: T:1 &; ��/��� "#�� &� \] �� 7�3� . � ¶�� >�/$ .3(U ��� #��� X,� ���� XU@¨6 m��(t ��/��� N�' EjQ; \] �� �� �c� ��t! T� ��#c; ,�6'

�3¨t �T� �Q EjQr� �� �b;mÄ >,�,4 ��/� X�,-�P� 2ª .

uF-�-F-u � �c&� ���#$

uF-�-F-u-} N�(p� .��/� � �/�K ���� % R7s� Dz(� �� ��'#��� �)}( ' T/7���� ,�,)�� N(��� � �/�c�/(�� �Y@jv�b �Q' 278��' .

uF-�-F-u-F ��4�! TY� �/À �#c� � P� �8/P' ��56 �8�U�� �-�� '� B-���� ,:( E(t �/3,��� �8�U�� Dz(� �� Z8� ��/ �� ����#@ ��,: ¥��6 >!,�� >��#L� �4�! ,�� ��8�U�� % 2�#�� #�(#�± } º��(´ . � �c&� >��#@ �4�!'

\+�G,� º '� ��(´�� º ��(´) >#�J�� #Y3�uF-�-F-u-~ .( ^]��� �j�c& m� � >�(�*�� >��#L� �4�! ¥�[�' \P/��� �(s� ^]��� �� �#�'� ��)}G},u �UP6(8/� ( v�b' ^]���� �(�U� ,�� � �c&� >��#@ �4�! Dt#6

�,�� m�J-� �(U� ,�� 7�JÈ '� m�J�# �#�'� ��},G º ��,: E#t TU� ��(´� �UP6(8/� . �� ,�5��� 2ª' mÄ \�t� Dz' % �/3,��� �8�U8� �(8��� ¥���� �� . WJ��� Z8� 278�� �� � ,�5�8� ±/��� !,K X,-���'F,F E(t 9

� �c&� Dz' % ��/��� #´ � �(8��� ¥����. ����������������

)}(��J£ : ��6g ��o 13�d' K �� �!"� w�� ") �5�]�� K ��Y�5=���� �7��� ��6�' :�H�� �� P c8I( � d5� ) ��A=�"� ��!.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 34: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-398-

uF-�-F-u-u � �c&� Dz' �� m�,/�6 278�� �( �i �(U� ,�� ��( �� �Q T�)�) Dz' % ��"5J�" �� m�,/�6 �#´ �� .( B6 ��J��� �(U� �/À 278�� 9x@ ^ ��'~' 9 H ��(@ �z#�' 9 �9 .

uF -� -F -u -� � ������ X�,-�P6 �� T�� & ��/��� N�' � *c�F �� �c� ��t! T���' ��/��� � #�� \8 +�,: F #�� \8 ± G,}_/:(��� �8/P' T/])� m��(t �, �' �E�#�@j� �/86��� � �c� R74 #´6 {; ��#�6 #�� \88 .

uF-�-F-u-� >,� B-���� ,�6�G ! {; 7��² % � �c&� ��t! T[� q�� ��/3� T��)� ³ �b;' ���=�&� >��#@ �4� D�z(�� �*�+ % 278�� N�6; D �Th��� ��#6 �t@ E(t � �c&� Dz' *c5/� � �c&� 2p ��,� �� �c&� Dz( Th���

>,�}� Dz' {; ��!�; É ��/3� "5J�" � �c&� ��t! ¦(8P �Y@j D . �(�$ mj��)� �� �c&� 2p N�6; \] ��' � � �c&� >,.

uF-�-F-u-� � �c� TU� � ���6 \8� Tx��' £@j�' �.�# �j� � �c&� �#ª:

)�( � �c&� ��t! % ��7� �� �,º ³ '� ��/' '� �#��� E�#�@�' ���V� ¦�+ �� �b; ¶� �c&� Dz' {; 278�� v�#� T :

)­( T��)� � �c&� ��t! _3� �b; D�z(�� ��� �b;' �� �c&� Dz' % 278�� �(U� ,�� Dz' {; 278�� >!�; ,�6 E�#�@&� ��#��P� >, �v�*�"5J�".

uF-�-F-u-� >#�J8� m�t' #�J� #��� E�#�@� !(4' X,� ��@ %uF-�-F-� D TU�6 T���� .�(�c !�� � >,� B-���� D �U�' �>,�,4 � �c� .�t! X�,-�P�uG�/3� .

uF -� -F -u -~ >#�J8� m�t' #�J� #��� E�#�@� !(4' X,� ��@ %uF -� -F -� �� �c� >��#@ �4�! ,�� � +�,:�G,� º� �c� >��#@ �4�! ,�� �U�' �>,�,4 � �c� .�t! X�,-�P� D TU�6 T���� .�(�c !�� ���(´ +�,:�� º��(´.

uF-�-F-� 9//�� ���#$' � �c&� ����h����

E�#�@&� X'�,� '� E�#�@&� X'�,� & ²� Z8� >!�� 9//�� \] �� . ,�� #��� E�#�@� �',@ Tx��'� �c&� .�t! � �� D �/���� .&L� �,@; _�,@ �b; B-���� ·, � ��:

)�( Dz' % � �c&� 2p �(U� ,�� E�#�@&� X'�,�' T��)� � �c&� ��t!"5J�"¶ )­( >,� ���#��P�' �� �c&� Dz' % 278�� �(U� ,�� T��)� � �c&� ��t!}� X'�,�' ��/3�

Z8� ,�=� >,� E�#�@&�}� Dz' {; 278�� >!�; ,�6 �/3� "5J�".

#��� E�#�@� �3� Z8� D����� �/(�� #�J� &� \] ��' . N7�3� ,�� �#���� '� �¼(z(6 E�#�@&� l:(�� >!�' >,�}� �/3� .E�#�@&� X'�,� >!�� �� � ��� \] �� �v)�� .&@ %'.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 35: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-399-

#�(#� ,[

� � � �c&� 2p �( �i

��/��� #´6

)l��( )N6( )9/4( )��!( )N+(

�[���U.-Q-.-F :C���34� 1�8����� �� �!� Y�p,

>��

>��

:�#

*�_

&�,

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 36: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-400-

��( �� RQ �(c! ���t 2p� �c&�

��/��� #´6

)l��( )N6( )9/4(

�[���U.-Q-.-. :�p8��� �� �!"� �� � +

>��

*�_

&�,

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 37: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-401-

U.-a �� 1��� X���� 1'$]�d�� �� �!"� C�D1���(� ���8o

�6(78�� Th�(�8� �/�'1� �/8]�� ���3 B/��� �/���� `h�#��� X�,-�P� �U¤:

�/�',�� �����: ISO 3924ISO 4626ISO 3405

�/�$(�� �����: American Society for Testing Materials International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,

Pennsylvania, USA 19428-2959:

ASTM D86-07a, Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure ASTM D1078-05, Standard Test Method for Distillation Range of Volatile Organic Liquids

�( ��� `h�#�����#c1� :

Method A.2 as described in Part A of the Annex to Commission Regulation (EC) No 440/2008")F(.

����������������)F( 9:� �/�/Y���� ��hj����G/FGG~ % �c�� uG ��� / (�FGG~ � �c&� 2/�P� ,�,��� �/6'�'1� �/z(J�� �� >�![��

9:� ��hj�6 mj��}HG� Z8� FGG� +,//��' � �/c#���' 7�//��' �/h/�/U�� !�(�� T/x�� �5)6 �/z(J ) !��j� ��/k#�� >,��#s� !,��� �a'�'1�L 142 O���� u}-�-FGG~° � .}-�uH !,���' L.143 O���� u-�-FGG~° � .��.(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 38: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 39: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-403-

<�=��UU � �� �!"� C�D� *�+6��� ��>��,E������

1 ���� �8P� #�B 186���L UU-F '$�'1

!�(� �8[��� �����' � �c&� E#$' l/�[��� .�N�#4; .�� �c&� T/�! � W#J�� �*+ �����) ��/t � �)�� % �4�,�� T�J��� �/��*�� !�(�� �,��-}3� �<w�� N=s� #Y ( � �#�� D8P'�.

UU-. 1 ����L-F

UU-.-F ���1�p8�� 1 86�� #

uu-F-}-} "#]��

uu-F-}-}-} W#J�� "#��uu-F-}-u % ��4�,�� ��(7��6 E�#�@j� �86��� � 8[�� !�(�� l/�[�� >,���� 91� XY3 � �)���-}) W#J�� #Y3�F-�-F-F � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� .( {; W(4#��6 m�3#�� ���� X�,-�P� �(U� �� \] ��' ¬! B�#�J�� % >!��(�� l/�[���F-�-F-F-F-F ' F-�-F-F-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� ��� \�/�-��� 9P#��'

TU)�� % !��(�� .�(���uu-F-}-u >#�J�� % !��(�� .�� �c&� li'' uu-F-}-�.

uu-F-}-}-F � q�� '� ���#�6 E#�� q�� !�(��' T��)� q�� !�(�� B6 =//��8� ,��� #$�§ Z8� �ic �J[6 �(�� � �)�� % l�[� & �7:�#�@��-}��/� >!,K ��/: 7:�#�@� �,� R'x�� q�� !�(�� &; .

uu-F-}-}-u %' W#J�� �*+ % ��/ �� � �c&� E#$ �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� �/ ����� #$�-�� m/t� m�//�� 9�/�� j� �86��� � 8[�� !�(�8�U¤ �/À ��(7�6 E�#�@T���� "�#Q1 2P� l/�[� Dz' �.

uu-F-}-F E����

uu-F-}-F-} B�#��J�� % >!��(��� l/�[��� .�N�#4; T��8� �,��� .x���� Z8� ` �� �� \] ��F-�-F-F-F 'F-�-F-F-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� \8�� �Q m�#� .�� �c&� N�#4; �� �b; &; �) ��/h�=/J�� °�(�� 2 �6

mjw .( >!(4(�� !(� �� Z8� ±/��6 7J/�[� \] �� +� �c� �*��� q�� D8���' !�(��')>#�J�� #Y3� F-�-F-F-F-F �� �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� .(T��8� ,�,4 ��� ¢,�� T : l/�[��� .�N�#4; `/ �� 2ª'.

uu-F-}-u � !�(�8� l/�[��� .�N�#4;��(7�6 E�#�@j� �86��� � 8[�

uu-F-}-u-} 2786 E�#�@j� �)�3� {; �o!�/P �RQ 2p ��P�(6 ��Vr� �� �b; ,�,��� �'� R#t � �c� �#ª2p �',6 '� .��,V' E�#�@&� �,� ,�,��� TU�� � �c&� �#ª ���n/� �/�R >#�t �jc E�#�@j� �)�3� �,@ �b;'.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 40: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-404-

uu-F-}-u-F /@� '� B4� '� . / @ TUV Z8� q�� !�(�� Z8� &; �#� & .�� �c&� �*+ . T��)� ³ �b;' �,� ,�,��� TU�� � �c&� N�#4; ��'#��� � �(U� & �R#J�� � �c� % 2p �',6 '� 2786 E�#�@&� #)�� ³' >!��

��� !�(�� � _�/� >!�� �� ©�� v�b �E�#�@&� � �)�� % �4�,�� ��(7�6 E�#�@j� �86�-} . ��' E�#�@&� #)�3� �b;' E�#�@&� �,� ,�,��� TU�� � �c&� N�#4; 2ª �3¨t �!,�� _:(�� � T:� E�#�@&� _:' . q�� \+ .�� �c&� �x/�3'

�4�,�� ��(7�6 E�#�@j� �86��� !�(�� � � 8[�� >!�� _3� �b; !�,� � �)�� %�-} % ���L� �*�+ % �|�,�� T+' �´ ���� ��(��‘F ‘ '�‘u‘.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 41: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-405-

E�#�@j� �86: � 8i >! _�/� >!���)�� !�( � ��(7�6 � �-}

� �)���-} �´ ���� ��(��‘u‘

� �)���-} �´ ���� ��(��‘F‘

T+ l:(� � Ç$#�� ������

Å278�� �)�3�

E�#�@&� �,� � �c�

R#J�� � �c�

+� �c� !�#�� >!��

2�P

2�P

24(

24(

9�3 &

�[���UU-.-F-U: W�3�d�� �$I �' )1�pd� C���34� 18����� 1 86�� #��� l��#E ���! ��d� |���§ &P�1 ���� K )1�?8=��L-F

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 42: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-406-

UU-.-F-L �� �� �!"�-F :1�pd� C���34� 18����� 1 86�� #��� �� �!� 1���D uu-F-}-�-} ,��

&� �R ,�,�' >!�� ��V¨6 E�#�@&� #)3 Z8� >! >�,: y�AE�#�@.

uu-F-}-�-F R7s�!�(��' ��($ 2�: X,-���F�G \8c�,�� ��J���' TU)�� �8w \z#� D�� ��' 9 }G �z#�' 9

FG E�#�@&� �,� � �c� 2�: =/7x�� 9 . B/ 34 ��,�� �/3,� �@(� �(��� ��&� % 2���� Í34 Z8� 2Ç�#�' �t�� ��,�¤F � �tL� Z8�� 9 TU)�� �8w�� \z#��� D���8� /8��) TU)��uu-F-}-�-} .( �86: �Q ��/Ji Dz(�'

/�z' ��/��' E�#�@j�2���� ,��� >��#�8� T/i(��� �J.

uu-F-}-�-u � �c&� ���#$

uu-F-}-�-u-} �'1� R#J�� � �c�

($ E(�� ^c '� T[� ^�#V �´/+ Z8� ��x��� 78UV % >!�� TU)� �� 2ª ��F�G 9 �z#�'FG ��J���' 9 }Gl/�z ���#@ T/i(� .�b ��/�� >!�6 ����� >,�: Z8� 9 . �cP 2p X,-���') T:�

>��#@ �4�!}GGG º��(´ ( RQ ,:( � �!i) #�: T:�� 9 ( %#$ ,@� Z8�^c E(���� T��)� �� {; E(���� Z[:� ,�� B��/:! >,� '�)� �8� � ���6 `h:! ��=8J�� vh ��� '� ��=8J�� `/@� .( E�#�@&� �� �b; �Y@j \] ��'

�($ Z8� #)���FGG � �c&� q�/:! �jc ^�� � 9 ) '�FG��=8J�� `/@��8� � ���6 ��/:! .( ³' >!�� T��)� ³ �b;' �($ Z8� 2p j6 ��c,�� E�#�@&6 '� 2786 E�#�@&6 ; E�#�@&� #)��FGG q�/�:! �j�c E(���� ^c � 9

� �c&�) '�FG ��/:! ( .�� �c&� � ,�= N�#4; X=8� &' �6(p � 8i >! ²� Z8� >!�� l/�[� X,� *h,�� \] �� � . �b;' �($ Z8� E�#�@&� >!�� .#)3FGG � T:� '� �B��/:! � T:� % E(���� ^c � 9 FG `/@���8� � ���6 ��/:!

�TU�� � �c&� �3#6 */J�� \] �� ���=8J� >#�J�� % B �� uu-F-}-�-u-F.

uu-F-}-�-u-F E�#�@&� �,� � �c�

uu-F-}-�-u-F-} 2���� % ��x��� 78UV % � hP �/ / L� '� �/:(���� >!�� 2[�� . ���P; 9��� v�b ,�6' WJ��� � .�# �j� 2����FG �28i ¥�P Z8� 9 �86��� �Q ��/�U�� ��/J[�� Dz(�' B/ 3s� ��,L� !�6; 9�� É

2���� E(t >��#�8� T/i(��� �J/����' E�#�@j� . �� 2���� �#-����' R7s� 28���' . ¥��P Z8� �/�/x��� !�(�� #)���' ��($ T @ TUV % E�#�@j� T6: �QF�G \z#��� ���� �@�' 9 }GG9 Fm �#�� .%' �P��L� !�(��� ���@

N�(�� � 74�#c; ,�6 �U¤ W#P56 � �c&� �#ª ��6($#8� . >#�È?� �3�=c % \h�(p� �/��� `�#$ % �(U�� Dz(�' . � �c&� N��� ��#��� �*+ �]�� & ��' �y�-�� % ­#���� � >#È1� D�� �/t� N�(p� ��#P �(U� �� 2ª' . �:; �U¤'

PR7s� �(@ \h�(p� �/�8� #�.

uu-F-}-�-u-F-F ��� ���=8J�� `/@��� �jc �#c1� !�(�� ��@ %} ,��� �(U�� {; 2¹$# �(8K � T B6 ¼'�#�� �t�uG ' 9 �G ¾8 � q�� _/:(��� ���� ��c 9 }GG 9 . ���3 ���3 �tL� Z8� 2¹$#�� �(8�� 2[�'

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 43: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-407-

#� � ,�5��� D 23�(s� � Th��� ,�t �'! �(U8� \z#��� D���� T� 2/$ . �� �U» �($ #[:� Z8� Th��� 2[�' 23�(s� � Th��� ,�t 2�� D `J�� � �(U�� . X=8� ,: v�*�' ��(U�� 23�(4 � N�� �#@,�� �>�w� !�( ��@ %'

� ¹$# !�( �tz; . �( ��� � 2/$#��� !�( (8A �� 2ª' \�8U�� ���J�� >!�� =/�#� R'x�� &�' E�#�@j� �86: l/JA ! � �3 2/$#��� �(8K �}Ð . T[� `��6 >#J@ {; Th��� �*+ �tz; �U¤' {;u #�:' 9 ��(U�� Z8�� 9 .

uu-F-}-�-u-F-u �����#@ ��4�! T��� & �cP v8P '� �]i 2p Tw �2P� ��V; �,[ �� X,-��� �� GGG } º 7/t#$ ,@� � �(U�� ��Vr ���(´ . �t�� �(U�� E#�� ,��'~G Z�8� E�#��@&� �,� ±�� �9

�t�� ���� E�#�@&� �,}GG 9 . � Ç$#�� ������ _3� �b; £@j� ���=8J�� `/@��� �jc �#c1� !�(�� ��@ %' >,� 278�� l:(�� & X� T:1� Z8� `h:! . ³ � �>!�6 �J/Y3 ��/Ji ># T� % X,-���' .�# _P � �c&� �#ª'

9��v�b T : � 4( �x/�3 Z8� �([L�.

uu-F-}-�-� �h���� 9//�� ���#$' � �c&� ���

uu-F-}-�-�-} � �)�� % �/�/x��� '� �/ / L� '� �:(���� !�(�� l�[��-} % E�#��@&� ��R �(U� ,�� �c� >#�J�� % ��/ �� � �c&� ���#�� m� $ �#w�� '� �uu-F-}-u-�-F � T:� �� E�#�@&� �,� �(U� ,�� '� �/3�

� #w��F,F 9 /�/3� . #)���� ,���' p�V; �U��� � �(U� ,�� ��=8J�� vh ��� '� ��=8J�� `/@��� l/�[� 9��'�� �($ Z8� T�J��� % �8U6 ��/�}G T:� '� `h:!.

uu-F-}-�-�-F ��(7�6 E�#�@j� �86��� � 8[�� !�(�� ��@ %) ��=8J�� `/@��� �jc( ��(�� % >!�� ln�[� � �´ ����‘F ‘ � T:� E�#�@&� �R �� �b;�� � Ç$#�� ������ y� 278�� #' �/3� . % .�=8J�� vh P '� `/@� l�[�'

�´ ���� ��(��‘F ‘U�� �(��� T�)�� T�J��� ���� .#)�3� �b;T:� '� `h:! 0Ñ �jc ��/�8� T.

uu-F-}-�-�-u ��(7�6 E�#�@j� �86��� � 8[�� !�(�� ��@ %) ��=8J�� `/@��� �jc( ��(�� % >!�� ln�[� � �´ ����‘u ‘ � �T:� E�#�@&� �R �� �b;�� �n $#�� ������ _J:'�' �/3� >,� 278�� �)�3� � T:1� Z8� `h:! . ln�[�'

�´ ���� ��(�� % .�=8J�� `/@�‘u ‘ ! 0Ñ Z8� ,�=� �jc ��/�8� TU�� �(��� T�)/� T�J��� #)�3� �b; �U�' `h:`h:! #)� �� ,�=� &.

uu-F-}-�-� �h��8� �8w�

1A��+���!���� k'Y

)1����(C���3"� k'Y

)1����(Y´�(� C���3"� k'

)1����( �#�5�� � �)�� % lo�[� &�-} - }GF - \h�� B8w�; =/�]� 2�#).6��(/� <� (

� ��6 v3=�� ¥8 D~~�h�� % ) 2�R(U3( � �)�� % lo�[� &�-} - }�� - \h�� B8w�; =/�]� 2�#).6��(/� <� (

� ��6 v3=�� ¥8 D~G� % �h�) 2�R(U3( � �)�� % lo�[� &�-} - - E�#�@� �,º ³ \h�� B8w�; =/�]� 2�#).6��(/� <� (

� ��6 v3=�� ¥8 D���h�� % ) 2�R(U3(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 44: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-408-

��($ 2��� \z#��� W����F�G9 )l��(

�[���UU-.-F-L-F :#�$Iy 1'Y4�� ���%8��� ������C���3"� :$�' �� �!" 1'[��

*�_

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 45: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-409-

UU-.-. ]YAg[

UU-.-U 1 ���� K 1,�$�� 1�P�dr� 1I�?5+�� 1 86�� ���A=���L-F

uu-F-u-} XY3 W#J�� �*+ "#��>,���� 91�� �)�� % �4�,�� �/P�L� ��'=���� .�#xJ��� l/�[�� �-} ) W#J�� #Y3�F-�-F-� � �� �/�/Y���� ��hj���/4b(�� .( '� N�6 � Ç$# !�( \+ �/P�L� ��'=���� � 8[�� .�#xJ���'

>#xJ��� 7i�(c ¥ U� 03x� 28i �(8§ ��(U�� �#c� !�(� �JJ§ '� �(�U��.

uu-F-u-F % #Y��� m&'� 2ª ����xJ� °�(c �p �(U� �� % � �)� '� �p q�� �m���#@ >#����� >,�,s� ���(��� � �#�� % 74��!;} � �#�� % �( ��� N�#4; 7/8� ` ��' }v�*� >�'#��� _�! �b; ���!r� N�#4; v�*�' .

uu-F-u-u � �#�� % _4�!�� ,: >!�� _3� �b;} � �c� ±P� Z8� � �#�� �*+ � +!� �P& _JJ�c 7�U�' ��(�µ��) W#J�� #Y3�}�(JJ-�� >!�� l�[� �� \] �� � % '� �#c� � �� % �l�#���� '� l/�[��� ��� _t(�P� �b; ��

� �#�� � +!� �P� TJU� =/�#� Z8�� ,�� ��#c� � �V} . �Q +� ��� R(ª ��/t� �4�,6 �JJ§ !�(�� �*+ _3� �b;' >#�c) >#�J�� m��� #Y3�F-}-u-�-u�/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� � .(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 46: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-410-

UU-U 1 ����L-.

UU-U-F |���8��� C���34� 18����� #���

uu-u-}-} "#]��

uu-u-}-}-} XY3 W#J�� �*+ "#�� >,���� 91� � �)��� % �4�,�� \h�8��� E�#�@j� �86��� !�(�� l/�[�� �-F ) W#J�� #Y3�F-�-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� .( W(4#��6 m�3#�� ���� X�,-�P� �(U� �� \] ��' ¬!� {;

B�#J�� % >!��(�� l/�[���F-�-u-F' F-�-u-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� % ��+ !��(�� .�� �c&� li'' .�#�J��uu-u-}-� {; uu-u-}-�.

uu-u-}-}-F \h�8��� E�#�@&� °�(c �p !�(�� � B�(3 ,�,� {; � �c&� .�(�c �,�:

)�( v�b % � �!�(�� T/���' ^/�-��)� 8[�� '� �8h���( ./�U6 _3� (� Ì@ T��)� q�� �N�(78� 7��j � `h:! 0Ñ �jc �>�]i . E�#�@j� �/86: !�(�� #w�� \+ !�(�� �*+'

¶���V&� �/h�8��� !�(�� Z���' \h�8��� )­( �(78� 7��j ,�� ·�*�� B-��8� �86��� �#c1� !�(���:��6 +!�,; �'! N . !�(�� �*+'

>� � ./�U6 .,4' �b; &; T��)� &).�#Q(8/� ( �8�($ �/�R .�#�t ,�6') '� .�PX�� (B-���� �/��*�� !�(�� Z���'.

uu-u-}-}-u � ��86��� !�(�8� �/ ���� #$-�� �/t� �4�,6 9�/�� W#J�� �*+ % �t(i(�� � �c&� .�(�c E�#��@ji(��� �U¤ �/À \h�8���T���� "�#Q1 2P� l/�[� {; T.

uu-u-}-F E����

uu-u-}-F-} B�#��J�� % >!��(��� l/�[���� .�N�#�4; T��8� �,��� .x���� Z8� ` �� �� \] �� F-�-u-F 'F-�-u-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��� .�� �c&� N�#4; �� �b; &; � \8�� �Q m�#) ���/h�=/J�� °�(��� 2 �6

mjw .(T��8� ��� ¢,�� T : l/�[��� .�N�#4; `/ �� 2ª'.

uu-u-}-u \h�8��� E�#�@j� �86��� !�(�8� l/�[��� .�N�#4;

uu-u-}-u-} ���V&� �/h�8��� � 8[�� !�(��

! 0Ñ �jc T��)� � 8i >! _3� �b; ,�,��� � �c� �#ª N�(78� 7��j ,�6 `h: . ����#$' >#�J�� % !#� � Zi(�� � �c&�uu-u-}-� . ����V&� �/h�8��� � 8[�� !�(�� �,@; \+ >!�� _3� �b; ,�,� 9��'

2�)�� % �4�,���-F� �c&� �x/�3 ±P� Z8� . ���� ��(�� % 7�/M �4�, ���V&� �/h�8��� � 8[�� !�(��' �´‘}‘.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 47: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-411-

uu-u-}-u-F ���V&� �/h�8��� Th�(���

���#��' �8c �8@ >! {; ��tz; ,�� T��)� ThP �� �b; ,�,��� � �c� �#ª h:! 0Ñ >,� N�(78� . Th���� �� �b; ,�,��� � �c&� � <w�� N=s� �#ª ���V� �',@ X,� ��@ %' � �:�' T�)� '� 9n�J�¥/V# . >#�J�� % !#� � Zi(�� � �c&� ���#$'uu -u -} -� . _�3� �b; ,�,� 9��'

2�)�� % �4�,�� ���V&� �/h�8��� Th�(��� ,@� \+ >!��� -F � �c&� �x/�3 ±P� Z8� . ��/h�8��� Th�(���' �´ ���� ��(�� % 7�/M �4�, ���V&�‘}‘.

uu-u-}-u-u �/��*�� !�(��B-����

uu-u-}-u-u-} 7�8�z �(�$ �� �U ��/� TUV % \+' �!�(�� _3� �b; ,�,��� .�� �c� �#�F� 9� '�}GG >��#@ .4�! ,�� m/��b T��)� �9 }GG º � ��(´' }FG º '� ��(´}�G º �*�+ ,��� �p �,º '� ��(´

,�� WJ��� �/8� �,� #�c ·�b B-�� .4�,�� ���G º �jc �#J�� >��#@ �4�! E(t >��#L� �4�! % ��(´F���P . TU)�� % l/�[��� ^�-� li' !#�'uu-u-}-u-u-} . ����V&� >��#@ �4�! �� ±P� Z8� ����� �*+ X(��'

\+ · ��� 9�J8� ·�*���G º��(´ 7�x@ � �U ��/�� F� X u . � �)�� % l�[� &'�-F � q�� !�(�� >��#@ �4�! �(U � Z8�� \h�8��� 7:�#�@��G º ��,: 9xL ��(´F� X u . �´ ���� ��(�� % l�[� &'‘F ‘ � �)�6�-F ,�=� q�� !�(��

�� p \h�8��� ���V&� �4�!�G º ��,: 9xL ��(´��Gm�#�� . >#�J�� % !#� � Zi(�� � �c&� ���#$'uu-u-}-�.

uu-u-}-u-u-F �b; 7�8�z �(�$ ¾8 � � o�U >! ��/� % #�c ·�b B-�� �,º ³ }GG ��4�! ,��� 9� >��#@}�G º � �)�� % �4�,�� B-���� �/��*�� !�(�� � >! *h,�� y��� & ²¨t ���(´�-F.

uu -u -} -u -u -u 7�8�z �($ � �U ��/� % >!�8� #�c ·�b B-�� �,@ �b;}GG ��4�! ,��� 9� >��#@}�G º 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� % >!�8� � �c� �#ª ��(´F� >��#@ �4�! ,�� 9 }�G º ,�,��� ��(´

�´ ���� ��(�� % 7J/�[� \] �� �� �b; ‘F‘.

uu-u-}-u-u-� >��#@ �4�! ,�� #�c ·�b B-�� �,@ �b;}�G º �(�$ �� �U ���/� % >!��� % ���(´ 8z 7�}GG 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� % 0/� �U�' �9 F� �9 *h,��t 7�8�z �($ � �U ��/� X�,-�P6 � �c� �#ª

}GG 9 \8� » o�1 m�t': )�( ,��}FG º3� �b; ��(´_ >!�� TÞ����P Z8� 7�x@ ,�=� & .�( � %uX u ¶ )­( ,��}GG º % >!�� T�3 �#��� � �� �b; ��(´ Z8� 7�x@ ,�=� & .�( ���Gm�#�� .

�´ ���� ��(�� % l�[� >!�� _3� �b; �/t _ �� �� �c&� �h�3 Z8� N�6 �9��'‘u ‘ � �)�6�-F � _�/� >!�� �� '� � �)�� % �4�,�� B-���� �/��*�� !�(���-F7�,-�P� �#��� >( ��� % .

uu-u-}-u-u-� ��� �/��*�� !�(�� % 7J/�[� �U¤ �*+ � �c&� ���#$ D � 4( �x/�3 \��� q�� ��R W(��� � T�J � �)���-F) >#�J�� #Y3�FG-F-�.(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 48: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-412-

* � �)�� % l�[��-FZ8� ·�*�� 7:�#�@� >��#@ �4�! ,�=� q�� !�(�� �G º��(´ 9xL F�X u.

�´ ���� ��(��‘F‘* 9�3

9�3

9�3

&

�,º T+ ,�� #�c ·�b B-�� >!�8� �($ � �U ��/� % +� �c�

7�8z}GG,�� 9 }�G ºÅ��(´

>,�,4 >!

9�3

&

�´ ���� ��(��‘u‘*

�,º T+ ,�� #�c ·�b B-�� >!�8� �($ � �U ��/� % +� �c�

7�8zF�,�� 9 }�G ºÅ��(´

�,º T+ ,�� #�c ·�b B-�� >!�8� �($ � �U ��/� % +� �c�

7�8zF�,�� 9 }FG ºÅ��(´

�,º T+ ,�� #�c ·�b B-�� >!�8� �($ � �U ��/� % +� �c�

7�8z}GG,�� 9 }GG ºÅ��(´

&

& .�( � % _8�3 �b; �ZJ�� �� 7�x@ ,�=���G �#�� m

& .�( � % _8�3 �b; �ZJ�� �� 7�x@ ,�=�u� �U ���

� �/��b >! _�/�B-��� � �)�� ��-F

&

�[���UU-U-F-U-U-F :X]d��� 1���J�� #��� *�+6�

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 49: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-413-

uu-u-}-� �� �� �!"�-. ::���\"� 1����8��� 1 86�� #��� �� �!� 1���D

uu-u-}-�-} ,��

>! >�,: y�A ,�' N�(78� >!�� "#��6 N�(78� 7��j ,�� ���V&� Z8� � 8i #�¤ �*�� �=�� ,�p��V� T :.

uu-u-}-�-F !�(��' R7s�

&�ic .�y�§ .�,� �t(� X=8� .

uu-u-}-�-u � �c&� ���#$

2[��} '� T F �#�� ,@�' #� WJ��� � � �c&� Dz( �:(���� >!�� � T ��Q ¥�P E(t m �jc '� 7$(�P N��� T��)� >!�� _3� �b; £@j�' �E�#�@j� T6:� ��#��P&� � `h:! . _P �/8���� �*+ �#�'

£@j� ³ .�#v�b T : � 4( �x/�3 Z8� �([L�.

uu-u-}-�-� �h���� 9//�� ���#$' � �c&� ���

�c&� ,@� % >!�� _8��V� �b; ��´ ���� ��(�� % l�[�' ���V&� �/h�8� y��� >!�� �¨t �.��‘} ‘ � �)�� ��z�-F.

uu-u-}-�-� �h��8� �8w�

1A��+�� :���\"� � O |��+�� k'?�� )1����( �#�5�� �´ ���� ��(�� % l�[� &‘} ‘

� �)�� ��z�-F �jc ���V� �,º ³�`h:! �� B8/�; =/�]� 2�# \h).6��(/� <� ( v3=�� ¥8 D

� ��6~~�h�� % ) 2�R(U3( �´ ���� ��(�� % l�[� &‘} ‘

� �)�� ��z�-F �jc ���V� �,º ³�`h:! \h�� B8/�; =/�]� 2�#).6��(/� <� ( v3=�� ¥8 D

� ��6~G�h�� % ) 2�R(U3( �´ ���� ��(�� % l�[� &‘}‘

� �)�� ��z�-F �jc ���V� �,º ³�`h:! \h�� B8/�; =/�]� 2�#).6��(/� <� ( v3=�� ¥8 D

� ��6���h�� % ) 2�R(U3(

uu-u-}-� �� �� �!"�-U ::���\"� 1����8��� ���d�� �� �!� 1���D

uu-u-}-�-} ,��

V&� Z8� ThP >�,: !,º � �c&� �*+ '� �N�(78� �z#��' �8c �8@ >! {; ��tz; ,�� ���N�(78� ���j ,�� ¥/V#� �:�' T�)�� '� 9��J� �� Z8�.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 50: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-414-

uu-u-}-�-F !�(��' R7s�

�#�: �=�� � ­(� =/7� � �c&� � �'1� N=x8� X=8�}GG ���(�)�� �6#��� � �,:' m �#�� 9 �/jp� U/8��� '� . X=8�'w�� N=x8�X��� `/:! ¥/V#� E�' =/7� <.

uu-u-}-�-u � �c&� ���#$

uu-u-}-�-u-} (e �#�: %=c ­(� ?¤}GG �t#]�� >��#@ �4�! % �/jp� U/8��� >!'� ���(�) �6#�6 9 (e ��,: WJ��� Ì@'�9 . (e 2[�'��v�*� ,��� ­(U�� % �� �c� !�#�� Th��� � T _3� �b; £@j�'

�jc T��)� >!���`h:! .v�b T : � 4( �x/�3 Z8� �([L� 9�� ³ .�# _P N�#4r� �*+ �#U�' . _3� �b;'�(��� D �� � �P �x/���� >#�J�� % ��/ �� .uu-u-}-�-F.

uu-u-}-�-u-F ��,� ��ºG,�4 ¥/V#� �:�' {; ���K � � �c&� ��/� � T ���� �t . �4�! % �6#x��� �#�' >��#@F� ± F º +��,� �/ �3 �6($�' ��(´�G ± � ¥/V#��� �:�(� �,º 9/�J��� '� ��Vr� �� �b; £@j�' Ð �jc�Th��� �c!; ,�6 `h:! . 9�� ³ ># T� % >,�,4 ¥/V#� �:�' X�,-�P6 .�# �j� N�#4r� �*+ �#U�'

/�3 Z8� �([L�v�b T : � 4( �x.

uu-u-}-�-� �h���� 9//�� ���#$' � �c&� ���

\h�8� mjhP y��� �¥/V#��� �:�' 9n�t '� T�V� �b; '� �� �c&� � �'1� N=s� % Th��� T��V� �b; �´ ���� ��(�� % �J/�[� \] ��' ����V&�‘} ‘ � �)�� ��z�-F.

uu-u-}-�-� �h��8� �8w�

��1A��+ 1O�� c8I ������

��\����������� ����

>�p8� �#�5�� � �)�� % ln�[� &�-F 9á�J� �,º ³ ���V� �,º ³ X(/�(�1� ,��(8� T/w�; \h��/ ���6'=��)}G/HG(

� �)�� % ln�[��-F 9á�J� �,@ ���V� �,º ³ X(/�(�1� ,��(8� T/w�; \h��/ ���6'=��)}�/~�( � �)�� % ln�[��-F 9á�J� �,@ ���V� �,º ³ X(/�(�1� ,��(8� T/w�; \h��/ ���6'=��)H�/�(

� �)�� % ln�[� &�-F 9á�J� �,º ³ ���V� �,º ³ X(/�(�1� T/w�; \�j�/ �� +)}G/HG( � �)�� % ln�[��-F 9á�J� �,@ ���V� �,º ³ (�1� T/w�; \�j�X(/�/ �� +)}�/~�( � �)�� % ln�[��-F 9á�J� �,@ ���V� �,º ³ X(/�(�1� T/w�; \�j�/ �� +)H�/�(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 51: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-415-

uu-u-}-� �� �� �!"�-L :���DX]d��� 1���J�� #��� �� �!� 1

uu-u-}-�-} ,��

4�! ,�� N�(78� 7��#��6 >!�8� ,|��� ·�b B-�� �',@ �/86: !n,��� >��#@ .}GG º ���(´ � '}FG º ��(´�' }�G ºU8P �U V � W(�[ 2�U N�' % ��(´�/ ��8z �($' F� '� 9 }GG9 .

uu-u-}-�-F !�(��' R7s�

�/���� .�,��� �t(� X=8�:

)�( �� ,�=� \8c�,�� ��x@ ��c��� N�(p� �/� W(3 � �#tH ����#@ �4�! ^ z �U¤' .�#�� �� ,�� �/8c�,}GG º ��(´� '}FG º ��(´�' }�G º��(´ ± F º¶��(´

)­( 7� T� D8z �($ .�/�8� � �U �/�'�F� ' 9 }GG 28�i � �U V � ��(�[ �9 +#�: ­(�� .�b �,[� &G,G�¶Z8�� � �@(�J' �9

)�( T/'#� W(3 � �����#@ ��4'!=- #��6 T/(��G,u @; Dz(� ¶9 ���/��� ^P' % Ø�,�#J�� ��,4' ��/��� N�' B6 �#c1�'.

+#�: ­(�� .�b �,[� & 28i � �U V � W(�[ 2�U N�' N�Q % ��/�8� N�' T� _n/ �'G,� �(�U�' 9� ��/��� N�' � mj/8: DP'� . ,[� & �*�� 28[�� � �� �J: % N�]�� �*+ 2�#� �N�(p� �/� ��5� 2�x��' � W(�[ �

�(�� #�: �U VG,�H� +!�6�' 9 }�G × }�G × F�G9 .

uu-u-}-�-u � �c&� ���#$

Z8� ­#��' ��t@ {; N�(�� ?Ä �� {; ���x��� 78UV % ��/ / @ X� _3� �/:(�� ���/��� Dz(� .�# >,� N�(�� . 4' _P,U� �b;' ¶7� ,�=�� �tz; 24' ��/��� _� + �b;' �tL� {; 7��(�� 2 . % N��(�� _n/ �'

{; �#J�� >��#@ �4�! Dt#�' ��#J�� ^P' % `8��' N�]��}�G º >,� �4�,�� �*+ ,�� TY�' ��(´F���P . Tx���' Ti�(� TU)6 �#J��' ��/��� >��#@ �4�! .�'1� � �c&� �#ª')}( 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� Z8� }GG9 . �x/���� �(U�'

( ��,�� �#J�� >��#@ �4�! Z8� ��/��� >��#@ �4�! .!�R '� \h�8� ���V� �,@ �b; � 4�G º��(´ . �x/���� _3� �b;' �#c� .�� �c� N�#4; X=8� & �� �P . ,�� �� � �c� N�#4; 24' �� 4( �x/���� _3� �b; �}�G º��(´ � �U ��/�6

7�8z �($F� _3� �b; ,�,��� 9 �´ ���� ��(�� % l�[� >!��‘F ‘ & X� . ,��� � 4( �x/���� _3� �b;'}�G º >!�� �(U� ,�� ��(´ 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� TUV % }GG �(�$ � �U ��/� TUV % >!�� �(U� ,�� � �P' 9

7�8zF� 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� X�,-�P6 %z; � �c� N�#4; 24' �9 }GG�t' 9 \8� » �1 m: ����������������

)}( 2/�#� �56 .�� �c&� N�#4; �U¤ . 8� �([L� D:(�� �� �b; mjw�t 7�8�z �($ � �U ��/� X�,-�P6 � 4( �x/�3 ZF� 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� X�,-�P6 �'1� � �c&� N�#4; ��´/ �� ��ã' �j��� \��',� ��U¤ �3¨t �9F� 9 . �3¨t �� 4( �x/���� _3� �b¨t

7�8z �($ � �U ��/� Z8� � �c� N�#4; {; *h,�� �4@ ¦�+ �(U� &}GG9 .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 52: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-416-

)�( ,��}FG º � 7�x@ ,�=� .�( � % >!�� T�3 �#��� � �� �b; ��(´ Z�8 ��G m�#��� �� ,�=� & �U�'uX u ¶

)­( ,��}GG º �� 7�x@ ,�=� & .�( � % >!�� T�3 �#��� � �� �b; ��(´��Gm�#�� .

uu-u-}-�-� �h���� 9//�� ���#$' � �c&� ���

uu-u-}-�-�-} >��#�@ �4�! Z8� ��/��� >��#@ �4�! .!�R �b; '� \h�8� ���V� �,@ �b; � 4( �x/���� �(U� ��,�� �#J���G º >, �jc ��(´ \+' � �c&�F���P .� �P y��� �x/���� �¨t &;'.

uu-u-}-�-�-F � �)�� % >!�� ln�[� &�-F�/���� .&L� % :

)�( �([L� 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� �/t X,-��� � �c� % � �P �x/�3 Z8�}GG ,�� 9 �4�!}�G ¶��(´

)­( �([L� 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� �/t X,-��� � �c� % � 4( �x/�3 Z8� }GG 9� �4�! ,��}�G º 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� �/t X,-��� � �c� % � �P �x/�3' ��(´

F� �4�! ,�� 9 }�G º��(´ . ��/t X,-��� � �c� % � �P �x/�3 Z8� �([L�' 7�8z �($ � �U ��/�}GG >��#@ �4�! ,�� 9 }FG º �#���� � �(U�' ���(´

�� 7�x@ ,�=� & .�( � % >!�� T�3uX u¶ )�( Z8� �([L��x/�3 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� �/t X,-��� � �c� % � 4( }GG 9�

�4�! ,��}�G º 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� �/t X,-��� � �c� % � �P �x/�3' ��(´F� �4�! ,�� 9 }�G º��(´ . ��/t X,-��� � �c� % � �P �x/�3 Z8� �([L�'

7�8z �($ � �U ��/�}GG >��#@ �4�! ,�� 9 }GG º �#���� � �(U�' ���(´ �� 7�x@ ,�=� & .�( � % >!�� T�3��Gm�#�� .

uu-u-}-�-�-u �´ ���� ��(�� % ��,�‘F ‘ ��/t X,-��� � �c� % � 4( �x/�3 \��� q�� B-���� �/��*�� !�(�� 7�8z �($ � �U ��/�F� �4�! ,�� 9 }�G º��(´.

uu-u-}-�-�-� �´ ���� ��(�� % ��,�‘u ‘�/���� .&L� % B-���� �/��*�� !�(��:

)�( �x/�3 Z8� �([L� 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� �/t X,-��� � �c� % � 4(}GG ,��� 9 �4�!}�G º 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� �/t X,-��� � �c� % � �P �x/�3' ��(´F� 9�

�4�! ,�� }�G ��(´ �� 7�x@ ,�=� & .�( � % >!�� T�3 �#��� � �(U�' �uX u¶

)­( -��� � �c� % � 4( �x/�3 Z8� �([L� 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� �/t X,}GG ,��� 9 �4�!}�G º 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� �/t X,-��� � �c� % � �P �x/�3' ��(´F� 9�

�4�! ,�� }�G ��(´ . �� �U ��/� �/t X,-��� � �c� % � 4( �x/�3 Z8� �([L�' 7�8z �($}GG >��#@ �4�! ,�� 9 }FG º T��3 �#��� � �(U�' ���(´ % >!���

�� 7�x@ ,�=� & .�( ���G¶m�#��

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 53: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-417-

)�( 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� �/t X,-��� � �c� % � 4( �x/�3 Z8� �([L�}GG ,��� 9 �4�!}�G º 7�8z �($ � �U ��/� �/t X,-��� � �c� % � �P �x/�3' ��(´F� 9�

�4�! ,�� }�G ��(´ . � �c� % � 4( �x/�3 Z8� �([L�' �� �U ��/� �/t X,-��� 7�8z �($}GG >��#@ �4�! ,�� 9 }GG º��(´.

uu-u-}-�-� �h��8� �8w�

1A��+��

����r� 1,�#w6���

)º1�s'(

�8u :D��[��

)&P(

����3 1,�#��=��

)º1�s'( �#�5�� �´ ���� ��(�� % l�[�‘u ‘

� �)�� ��z�-F)�( <FGG

}~} }GG F�

}�G }�G

_�6(�/TUV % RJ@ #[�� �X(3, /�( . / @

�´ ���� ��(�� % l�[�‘F ‘ � �)�� ��z�-F

<FGG F� }�G \h�� B8/�; =/�]�) .�6��(/� <��( �~G % �h��)2/3(

�´ ���� ��(�� % l�[�‘F ‘ � �)�� ��z�-F

<FGG F� }�G \h�� B8/�; =/�]�) 6��(/� <�.( 2�# � D � ��6 v3=�� ¥8�� Ð)2�R(U3(

� �)�� % l�[� &�-F }�G }GG }�G D� . / @ TUV % RJ@ #[�� �TU/3�G % �h����,7 _�R

�´ ���� ��(�� % l�[�‘u ‘ � �)�� ��z�-F)�(

<FGG }�G

}GG F�

}�G }�G

D� .� / @ TUV % RJ@ #[�� �TU/3 �G % �h�� _�R�/6�

�´ ���� ��(�� % l�[�‘u ‘ � �)�� ��z�-F)�(

<FGG }�G

}GG F�

}�G }�G

TU/3/ .� / @ TU�V % RJ@ #[�� �X(3, /�()v87��(

� �)�� % l�[� &�-F }�} }GG }�G TU/3/ .� / @ TU�V % RJ@ #[�� �X(3, /�()�/��J�� .( U(

�´ ���� ��(�� % l�[�‘F ‘ ��z � �)���-F

<FGG F� }�G TU/3/TUV % RJ@ #[�� �X(3, /�( . / @

)�( �4�! % y�A ³}GG º '� }FG º��(´.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 54: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-418-

UU-L 1 ����L-U

UU-L-F >�78� �p�d'4' $+I 1�� ��Y�v �p+' T� +�  �� #���

uu-�-}-} "#]��

uu-�-}-}-} XY3 .�� �c&� T/�! � W#J�� �*+ "#��1� >,���� 9 � �)�� % �4�,�� !�(�� l/�[�� �-u q��� N�8� 7��j ,�� �6(p .�RQ 7� �� ��) W#J�� #Y3�F-�-� � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� .( �(�U� �� \�] ��'

B�#J�� % ��/ �� l/�[��� ¬! {; W(4#�6 m3#�� ���� X�,-�P�F-�-�-F ' F-�-�-u � ��� ���hj�� ��/�/Y��/4b(���� >#�J�� % B �� .�� �c&� li' {;' uu-�-}-�.

uu-�-}-}-F >���c �/�� �� 3� {; �!�� N�� D >!�� T�J� �� �b; ,�,� (+ � �c&� .�(�c � "#]���6(p �(U� ,: q�� .�R]�� �.

uu-�-}-}-u /�� 9�/�� W#J�� �*+ % ��z(�� � �c&� .�(�c 7�� �� �� ,: q�� !�(�8� �/ ���� #$-�� mj� m�/ N�8� 7��j ,�� �6(p .�RQ) % m3/@� �)� �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� N�� D T�J�� !�( ²� Z8� ( ��U¤ �/À

T���� "�#Q1 m P� mJ/�[� !�(�� v8� l/�[�.

uu-�-}-F E����

uu-�-}-F-} �� �� \] �� B�#��J�� % >!,��� l/�[��� .�N�#4; T��8� �,��� >,�,s� .x���� Z8� ` F-�-�-F 'F-�-�-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� .T��8� ,�,4 ��� ¢,�� T : l/�[��� .�N�#4; `/ �� 2ª'.

uu-�-}-u � q�� !�(�� l/�[� .�N�#4;�N�� 7��j ,�� �6(p .�RQ 7� �� .

uu-�-}-u-} �8h���' � 8[�� !�(�� � �c& ���#��� �*+ X�,-�P� �U¤ . \] �� ����V&� �/h�8� >! � �c� ��@ %' B4'#���� RQ � (4 % � �c&� �#ª �� . �t#]�� >��#@ �4�! %' ��x��� 78UV % >!�� y�A')FG º��(´ ( 7�8�S

N�� D 0j�� . �� % �,@ �b;' �#�c� .��� �c� ��� �#� & �3¨t ��� ��� R]8� ���V� � �c&� T@�# � �8@# � � �)�� % >!�� l�[�'�-u . .��� �c&� �� >�c1� �8@#�� N�#4; 24' �� ��� R]8� \h�8� ���V� �,º ³ �b;'

>#�J�� % �+ !#�' ­(78�� R]�� �� 3� �,� ,�,���uu-�-}-� &� ���#$ � Zi(�� � �c . ��x/�3 ±�P� Z�8�' � �)�� !�( � \+ >!�� _3� �b; ,�,� �o#��� � �c&��-u �l�[� _3� �b; ���6 ,�,�' N�� D T�J�� q��

�´ ���� ��(�� % ���L� �*+ %‘} ‘ '�‘F ‘ '�‘u‘.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 55: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-419-

uu-�-}-� �(3 � �c&�-� :q�� !�(�� � �c� ���#$N�8� 7��j ,�� �6(p .�RQ 7� �� ��

uu-�-}-�-} ,��

% N�� 0j� 78�S N�8� 7��j ,�� �6(p .�RQ 7� �� �� �� Z8� >! >�,: y�A�J8�§ �'#I.

uu-�-}-�-F !�(��' R7s�

°c .�y�§ R74 �t(� X=8� &.

uu-�-}-�-u � �c&� ���#$

uu-�-}-�-u-} �3!� �t(i(�� .�(�-8� m� $ ��x��� 78UV % >!�� � �c� B��� . % \h��8� ���V� �,@ �b;' �#c� .�� �c� ��� N�#4; X=8� & �3¨t �� �c&� T@�# � �8@# ��� . �N�� D l��6 T�J�� & >!�� �� mt'#� �� �b;'

% >!��(�� .�(��� {; ���3&� B��� >#�J��uu-�-}-�-u-�.

uu-�-}-�-u-F >y�-�� >!�� � >�]i �/�� Dz(�) ��(@ +#�:F 9 ( ��4�! ¾�8 � #Ç���� N�� � "(@ % ����#@FG º��(´ .\8� £@j�':

)�( ¶RQ �� �� �� �� �b; )­( R]8� \h�8� ���V� �,º �� �b; .

uu-�-}-�-u-u >�]i �/�� Dz(� >y�-�� >!�� �) ��(@ +#�:F 9 ( 7���P' �/t$ ¥/V#� �:�' ^P' % ����#@ �4�! ¾8 � #Ç�� N ¥�P Z8� (��FG º �#�: �- � ` $ % �2P� N�' % W(z(' ��(´}GG mjw� 9 .

8��� ���V&� ���@� �(U� �/À ,@�' �U % >!�� £J� ²� \+ ¥/V#��� �:�' >,ht' �'#�Y�� v8� % RQ �1 \h��(U� y�� .\8� £@j�':

)�( ¶RQ �� �� �� �� �b; )­( R]8� \h�8� ���V� �,º �� �b; .

uu-�-}-�-u-� 7�J��� �(� TUV % >y�-�� >!�� ±,U�FG +#�:' m �#�� 9 uG % l��(� !(4' D 9 +j�� .: D�6 l�(x��� {; ���'N�� � .�#� .\8� £@j�':

)�( ¶RQ �� �� �� �� �b; )­( R]8� \h�8� ���V� �,º �� �b; .

uu-�-}-�-u-� ��� �+#�: T��� .�ð/|��4 ��� !(4' l)U� >( ��� ��t \] �� �� 8[�� !�(�� ��@ %�GG #�'#U/ . � #w�� TU)� E(���� �*+ �� �b;'} Ð)�8�� ( �µ� � *h,�� \] �� �_�J��� �87P >!�� _3� �b; '� �W(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 56: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-420-

9x@ T/8��6 ¼��8� v�b' +� �c� T : m:(�� ¥ [�� 78� ��/��� `�P .�ð/|��s�T����' ��'��� N���. �v�b �,� �/t' Th�(��� ��@ % �� ����x��� 7��@ % >!�� y�A . % .�# �j� � �c&� �*+ N�#4; B���' ��t#]�� >��#�@ ��4�!

)FG º��(´ ( �(s� ^]��� _�'. >!�� � �� ��,� �R(�' ^/����� D�: % N�� Dz(�' ) �� ,�=� &F�9Q ( ����/� B6 }GG ' #�� \8 F�G�/$'#§ >�'�: % Dz(�' R]�� � #�� \8 . ¥��/� ^/����� D�: �( �i ¥�J�' {; N��� �'#�

� >�'���� _/:(� ��P Tn])�' �/$'#-� . ��hj �8/P' ��56 �� ��� R]�� 9x@ ±��' . T�� �� 3� � 8��� �*�� _:(�� Tnx��' v�b N��� % .�N�#: ��U� �8� �*c��' R]�� . �, Z8� R]�� ,�[� �,� ­�@ 9��'� 7� T� >, .�#�t Z8� .�P

>,@�' ��P . R]�� ,�[� �,� �� �b;' ,�6 >!�=�� % *c� �b; '� �9Y�� �Q� >#��J� ±�/��� _�:' ,�,Ä \] �� �.�P +[:�� X�� . Ü' ��#���P6 �:��� �b; '� m��Y�� R]�� ,�[� �,� ¥ i� �b; X�� ��Ñ ��, �]� �� � �c&� ���; R(ª'

� #�#��� '� >!�8� �´ �� ��(�� B/��� �/t� .3/6 Z8� �([L� � �)�� % >!�� l/�[� ­(4' X,�-u . ���(+ ��U� ³ �b;'� �c� B��� ��t'#� �/h/�/U�� R]�����Vj� ��/86: �/@ � R]�� .

uu-�-}-�-� �h���� 9//�� ���#$' � �c&� ���

uu-�-}-�-�-} � �)�� % >! l/�[� B����-u\8� » �� �,@ �b; :

)�( % \h�8� ���V�¶� �c&� .�(�c � >(�c )­( ����� % >!�� � X�#Q (8/� TU� ,@�' #�� Z8� ,�=� �,�� ­(p RQ �� 3�.

uu-�-}-�-�-F �´ ���� ��(�� % �|�,��‘} ‘ #�7Y�' �t#]�� >��#@ .4�! % N�� D m�,�,V mj�J� T�J�� >! �� ���V&� {; ����� R]�� T/ m(�� 7/8� �(�U� �/À �t#]�� >��#@ .4�! ,�� N�� D ��(7�6 T�J�� q�� '� �m/h�8�

�� y�� '� �m�'� ­(78�� R]�� ,�[� �,�}G X�#Q (8/� TU� .�#�� >,@�' ��/:! ��� �jc >!�� �.

uu-�-}-�-�-u �´ ���� ��(�� % �|�,��‘F ‘ 4�! ,�� N�� D ��(7�6 T�J�� >! �� �(U� �/À �t#]�� >��#@ . �� y�� '� �m�'� ­(78�� R]�� ,�[�� �,� Z[:�FG ���� `��� &' ������ % >!�� � X�#Q (8/� TU� m�#��

�´ ���� ��(��‘}‘.

uu-�-}-�-�-� �´ ���� ��(�� % �|�,��‘u ‘ � �/À �t#]�� >��#@ .4�! ,�� N�� D N^ 6 T�J�� >! �� �(�U q�(��� ���� `��� &' ������ % >!�� � X�#Q (8/� TU� ,@�' #�� � y�� ­(78�� R]�� ,�[�� �,� Z[:�

�´ ����‘} ‘ '�‘F‘.

uu-�-}-�-� �h��8� �8w�

1A��+��Y�o8� |���8��� :���\"�

)&��/"(Y�o�� ��� �� :$�'

)���/1I�P &oN( �#�5�� % ��,�� & � �)���-u ` ��� & #Ji =/�]��� B8/�; <� 2�#).6��(/� \h��(

� ��6 v3=�� ¥8 D~~ Ð)2�R(U3(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 57: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-421-

<�=��UL ������� �� �!"� C�D� *�+6��� ��>��,E 186���

�$dN��� #����K 1,�$�� 1 ����Q-F UL-F ��o�� u�-}-} XY3 W#J�� �*+ "#�� >,���� 91� � � �)��� % ��4�,�� >,������ !�(��� l/�[���-}) #�Y3�

W#J�� F-�-F � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� .( >!��(�� l/�[��� ¬! {; W(4#�6 m3#�� ���� X�,-�P� �(U� �� 2ª' B�#�J�� %F-�-F-F' F-�-F-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� !��(�� .�� �c&� li'' � W#J�� % �+u�-�.

UL-. C��+�� u�-F-} B�#��J�� % >!,��� l/�[���� .�N�#�4; >,��,s� .�x���� Z8� ` �� �� \] ��F-�-F-F-}

'F-�-F-F-F B�#�J�� '� F-�-F-u-} ' F-�-F-u-F � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� � �c&� N�#4; �U� ³ � \8�� �Q m�#�)�� 2 �6mjw �����8� �/h�=/J�� °�( .(>!(4( !(�6 D 7�3��� 7J/�[� B��� +� �c� �*��� q�� !�(��' .

T��8� ,�,4 ��� ¢,�� T : l/�[��� .�N�#4; `/ �� \] ��'. UL-U *�+6��� ��>��,E

�(�8� �/ ���� #$-�� m/t� m�//�� 9�/�� W#J�� �*+ % ��/ �� l/�[��� .�(�c �U���� �/À >,����� ! T���� "�#Q1 2P� l/�[� N�#4; � �[�-�� .�8��� . >y���' .��� �c&� �h��3 B6 .tj�c� !(4' ��@ %'

.�� �c&� �h�3 Z8� �/� P� � ��U�� >y�� Z8� >,����� XU@?� �(U� �� \] �� �� ��U��. UL-U-F �$¹dN��� 1 86�� #���

�c� �#ª ��86: >!� �E�#�@� >,V '� �E�#�@� �,� >!�R Z8� � 8i >! >�,: ,�,��� � mj� m4= m� �74= ,�� E�#�@j� . W#J�� %' �+ ��/ � Zi(�� � �c&� ���#$'F -� -F -F � ���hj��

�/4b(���� �/�/Y���� .�� % �4�, >,��� >! ThP �� �b; ,�,� 9��' � �)� -} �*+ % ��,� �� �b; ' �´ ���� ��(�� % ��L�‘} ‘ '�‘F ‘ '�‘u ‘ � �c&� �x/�3 ±P� Z8�) m��� #Y3�"�D�]�� ^��6! ���� P_ �����"

W#J�� % F -G -u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� .( �3¨t ��x/���� Z8� � � ��5� �� .�/�s� 9x@ �� {; #�Y��6'� 2ª� �c&� #�#�� % .�/�s� 9x@ #�*� �.

UL-U-. �$¹dN��� ���d�� ��86: >!� �E�#�@� >,V '� �E�#�@� �,� >!�R Z8� �8hP >! >�,: ,�,��� � �c� �#ª

mj� m4= m� �74= ,�� E�#�@j� . % >!��=�� �R 0/�� W#J�� �*+ % ��/ ��' � Zi(�� � �c&� ���#$' E�#�@&� N��� ^]��� . � �)�� % �4�, >,��� >! (+ ThP �� �b; ,�,� 9��'� -} ��� �b; �'

�´ ���� ��(�� % ���L� �*+ % ���,�‘} ‘ '�‘F ‘ '�‘u ‘ � �c&� �x/�3 ±P� Z8�) m��� #Y3�" ���� P_ ������D�]�� ^��6!"% W#J��F -G -u � �/Y���� ��hj���/4b(���� �/.(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 58: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-422-

UL-L �$¹dN��� #��� �� �!� C�D

UL-L-F XP �� �!"�-F :�$¹dN��� 1 86�� #��� �� �!�

u�-�-}-} ,��

>!� �E�#�@� >,V '� �E�#�@� �,� >!�R Z8� � 8i >! >�,: ±/�� �*+ � �c&� ���#$ _��i mj� m4= m� �74= ,�� E�#�@j� �86: .�' �4 \J/� R(�(/8�6 7�8c ,�6 7�//�� ­(8� >! TU� .�� �c� �#

� ��6}:} ' }:� R(�(/8��� {; >!�� � ��R(�6 . � ��� \P/��� �,��� D �(8§ T� E�#�@� �h[c ����'u {; � � R(�(/8��� {; X(/P�( �� .'y� ��R(�6 . E�#�@� �=� m�'� E�#�@&� �R �� �b¨t ���� T:� '� �\P/��� ��=�� �*+

�´ ���� ��(�µ �/�4#�� .�(���� E�#�@� ��R56 E�#�@&� ��R� ����‘} ‘ '�‘F‘ � ��3 \�+' �F:u' u:F ��R(��6 �2/�#��� Z8� �R(�(/8��� {; X(/P�( �� .'y�.

u�-�-}-F !�(��' R7s�

u� -� -} -F -} X(/P�( �� .'#6 ¥8 �t(� X=8��/�4# >!�� m/��� \���� . ����$ X,� �U�' ¥8�� �86#Q \] ��' B6 +#�: ¼'�#�� . / @ �/�4# >!�� X,-���'G,}� ' 9 G,uG 9 . ��4�! ,��� ��/�4#�� >!�� lJx��'

�� º �R(�� . � Ì@ ��(´) >,�}F T:1� Z8� ��P ( l¹J� % £J� É) �J¹J� >! Z8� �(�º ( �(U�' !y� Ì@X�,-�Pj� >=+4.

u� -� -} -F -F lÇJ� \J/� R(�(/8P E�#�@j� �86: >!�� X,-���)}( B�6 ��t/�� ��(�$� ¼'�#�� �G ' F�G +#�: ^P(� �(U�' m�#�'#U/F� m�#�'#U/ . $ % �/�1� lJ�' ��� �7Uk ,��=� & �� F� ,��� 9�

}G� º��(´ �R(�� . � Ì@ )� >,�T:1� Z8� .�P ( lJ� % £J�')�J¹J� >! Z8� �(�º ( �(U�' !y� Ì@ X�,-�Pj� >=+4 . � T:� N�� � �(��� �(U� �� \] ��'G,� �s� �R(�� � Ð . #����� �#�1� 28�� �b;'

l/Jx���� ���� �*+ {; �(i(�� B@ {; .

u�-�-}-F-u �(U�� ��V; �,[ �t(� X=8� Tc =8t � v8P �)TU/3/ mjw X'#� ( �/h6#7� �:$ �,[� T[��/���� .Ji�(�� �� �(U�':

)�( �(��� =uG ± }¶9P )­( #���� =G,� ± G,G�¶9 )�( �/h6#7U�� �'��� =�,G ± G,�X'� /¶#� )!( v8��� % >!, �� �/h6#7U�� �:��� =}�G ± �.�' .

����������������)}(¤ �3#t % � �c&� T/iJ�� ©$(�� �[�&� =�# � �,[�� D4#�� Z8� �([L� �U) T/�*��� #Y3��.(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 59: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-423-

Z8� v8��� TU)�'�� TU)�� % B �� (��u�-�-}-}.

u�-�-}-F-� ��'�=6 \44R D�: �t(� X=8��G º ���(´`8]o/��� �t#$ % \8c�,�� �#�:' �`�G ����� v�b' 9 ��,�: #�: W(�� �'#§ TUV Z8� �(� �´/+ % �(8-���G>��#�8� T/i(��� �J/�z �@(� E(t Dz(�' �9 . �@(8��'

#]�� �*p � P��� +!�6� "}�G 9 ×}�G 7Uk' 9 � ����#L� 7�/8/i(�' 9 ) #J�i �4�! ,��º ���(´( G,Fu .�'/X-}.¦-} . .@(� X�,-�P� �U¤'�8�» ����#@ �/8/i(� .�b �#c�.

u�-�-}-F-� N�(�p� ��/� ��#�P �(U� �� Z8� �#cd W(3 �� � ��(7��� >,/4 ���� '� �>#È� �3�=c �t(� X=8� 7/tG,�#� /T:� '� �/3� .1'�d�� ��¸(� Y�A�3" z� P�+' ��¸(� n=\ 9�2� �[� �_ |o +��.

u�-�-}-F-� ��� �+#�: T�� ��/:! .�/�4 ��� �� l)U8� ��6 TÞ���P �*�� 78U)6 �>!�� ��t \] ���GG #�'#U/ . � #w�� TU)� E(���� �� �b;'}G Ð)�R(�6 ( '� ��Mr� � ��$ 24' �_/�J��� �87P >!�� _3� �b;

��/� 9x@ T/8��� +� �c� T : E(�� Z8� �([�8� 78��56 � �c&� T����' ��'��� N��� .�/�s�.

u�-�-}-u � �c&� ���#$

u�-�-}-u-} 7� T� �R' ./�� !�,�; 9��uG,G 9Q ± G,} � ��6 R(�(/8���' �/�4#�� >!�� �(8§ � 9Q �:u 'u:F ' F:u) �R(�6 ( R(�(/8��� {; X(/P�( �� .'#6 � . 7� T� �R' ./�� #��'uG,G 9Q ± G,} �� 9�Q

�6 T���P q�� .�/�s� 9xÀ �� �c&� Dz( >!�� �(8§) >#�J�� #Y3�u�-�-}-F-�( � ���6 R(�(/8��� D �}:� '}:} R(�(/8��� {; >,������ >!�� � �R(�6 .ª' �'! ��Ur� �,��6 mj�� m/U/3U/ m�8c �/�� T� ^8A �� 2

>,h�R .�!74r �(8-�� ��#�� . *c�� &' �U¤ W#P56 ��/��� X,-��� ��' �>,@ Z8� �(8§ ��/� T� ��� 2ª'§ �/�� �>� � �(8.

u�-�-}-u-F § TUV Z8� �(� ��(U�� \$'#-�� D���� X�,-�P6 �(8-�� TU)� ��,�: #�: W(�� �'#�G 9 >��#�8� T/i(��� �J/���� �@(8�� Z8� W(z(�� l�8�� ��Vr� v8P \�]� �/À . ���(7��� >,/4 ���� % �@(8�� Dz(�'

>��#@ �4�!' �(s� ^]��� _� � �c&� �#ª'FG º ��(´± � º��(´.

u�-�-}-u-u >, ��($ \h6#7U�� �/��6 ��Vr� v8P Ti(� �(�8-�� T��)� ³ �b; `h:! �j� >,� '� � �c&�E#�º' . \�/h#�� T�J��� N7�3� Ì@ \h6#7U�� �/��� T/i(� �YL � E�#�@&� �R Tx��') '� ��+(� '� �2p �',@

�+(� E�#�@� .(� T�J��� N7�3� ,�6 �,º ��� � �� '� �#)�� Tw �D��� T�J� �� � ��&� % *c�� &'\�/h#� . ��@ %' �x/���� % #��� ³ #�U�� �� m�z�' �U� ³ � �c&� >!�; X=8� �� �c&� N��� B-���� v8P ��U3� . N�#�4; X=�8�'

>!�� Z8� .�# 0Ñ � �c&� . ,��,��� '� �´ ���� ��(�� B/��� ­(8� \�4# �(8§ T� Z8� .�� �c� ��Ñ �#�'_3� �b; >!�� � �)�� % lo�[� &�-}.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 60: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-424-

u�-�-}-� �h���� 9//�� ���#$' � �c&� ���

u�-�-}-�-} \8� ±P� Z8� �h���� 9n/��:

)�( ¶�/�4#�� ^/�-�� E�#�@� ��R� D E�#�@j� ^P(��� �=�� �3�� )­( E#�º' T��)� R(�(/8���' >!�� �(8§ �� �b; .

u�-�-}-�-F &� ���\+ >,����� >!�� �h[c ,�,��� � �c:

�´ ���� ��(��‘}‘: � ��6 �(8§ % y�A >! ��}:� '� }:} R(�(/8��� {; >!�� � )�R(�6 ( �R #ñ7Y��' � ��6 �(8§ E�#�@& ^P(��� �=�� � T:� m�P(� E�#�@�F:u) �R(�6 ( .'#6 �

R(�(/8��� {; X(/P�( ��. ��(�� �´ ���� ‘F‘: � ��6 �(8§ % y�A >! ��}:� '� }:} R(�(/8��� {; >!�� � )�R(�6 ( �R #ñ7Y��'

� ��6 �(8§ E�#�@& ^P(��� �=�� ��� T�� '� �'�� m�P(� E�#�@�u:F) �R(�6 ( � �´� ��� ��(�� ��� `�� &' R(�(/8��� {; X(/P�( �� .'#6‘}‘.

��(�� �´ ����‘u‘: � ��6 �(8§ % y�A >! ��}:� � ��6 �(8§ %' }:} R(�(/8��� {; >!�� � )�R(�6 ( �(8-� #I��� �=�� � y�� 7:�#�@& ^P(��� �=�� �(U� '� E�#�@�' ���V� �� #ñ7Y��'

� ��6�:u) �R(�6 ( ��� `�� &' R(�(/8��� {; X(/P�( �� .'#6 � �´ ���� q�(��‘} ‘'‘F‘.

� �)�� ��c�-}: � ��6 �(8§ % y�A >! ��}:� � ��6 �(8§ %' }:} R(�(/8��� {; >!�� � )�R(�6 ( #I��� �=�� � y�� 7:�#�@& ^P(��� �=�� �(U� '� E�#�@�' ���V� �� p �,º &'

� ��6 �(8-��:u) �R(�6 (�( �� .'#6 �R(�(/8��� {; X(/P.

W#J�� .$�#�V� NJ/�P� \] �� ���Ç�� '� �P �(U� �5� ��#c� #$§ p �(U� q�� !�(�8� � ���6' F-G-u ��hj�� � �/4b(���� �/�/Y����.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 61: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-425-

u�-�-}-� �h��8� �8w�

1234' :���� �1 ^�t �/�/z(� �8w5� ��/ �� .�� �c&� �h�3 X,-��� �� \] �� >,���� >! X�,-�P6 `���� q�� �h�#c� T�(� Z8�' .´�=s� 9x@ Z8� ,����P ��/�.

C���3"� 1+'Y_ nP�')1����(����+�� F:F F:L �#�5��

�´ ���� ��(��‘u‘)�( }~H �� X(/3(1� .(#� \h�� �´ ���� ��(��‘u‘ �� }�} X(/3(1� .�#�3).��(86(

�� ��(�� �´ ��‘F‘)­( F� }G X(/��U�� .�#�3)�/h &( � �)�� ��c�-} }�F F�~ X(/��U�� .�#�3).��,/+ \�j�( �´ ���� ��(��‘F‘)�( u� }G �/'���� X(/3(1� .�#�3 �´ ���� ��(��‘}‘)�( uu u X'#U�� ,/��� ��� � �)�� ��c�-} uHG FG� _�6(U�� .�#�3).��,/+ \P�,P( � �)�� ��c�-})­( FF} }G} TU/��� .�#�3 �´ ���� ��(��‘F‘ }� ~ X(/P�( �� .�#�3 �´ ���� ��(��‘F‘ uu H X(/P�( �� .��(8� E(t �´ ���� ��(��‘F‘ �} }� X(/P�( �� .�]�#6 �´ ���� ��(��‘F‘ }u � X(�!([�� .��(8� �´ ���� ��(��‘F‘)­( FF }� �� .�#�3X(�!([ �´ ���� ��(��‘F‘)­( uH �� X(�!([�� .�#�3 � �)�� ��c�-})­( Fu� }G� X(/3'#���� .�#�3)�/h &(

R(�(/8���' �/�4#�� >!�� ^/�-� E�#�@&� ��R�

�:uX(/P�( �� .'#6 /R(�(/8P }GG�/3� u:FX(/P�( �� .'#6 /R(�(/8P ���/3� F:uX(/P�( �� .'#6 /R(�(/8P �<�(�

)�( �´ ���� ��(��‘F ‘+!',@ ,�� �U�' �m/�@. )­( �´ ���� ��(��‘u ‘m/�@. )�( �L� _:(�� % �J�[ �Q.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 62: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-426-

��/��� �'#§ >,�:) #�:�G9 ( B-���� v8P

>��#�8� T/i(��� �J/�z �@(�

)l��( )N6( )9/4(

�[���UL-L-F-F ::��\y� �8P� �� �!"� 13�

&�,

>��

*�_

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 63: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-427-

UL-L-. XP �� �!"�-. :�$¹dN��� ���d�� �� �!�

u�-�-F-} ,��

�E�#�@&� �tw� '� �E�#�@&� �,� >!�R Z8� �8hP >! >�,: ±/: {; �*+ � �c&� ���#$ �,�� m�8c B�!�� ^8c ,�� E�#�@j� �86: >!�m/h�8� T��)� ^/8c ��(U�� '� m . � ��6 Th��� ^8Ó'}:} D ��R(�6 �

^]��� WJ��� �,� !,º' ^]z N�' % ^/8�� �n-��' \J/� R(�(/8P)F(.

u�-�-F-F !�(��' R7s�

u�-�-F-F-} �=�� � �c� % X,-���� W(��� � ^]z N�' X=8�/]��� ^) � �c&� ��'1� N=s� #Y3�})�(‘}‘ .( ��($ <�(�P� �b&(t ^]z N�' � R7s� �(U��'~H \4��� �#�:' 9 �G 9 )TU)�� #Y3� u�-�-F-} .(

���� N�(�� � B86�� B 34 Z8� TU)�') {; N�(8� \z#��� D���� #�: T�/t�G9 ( v� T/7��� v�b'0/J���� >!�,P' ��Vr� 06: Dz' ,�� R7s� . ¾8 �' N�(8� \8c�,�� #����FG `�� Ì@ Tc�,�� {; �t#$ �(���' �9

}H ×3; ±/: 2�(8 ��� 2/�#�� 2�(8 l�(� �/t TU)�' 9 )�i(6 ( 2/63?� �/3��y�� 0/���� 2�@ ,@�'(BSP) . ,�6 Z8� ^]��� N�(� ©���� ¥���� % �Í34 W��b TUV % �^]��� l�#[�� �8/P' _ w�'u� 9 ,@� �

+�,: ��'�=6' �/t#$HG #J@ `�#$ �� _/ w��� v�b �#ª' �B86�� B 34 Z8� B8ÇU)�� B����8� � ���6 �4�! ���� l�(�}F l[3 ±�� 2�(8�� Í3s� W��*�� �#$ �( �� �/t 2�(� T/U)�' 9 ×3;)�i(6 ( 0/���� 2�@

2/63?� �/3��y�� ._ w� ��4L� _�! �b;'.�R]�� ­#�� X,� ���� ��8@ . �t�� ,�¤ Í3s� W��*��'�� ��c 9 �J�(� #�:' ^]��� N�' 9�4�9 .ax@ ^]z ��(K �( �� 2�(� 7/t TU)�' Í3s� W��*�� ��² �(��' . �U¤'

' T8���� ���(�6 '� ��c��� .�R]�6 +#�5� X,� ���#V ^]��� ±/�� �8/P' ��� X�,-�P� �6x�P&� Z8� >�!: �(U� �� B6 ¼'�#�� .&,�� ^]��� WJ��&�HG' FG�G R'x�� & >#�t % �UP6(8/� ��/3� \�8 .

u�-�-F-F-F 9�4 �� �'=� Ø,@� �B ��6 =7� ��V; 06�6 Í3s� W��*�� �� ,�61� ^]��� N�' ��² TJ����6 "�� #cÆ�' 06��� . ��7��� TJ���' �xJ3� °#�6 ^]��� N�(� �#c1�) ��(@ �xJ3&� ^]zFFGG �UP6(8/�

uFG ×3r� Z8� m�,3'6 )D6#��(( \8c�,�� +#�: _/ w� >!�,�6 _ w FG9 . 06: D X,-��� ��4L� _�! �b;'.�R]�� ­#�� X,� ���� �8c >! � ­#�� D3 ��Vr� . T@ Z8� R7s� =U�#�')TU)�� u�-�-F-F (

�����P� N��� ¥/�[�� Dz(�� % ��/ w�� .�!�6� B8�� b&(J�� � ���� >,�: � TL� �*+ l�5��' Fu� 9 ×}~� 9 ×� ��($ D���� D6# �(� W�:' 9 }~� ���� !�6�' 9 �G × �G × �9 .

u�-�-F-F-u %#$ ,@� ,�� B86�� B 34 � 234 T� � N=4 D���� �(U�� �/À D���� D6#�� �(µ� W���� ��($ TU� \:',�i N=4 Ø(8�� 23s� ���� �j4� p � /�#� v�b �~�9 . B 3s� ��*+ t#$ D����'

����������������)F( ^]��� % >!�R !�(�� ,¹�(� ,: �.&L� ��6 %) "Jä&� �]�6 '� WJ��&� �]�6 ( �� _��/� �/h/�/� .j�J� 2 �6

>!�8� >,����� °�(�� . �(U� ,: �.&L� �*+ %' _/(��,��� T�w ���8c >! D � �c&� ��#U� ��'#��� � ) �(�Q T/��/�"Kieselguhr“(T�J��� ��/ $ ¥/z(�� v�b' R(�(/8��� � m&,6 �.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 64: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-428-

+�,: ��'�=6 B������G������ >,���6 �t#��� 9�8�' \�t1� ��&� D �4�! . �#��� � 234 % TU)�'=s �(8��� �z#� `V >,���� NFF ����' 9 �� ��,� %' �^]��� N�' ��=3; ,�� Í3s� W��*�� �/t Tc,� �/À 9

\:',�[�� N=s� � �n(U�� TL� % ���Vr� 06: �#$ . 7z#� ��b&(t >()@ 9�8��'uG 7Uk' 9 � % 9 ,� ��� T��� \� \:',�[�� N=x8� TJP1� \8c�,�� 23s� .' B��� ������ XU@¨6 ��z( % ^]��� N�' _ w�

±��T6��� �4(�� % 2�(86 B� w 9 . �7� T� "#� b&(J�� � B��#V Z8� �8JP� � ^]��� N�' =U�#�'}F ��U��P' 9�\:',�[�� N=s� >,�: �� \7��� B�8�� B�/ 3s� B������ % B(�8 9 .

u�-�-F-F-� (U��TU/3 v8P � ��Vr� R74 �/ ��($ X'#�F� �#�:' 9P G,� ��'�' 9 u,~�X'� /X . �#�: 2/�: X�,-�P6 �v8��� l8�'���Vr� ��Ò Í��6 Ti(�' l8 TUV % �9 . � mjUV l8�� *c5� �� \] ��'

TU)�� % B�/ �� B8U)��u�-�-F-u .�� 23s�' N�(�� W: B6 �t��� �(U�' E�#�@&� l8� \8J�FG9 . �� �b;'�=�� � ­�#S N�(�� W:' l8�� B6 ��Vr� v8P q�² �=� 2ª �3¨t �^ �8� B86: �Q � ���� . v8��� �n-��'

��,V ¾8 � _6� \h6#7� �/� �,[�}GT:1� Z8� � � .

u�-�-F-F-� � \J/8�� R(�(/8��� E�#�@j� �86: >!�� X,-���lJµ)u( B6 �t/�� ��($� ¼'�#�� �*�� �G' F�G +#�: ^P(� �(U�' m�#�'#U/F�m�#�'#U/ . �� 7Uk ,�=� & �� $ % �/�1� lJ�'F� ,�� 9 }G� º ��(´

�R(�� . � Ì@)T:1� Z8� .�P D6�� >,� ( lJ� % £J�')�JJ� >! Z8� �(�º ( >=+4 �(U�' !y� Ì@�Pj�X�,- . � T:� N�� � �(��� �(U� �� \] ��'G,��s� �R(�� � Ð . B@ {; l/Jx��� #���� �#1� 28�� �b;'

� ���� �*+ {; �(i(��.

u�-�-F-F-� �/�4# !�(�� X=8��G' v��(8U�� E(t �@ Ð�G' \h X(�!(i .��(8� �(8K Ð�� �@ Ð\h v�#�3.

u�-�-F-F-� !,º �� \] ��>y�-�� >!�� =/�#� #�#���� % . 2ª �3¨t ��� ) T/�K \+ >y�-�� Th�(��� _3� �b;' +�,: >��#@ �4�! ,�� +���FG º��(´.

u�-�-F-u � �c&� ���#$

u�-�-F-u-} 2/�#� �',6 �U�' �B-���� R74' ^]��� �:$ T�(� R74 D 2/�#��� TU�� R7s� Dz(�xJ3&� °#:TJP� {; ��Vr� ��Ò �/t >!(4(�� 23s� �(U� �/À T@ Z8� ��3U % � . ^8Ó'F,� Th��� � 9Q

D �� �c� ­(8���F,�2/8�� 2/�: X�,-�P6 �/44R >�'�: % �s� R(�(/8��� � 9Q . |o +� )1'4d�� |I��$���87�� &����� X� C�� ?,�3 #,� �' n8�� 1�87I w�� �_`8]��� n8�� 1) . �b; �#c� .�� �c� N�#4; X=8� &'

�´ ���6 '� ^8�� �/8��6 X/��� N��� �(8-�� T��V� .( N�' {; �l/J�� E#��� D >�]i .�t! Z8� ��(8-�� ���'� TUV �]�� &� 97�� �' �m�,/4 �� 0j' ��Vr� l8 �(@ 5 � �(8-�� �� � ,�5��� D ^]��� �/8�� �jc l8�

�´ ���� .� �(8�� _/ w��� >!�,P XU@¨6 _ w�' �3U % �xJ3&� °#: Dz(�' . ���Vr� T@ {; ��´ �� ,�6 N�(�� T���'����������������

)u( �3#t % � �c&� T/iJ�� ©$(�� �[�&� =�# � �,[�� D4#�� Z8� �([L� �U¤) T/�*��� #Y3��.(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 65: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-429-

��V; �3�=c % '� � P� ���, >#È� �3�=c % N�(�� Dz(�' �Z8�� {; �xJ��� °#: ���' . N6#7U�� �,[ Ti(�'� T/i(��� %#�6 �/��� >,V �(U� �/À ��Vr� ���)� B/4��}G� � . N,6 B6 \���� �*�� _:(�� �(U� �� 2ª'

��(@ \h6#7U�� �/��� T/i(� ¼�J T/])�' ^8�� �/8��}G`h:! .

u�-�-F-u-F B6 �:j��� 9//��6 ¥��� 2P� R74 Z8� ^]��� �:$ T�(� R74 �� >�![�� >�Vr� Tnx���� 9h�! TxP % �3/6 Dz'' ^]���' �=)�/3/ �� .(P#�� T/x��� R7S T[� _:� T/x�� R74 Tw .( �n-��'

>#�t \���� �� {; '� �xJ3&� °#: E=��� �� {; �(8-���GT:1� Z8� �/3� . |o +� ���t )��A=�"� ��O C?7�� ¤ �xE�� ��À Y�p;� �t � O #��� `8]�� -��no��� K �#��Y 1�_ j����P" ��D���3"� x�§� . Z8� ­�� 0Ñ �#�'

�/�4# >! T�' �(8-�� . � ^]��� WJ��& XRj�� �=�� Tx��'�HG {; �UP6(8/� FG�G E(t �UP6(8/� �(s� ^]��� .l/�[�8� X,-��� q�� \+ ��P(��� �/�=�� >#�J��'.

u�-�-F-� #$' � �c&� ����h���� 9//�� ���

u�-�-F-�-} \8� ±P� Z8� � �c&� �h�3 9//�� 9��:

)�( ¶m/h�8� T��)� R(�(/8��� D >!�� �(8§ �� �b; )­( � ^]��� WJ��& XRj�� ^P(��� �=�� �3���HG {; FG�G ^P(��� �=�� D �UP6(8/�

�/�4#�� !�(�� ��@ % #I���.

u�-�-F-�-F >!�8� >,������ �h[�� ,�,��� � �c&� ��� \8� �/t:

�´ ���� ��(��‘}‘ : - � ��6 �(8§ % m/h�8� T��)� >!��}:}¶R(�(/8��� {; >y�-�� >!�� � ��R(�6 � - � ��6 �(8§ % ^]��� WJ��& ^P(��� �=�� �(U� '�}:} (/8��� {; >!�� � �R(�6 R(�

� ��6 �(8-� ^P(��� �=�� � T:�}:} �=�/�#� �4�! v��(8� E(t �@ � �R(�6 �G Р{;R(�(/8���.

�´ ���� ��(��‘F‘ : - � ��6 �(8§ % ^]��� WJ��& ^P(��� �=�� �(U�}:} R(�(/8���� {; >!�� � �R(�6 (8§ % ^]��� WJ��& ^P(��� �=�� �� T�� '� �'�� � ��6 �}:} �(�8K � �R(�6

�=/�#� �4�! X(�!([�� .��(8� � \h��¶R(�(/8��� {; Ð - �´ ���� ��(�� ��� >!�� `�� &'‘}‘.

�´ ���� ��(��‘u‘ : - � ��6 �(8§ % ^]��� WJ��& ^P(��� �=�� �(U�}:} �� T�� '� �'�� R(�(/8��� {; WJ��& ^P(��� �=�� � ��6 �(8§ % ^]���}:} v��#���� ��L \h �(8K � �R(�6

�=/�#� �4�!�G¶R(�(/8��� {; Ð - ��� >!�� `�� &'�´ ���� q�(�� ‘}‘' ‘F‘.

� �)�� ��c�-} : - � ��6 �(8-� ^]��� WJ��� �(U�}:} �� T�:� R(�(/8��� {; >!�� � �R(�6 FG�G ¶�UP6(8/�

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 66: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-430-

- � � ��6 �(8-� ^]��� WJ��& ^P(��� �=�� �(U� '}:} �ã � \h �(8K � �R(�6 �=/�#� �4�! v�#������ Ð {;R(�(/8���.

W#J�� .$�#�V� NJ/�P� \] �� ���Ç�� '� �P �(U� �5� ��#c� #$§ p �(U� q�� !�(�8� � ���6' F-G-u � ��hj���/4b(���� �/�/Y����.

u�-�-F-� �h��8� �8w�

1A��+�� `8]� no��� <�=��" nP��� k'?��

1 d+�F:F Y��8d�� �' )1���� |88�'( �#�5�� � �)�� ��c�-} FG~GG D ) \h �(8K �X(/3(1� .'#� \h�� � �)�� ��c�-} ��GG D ) \h �(8K �X(/��U�� .�#�3

�´ ���� ��(��‘u‘ �}uu �#�3D ) \h �(8K �,�,L� . �´ ���� ��(��‘F‘ }�~� D ) \h �(8K �X(/w/8�� .��(8� E(t �´ ���� ��(��‘F‘ ��� D ) \h �(8K �X(/��]�� .��(8� E(t � �)�� ��c�-} �F�G D ) \h �(8K �TU/��� .�#�3 �´ ���� ��(��‘u‘)­( ����)�( =/�#� �v�#�3 �@��% �h��

�´ ���� ��(��‘F‘ }F})�( =/�#� �v��(8� E(t �@�G�h�� % �´ ���� ��(��‘}‘ �H =/�#� �v��(8� E(t �@���h�� % � �)�� ��c�-} F��HG �=/�#� � �3 \h �(8K �X(/P�( �� .�#�3uG�h�� % � �)�� ��c�-} )�( D ) \h �(8K ���J�� .�#�3

�´ ���� ��(��‘F‘ F���)�( �=/�#� � �3 \h �(8K �X(�!([�� .��(8��G�h�� % �´ ���� ��(��‘u‘ �}uu �=/�#� � �3 \h �(8K �X(�!([�� .�#�3���h�� %

�8c >! )�( N :R(�(/8P

)�( .�y�-�� B6 �/t �3���� ­�x��� � ��P(��� ��/���. )­( �´ ���� ��(��‘u ‘ � �#�� �U�' �� �cj� �x/�3~#$-�� ./� P� �',4 � . )�( (+' Z[:1� ^]��� {; �(i(�� 9�� ³FG�G�UP6(8/� .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 67: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-431-

�xJ3&� °#: _/ w� >!�,P B8�� °i#�� � ��8@

Í34 W��b ±e ��8@

"�� 2�: �b&(t D�:

)N6( )��!( )''�( )N@( )��( )9/(

^]��� N�' �',6 ��Vr� 06: �xJ3&� °#:

^]��� ±/� 2�(� �'=� 2�:

�=��� `3=�� ��8@ `/)�� =@

)l��( )9/4( )N+( )��R( )N�( )X&( )�(3(

�[���UL-L-.-F :no��� >�I�

��N

>��

>�3

9"

q�Y���:�#>��

&�,

>��

*�_

��

&�'

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 68: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-432-

�[���UL-L-.-. :Y�[��"� �'�3

*�_-*�_

*�_ *�_

&�'V

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 69: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-433-

1Z%8' :B�/ �� B8U)�� ,@� X�,-�P� �U¤.

��V; l8 �R� � �:

��V; ��Ò

)l��( )N6( )9/4( )��!(

�[���UL-L-.-U ::��\y� Y�p,

:�#

&�,>��

*�_ *�_

&�,

:�#

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 70: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 71: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-435-

] W#J��u� -�c&� E#$' l/�[��� .�N�#4r R(xK � �#�6 �8[��� �����' � �[

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 72: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 73: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-437-

] W#J��u� -#$' l/�[��� .�N�#4r R(xK �c&� E � �#�6 �8[��� �����' � �[

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 74: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 75: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-439-

<�=��Uf ��>��,E ������� �� �!"� C�D� *�+6��� 1 ���� #�B 186���V

Uf-F��o��

u�-}-} � �#�� % �4�,�� ���1� !�(�� l/�[�� >,���� 91� XY3 W#J�� �*+ "#��~) B�#J�� #Y3�F-~-} 'F-~-F �hj�� � � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� .( W#J�� l[�'u�-� T��� � �c� ���#$ T/�,�� �*+ � . ����#$ !n,��'

9:� �/4(��� % ,8s� % T����G� T[�J�� % l/�[��� ���' �![�:&� �'����' �/����� ��Y� .7/4(� � F-~ �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� � . � � 0/8t �,8x8� ���� \+ m>! �� �n/ � �b;' .��� �c� N�#4; *h,�� ��'#�� T����

l/�[��� "�#Q1 <,���.

Uf-.C��+��

u� -F -} l/�[���� .�N�#�4; T���8� ���n,��� >,��,s� .x���� Z8� ` �� �� \] �� >!,��� % >#��J�� F -~ -F -�)�) (‘F‘ ( \�8�� ��Q m�#� .�� �c&� N�#4; �U� ³ ��/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� �

) mjw �����8� �/h�=/J�� °�(�� 2 �6 .( >!(�4( !(��6 D 7�3��� 7J/�[� �n/��� +� �c� ��*��� q�� !�(��' .T��8� ,�,4 ��� ¢,�� T : l/�[��� .�N�#4; `/ �� \] ��'.

Uf-U *�+6��� ��>��,E

P� l/�[� N�#4; �U¤ �/À T�í��� #$§ 9//��� �/���� � �c&� E#$ _��iT���� "�#Q1 2.

Uf-L�#���� �NÁ� �� �!� C�D

Uf-L-F'$�'1

u�-�-}-} 9/4 � �c&�-} : �� ��U¤ q�� � 8[�� X�41�' Th�(��� % T�í��� °�(c ,�,� {; �,7� � �c� � �#�� � >#�c Dh�6 TwÄ' T���� N��� �8hP ¥ [�~ �´ ���� ��(�� �‘u‘.

u�-�-}-F !�(��' R7s�

Dz( ^P(�� {; "o#��8� � ���6 7��k ¾8 � ¥hJi � .�o/��� l�5�� �� \] �� �l/�[��� F 9� �/���� !�(�� � �� � ��(�[ :

- �JÇ8]�� �Q ���(356 X(/�(�1�7075-T6 '� AZ5GU-T6 � - W(��� � b&(J��S235JR+CR) 1.0037 ��(��� Z8� ¶ST 37-2( W(���� '� �S275J2G3+CR

)1.0144 ��(��� Z8� �St 44-3( W(��� '� �ISO 3574 ,n@(�� 9/:#��� XY3 �(UNS) G10200 '� � W(���SAE 1020) TU)�� #Y3�u�-�-}.(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 76: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-440-

�� T�� & ����P� \] ��u �,� TU� .�o/��� � .�(�� ) b&(t �X(/�(�� .( ­(U�� � )� N�' T�J�8� T�����') &� �(8t ,�,� \�6� >! '� �4=�� �B8/� ( TU)�� % B (+ ��u�-�-F 2�P� 9�x@ .�b E��� ��j� �� ) �mjwNS 29/32 `�� {; �tzr6 NS 14 (TU)�� % �o/ (+ �� ��o/��� ­�/�P& u�-�-} 9�x@ 'b D�6�� `��' �

!�,��� l¹wU ­�/�P& �� . m�� N�(�� {; N�(p� �(c! �(U� �� \] ��' . � �c� �U¤' % b&(J��' X(/�(�1� .�o/� �J8�§ T�J� �/�'� . !�,��� l¹wU� R7s� !o'=� Th��� % ,�t �',@ D��') TU)�� #Y3�u�-�-F.(

Fig. 2: receptacle

20 mm

50m

mØ 3 mm

FG9

u 9 Ø �G9

�[���Uf-L-F:1+��I

�[���Uf-L-.:#�$��� *®H[B #�?' ����� >�I�

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 77: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-441-

�� 7J/�[� !�#�� >!�� 9x@ �T�� & �� �� �c&� N�#4r �\] ��},� �� �/�� �(U� �� ���� v�b' �#�� ��8�J��� >! 78U6 ��#���� >, �jc �/t� . �h��3 �(8�� �/]� �'! � m�,4 �8�(��� � �c&� .�#�t \��� ,: ��/@1� ��6 %'

� �P .� ��&� B�6 �/���� !(� �� *c�� �� � �c&� N�#4; >!�; �!J�' ��/�i �h�3 Z8� �([L� T4� � �o/���':

)�( T/��� �(U� ��¶� �c&� >, �8/$ >#t(� �4R��� )­( T��í�8� 7��/86: % Î(�8 #o/]� �� �',@ D�� \JU� �4�,6 m�� � ���/��� 9x@ �(U� ��

¶� �c&� N���

1Z%8': �, ,�,��� ��/��� 2/�#�� T/8� N�#4; � �c&� ��² ,�� \] �� �3¨t �T�)�� ��6 �',@ D:(��� � �� �b;o/]���!J��� '� #o- ��� �x/�3 �,º ,: �� �7 /�#� Z8� �#$ �*�� #.

u�-�-}-u � �c&� ���#$

�� / @ �/� >#J�P E�(6 �/3,��� ¥hJ[�� T�[� �� 2ª}FG . ��Ç:,6 ��/3,��� .�o/��� �R' �o/���' �,��� & ± G,GGGF Xã % �(�U�� ��P�(6 T�[�� ��6 � �8-��� ,�6 9Q ����R;' �/�([��� E(t .�!!#��6 T���

�(�/P16 9�)�� . ¥��8� �/h/�/� �s� ��� N�#4; �� W��&� \] ��') õ� �×/����� '� l/Y���� ( �� �',�L m���">�w�P�" �/t �/��P ) '� ^/ w��� �/8�J�� _ � .( (�[ �:(w �Q �(/c ��P�(6 N�(�� Tc�! .�o/��� `�8�� �� �U¤' ��

B8/�r� �(8t ,�,� \�6� � . "#]�� �*p �/3,��� ¦jP1� ����P� X,� \] �� �� . % �!��� Z8� � �c&� �, � �� 2ª' m�,�/7Ä .��o/��� £JL � P��� �6�,��� *-o�� ³ �7/8� ,/��� �� $ TU)� �'! ��(8/�8� �/t .#o�@ �*�� X(/�� 0J3

�!��� .�� �cj� .%' �^��t 7J[3 Ì@ �/3w�� 0�]�' ��(8�� % 78U6 .�/��� �,@; 0�]� �� \] �� � �c� T� �� ,�[��� �- �� % �w�w�� Z��,� �� �U¤ ��/6 . % 7�8U6 _��Q q�� ���/�8� ��(8��� �tL� B6 �t��� �(U� �� 2ª'

Th��� ¥�P' �(8��}G9 .o�� Z8� °#L� \] ��'Th�8� ��,�t �� 2 .

,�� � �c&� >��#@ �4�! Z8� �Yt�� \] ���� ± }º �(���� >��#�@ ��4�! v��b % �� � �c&� >#�t ��($ ��(´ �(8��8� ��- ��.

,@�' W( P� �� T�� & >,� ��6w�� �'#Y�� �*p ¥hJ[�� "o#�� �� 2ª)}�~ ± }��P .(

�� �� �c&� N7�3� ,�6' \�/ $ '� \���i� #�V .�b >V#t ��P�(6 lÇY��' �/3,��� .�o/��� l�)� �� \] ) <,� �Q .( �/U/3U/ ���#�6 7���R; 2�[� q�� �� �� � ��8-�8� ��n w l/Y�� T/�K X�,-�P� �U¤') . �oP#��� '� T�í��� ���(3

��[�8�� .( ,+V ��/� à�� �� \] �� .&L� v8� %' ���#��� 0J�6 �zo#� �Q >) ���� �=/�#��� �>��#L� �4�! ��=��¥���� ( l/Y���� �(8K �� ����� �8�U�� ,:t ,�,��� . T��í��� �(�J� 9//�� N�#4; T : ��/��� �*+ ¼#$ 2ª' . \�] ��'

6 T��� Xã % �(�/P1�' �(�U�6 7J/Y�� � N7�3&� ,�6 �/3,��� .�o/��� �R' ,�,� �7J/J�' �/�([�� E(t .�!!#�� .T�í��� ��#P ,�,� % �� ��&6 �,��8� �/�(��� �8�U�� *c� ,�6 ������ �8�U�� �t#� ,/J�'.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 78: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-442-

u�-�-}-� �h���� 9//�� ���#$' � �c&� ���

T�í��� .���5� � B�¸ B6 =//���� 2ª.

u�-�-}-�-} ��� T��� ��@ % � �c&� 9//��9Y�

mj�í� .�o/��� #w�56 `8���� �8�U�� ,:t ����P� 2ª �9Y���� T�í��� ��@ % . � �c&� �x/�3 y���'���� �',s� % >�(�*�� ��/��� � Z8�� �/3,��� ��o/��� ¥�P Z8� �8�U�� ,:t �� �b; � 4( ²� Z8�:

:�$;�Uf-L-F-L-F: ��+��8� �#(� 18�[�� $O�t 1=8�� ����� ����t $��

18�[�� $O�t ������� ���t

}u,� �X��

F�,� Ð }�m(�

uH,F Ð F}m(�

�},� Ð F~m(�

1Z%8': ���/: T�í� �,� ±P� Z8� 9/��� �*+ 2���,F�9 /��P.

u�-�-}-�-F \�z(�� T��� ��@ % � �c&� 9//��

234 {; ¥���� % \�z( T�í� �,º ,�� `��� `�� ��� ��� m&,6 '� �/t 9Y���� T�í���`/���� T�í��� ,�,��� ^�t X,-��� '� ������� % �[�3 y�� �� ��/t 2�� . `��1� T�í��� Et �b;') !n,º �(P �*��

�/t�#Q(�� ���#�6 (� 4( ²� Z8� y��� �x/���� �¨t ����� �',s� % >�(�*�� 9/��� .

:�$;�Uf-L-F-L-. :������� ���t $�� �NÁ�8� �#(� W7���

�#(� �NÁ��� W7I ������� ���t}FGm3'#U/ �X�� F�Gm3'#U/ }�m(� u�Gm3'#U/ F}m(� �~Gm3'#U/ F~m(�

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 79: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-443-

<�=��UV �� �!"� C�D� *�+6��� ��>��,E

������� 1 ����� 186���0 UV-F '$�'1

����� � �#�� % �J�[�� D8���' !�(�6 �8[��� �����' � �c&� E#$' l/�[��� .�N�#4; W#J�� �*+ H.

u~-F z����x ����� �8%�8� 18����� 9��'(� ����� �$·_

UV-.-F ��o��

u~-F-}-} XY3 .�� �c&� T/�! � W#J�� �*+ "#��>,���� 91� X(�/3(1� .�#�3 >,k� l/�[�� % �J�[��� � �)��H) 9:� #Y3� >,���� 91� FG�} °�� 9UL�' }Hu % �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� .( ���[ � �c&� ���#$'

T�8���� Z8� X(/3(1� .�#�3 >,k� � !k �/86: ,�,���m/��b Ti�(���.

UV-.-. C��+��

u~-F-F-} �� >,�,s� .x���� Z8� �#� �� \] �� l�#��6 m&(�) 7 /�#� �� �b; l/�[��� .�N�#4; T��8� �,� 9:� .�b >!��>,���� 91� FG�} .T��8� ,�,4 ��� ¢,�� T : l/�[��� .�N�#4; �#� �� \] ��'.

UV-.-U *�+6��� ��>��,E

u~-F-u-} ���� % �,6 �*�� T8���� �� �b; ,�,��� � �c&� ���#$ ` �� �� \] �� �8�U�� % #)��/P �/�z(78U6 . >#�J�� % !#� � Zi(�� � �c&� ���#$'u~-F-� . X(�/3(1� .�#�3 !k >! \+ >!�� _3� �b; ,�,�'

� �#�� % �J�[��H� �c&� �x/�3 ±P� Z8� �(U� �& X� �.

u~-F-u-F �´ ���� ��(�� % �|�,��‘u ‘/3(1� .�#�3 >,k� D/M � �#�� % �J�[�� X(H.

u~-F-u-u 9:� % �(�*�� 2/�#��� .�b X(/3(1� .�#�3 >,k� � ��� �U¤ >,���� 91� FG�} ���zc ��Q T�8��8� �86: ²� B � �b; �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj� m/��b Ti�(��� ,�=� .�#�3 T� ��(�K >,k1� v8� �(U� & �� ���#V �

Z8� 7� �3}G �R(�6 Ð) �6(�K +� ��6X(/P�(6 .�#�3.(

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 80: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-444-

UV-.-L ��O �� �!"�-F: z����x ����� �8%�8� ����+�� c8I 1��~� �$·(� 1�8��O $�$%�� �r� �� �!�����%8� ��$6���

u~-F-�-} ,��

T8��8� T6��� !���� �n#��m/��b Ti�(���z(�� T8���� �, � !k �356 78U6 ��8�� % �)�3&6 �/t \� ."(L� � �c� N�#4¨6 T8���� � W(��� �*p "o#��8� ��8�3 28�/P � !k T/ ,�,� �U¤' . T8� ,Ç�(� �� �c&� �*+ %'

m/�t� 2�# "(@ % ��(z( !���� � �� $ % \�z( .; ,�6 T8���� �)�3� �, ±��'¹�(�� >��#L� �,[ ���R�� >,.

u~-F-�-F !�(��' R7s�

u~-F-�-F-} R7s� �(U��) TU)��u~-F-�-} ( �/8c�,�� �!�6� "(@ �}�G × }�G × �GG �t#$' 9 ¼(�J Z8�1� . ��6# .��t .�b �U V � "(L� �*+ D�[��')�,[� & b&(t � �(U� �� T�J� ( (e �(�� D8z �($

},� 7�jP� vk' 9 },G�' 9 7z#� ��b&(t � �: � �mjw �W(�[ �$; Z8� =U�#}� 7Uk' 9 F9 .2P� T@ Z8� "(L� Dz' \] ��' . � ^��� 7� >� � �/�� T�ª (e Z8� ��ð/|��4 9x@ WR(�� q�� >,k1�'

'� �#]i� .��t .�b �U V � W(�[ "(@ % y�A �� \] �� ­(�w�� �jc-T�, �-(@ % .�b �U )6 �� "#]i� .��t .�7 4 !ªr >#��� >�([6 >��#L� � �� �,: �t(� \] �� �� �c&� N,6 ,��'9Y�� T8� .

u~-F-�-F-F Ø �B-��8� B�8�,6 B���#�6 Zi(�:

N6#7U�6 B-���� . \h6#7� B-�� >,@' Dz(�) >�,���F�G��' (L� Tc�! �,[� & b&(t � E',�i % ,�� �"( �/t#$ ,@�) TU)��u~-F-�-F .( \+ �b&(J�� E',�[�� !�6�'}�� × }�� × }G �3��,4 vk' 9 u9 . \] ��'

���#@ =4À !���� 0j� & �*�� E',�[�� 234 ��ã) 7Uk ��R� ��/Ji�9 .( E',�[�� 234 ��ã �U¤' ��/J[6 '� X(/�(�1� � �::#6 >��#�8� "#����,[8� T6��� �Q b&(J�� �.

R]�� ,:�( . ��b&(t ��/Ji Dz(�) B6 7Uk ¼'�#��}' 9 u9 ( ��ij �(U� �/À ��/t#$ ,@� ,�� �"(L� Tc�! v8��� � ��(�[�� �U )8�) TU)��u~-F-�-} .( N�6; Z8� ���!:' "(L� T@ % B� w ��,:(� ��/J[�� �-��'

/J[�� >��#@ �4�! B6 ���GG º' ��(´~GG º���! #ã� >��#@ �(86 �� ���(´.

u~-F-�-F-u �� >� � ����#@ =4@ 2�#�� �"(�8� \4��� 23s� �($ Z8� �>��#L� ­#�� �'! ��(8/�8� ��b&(t ��/Ji) 7UkF9 ( ,�6 Z8� ��#$ � m �#�� 9P �,�� B-���� �#ª �*�� "(L� �.

u~-F-�-F-� $; �U¤�,[� & b&(t � �h�=4� D/M D�[6 R7s� #�� �� . �� �b; ��ic �/Ø� �� #�1� �*+'�/U8P �U V � m�(�[ "(L�.

u~-F-�-F-� �,�� �,º �*�� _:(�� T/x��' >!�� % ��(z( ����#@ .4'!= X�,-�P6 �)�3&� ±/: �U¤�7 4 �(i' ,�� >��#L� �4�! % Ô4J WJ���� ����#L� �4'!=�� {; T�J��.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 81: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-445-

u~-F-�-u � �c&� ���#$

u~-F-�-u-} >#È?� �U¤ �@(�J ���� % '� ����� T8���� .�RQ ���Rr >#È1� ^J)� N�Q _� R7s� 2�#����(7�6 7/t _�)�� �� .@ Dz' T�J�� � �3¨t �� �c&� N�#4; ,�� �xJ3� �',@ #�c ¦�+ 0/� �3� D' � �E�' =4

mjw 2P� �JV v/�Pj6R7s�' � �c&� 2:�# B6 �.

u~-F-�-u-F '� m/h6#7� ; "(L� %#$ ,@� ,�� T8���� �/8�� �, ��' �T��8� ,��� TU)�6 �!���6 "(L� ?����j�� B (+ �� R]�� ,:�(� .��� % �,6 ,: !���� �� £@j� �� {; B-���� #����' ,: T8���� �7 4 ��' T�J�6 T8�

.#)�3�) B6 ¼'�#�� �t��u' 9P �m �#�� 9P ( �8i�( B��� ,: ��4�,�� �� ���#@ . � .�b .x���� _3� �b;' �B��P B-���� . ��6'*8� mj/ >,k1� .,6� �b;'l/�z 2786 �� �`t#6 B-���� 24'.

u~-F-�-u-u ,�6FG � m �#�� ��/:! T8���� �7 4 Dz( Tx��� �B-���� �� l:(��� . Dz(�� �*+ ,�,� �U¤' mjw © �� � ��(8�� �j�c� �Y@j�)T8���� �Q !��8�( �/61� {; �)T8���� !��8� .( q�� >��#L� .4�! �3��� '�

T8���� ����� ^/� q�� ����#L� .4'!=�� � >�'x� ��'R� 7�/ � .U¤' _:(�� T/x��' � :�#�6 �)�3&� �,� ,�,� �����#L� .4'!=�� .�N�#: � '� . �,º �� �b; '� B-���� l:' ,�6 �)�3� ¦�+ �U� ³ �b; T/x�� 2ª'

3�78U6 >!�� % �)�.

u~-F-�-� �h���� 9//�� ���#$' � �c&� ���

u~-F-�-�-} �� % T8���� #)�3� �b; T8��8� T6: !���� �� y��� �78U6 >!m/��b Ti�(���.

u~-F-�-�-F T8���� #�c Z8� �(��� & !���� �� y��� �78U6 >!�� % T8���� #)��� ³ �b;m/��b Ti�(���.

u~-F-�-� �h��8� �8w�

1234' :�� X(/P�( ��' �(JP(J��' B4'#�/��� 2��6 ,V#���� &� \] �� Z8� !���� >�,: ,�,� ,�� !k % >!(4(>!(4(�� �/h/�/U�� !�(�� W�(3� Z8� ,���� �*+ �1 m/��b Ti�(��� T�8����.

1A��+�� �����"� 1t�d' )&P( �#�5��+ �G B4'#���� � 2�# !k X(/P�( ��' �(JP(J��' }�-}} -FF)�( - }G �(JP(J��' B4'#���� � 2�# !k X(/P�( ��' }�-}} -~)�( - }G X(/P�( ��' �(JP(J��' B4'#���� � 2�# !k}�-}� -}�)�( - }G X(/P�( ��' �(JP(J��' B4'#���� � 2�# !kF}-}� -}�)�( + �G X(/P�( ��' �(JP(J��' B4'#���� � 2�# !k}F-}F -}~)­(

)�( ,��(8� Z8� �(�º. )­( !� Z8� �(�º �� T�� ,��(8U�� � �3 �U�' �±����' _�6(U�� � �8/´z #�}�h�� % .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 82: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-446-

��6# ��b&(t ��/Ji) 7�8z �($}�G B6 ¼'�#�� 7Uk' 9 }' 9 u9 ( RQ �,:()mjw ����6 '� (8U/� W(3 �(

>��#L� � E�' =4@) vkF9 ( T@)28i � �: � mjw W(�[ 7z#� }� 7Uk' 9 F9 (

\U V "(@)�!�6� }�G × }�G × �GG9 (

)l��( )N6( )9/4( )��!( )N+(

�[���UV-.-L-F :1'�I# K X� H' k�$O' �' |[ \ �3

:�#

&�,

>��

*�_

>��

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 83: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-447-

�,[8� T6��� �Q 28[�� '� X(/�(�1� � ��/Ji) 7Uku9 ( ��R� ��/Ji) 7Uk�9 (

��/Ji �,[8� T6��� �Q 28[�� '� X(/�(�1� �) 7Uku9 ( "(L� % B-���� R74 Dz(

)l��( )N6( )9/4( )��!(

�[���UV-.-L-. : |����p[�� X]d��� Y�p,) ��$���.Q/��� (

&�,>��*�_

:�#

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 84: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-448-

UV-U 9�H�8�� ����_� 9�H�8�� ?8t �������

UV-U-F ��o��

� B��� q�� .�N�#4r� W#J�� �*+ "#�� X(/w/8�� .3(�� �jc' X(/w/8�� =8t l/�[�� �7� �) X:�� #Y3�1��>,���� 9 uGHG' u�~G' u�~} T[J�� � �� ���� �i�� XU@1�' u-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj��.(

UV-U-. C��+��

u~-u-F-} Z8� .�� �c� X(/w/8�� .3(��' X(/w/8�� =8t .���6' �jc Z8� �#� B��UL� % ­(�8��� (���� Bi��}~~ ' FuG T[J�� � u-u � �/4b(���� �/�/Y���� ��hj�� .���� �� '� ��j�� �� B� W(3 T�3 T : .

�/@3 � �� �c� �#4 W(3 �� l8�A q�� .��� �� '� �j��':

)�( '� 2���� 2���� ��8�� �]� �.��� ��' �/�'1� �j�� ��@ % �(�8�� '� 24(�� 2���� Z8� ,�=� � ��6 \h6#7U��G,} '� 9Q FG ¶y�� �7o�� �8�U�� � �h�� %

)­( ��(�� % �]� ���)�� >!�r �86��� .��� ��' �j�� ��@ %- Z8� ,�=� � ��6 ��P FG % � #w�56 ^�(J�� % >!�R '� �h��FG'� ¶�h�� %

)�( �� �/]�¹��� �c&� �h�3 Z8� m�! #.

�6(8��� .�� �c&� 7/8� �#�' m�,�,4 m�(3 y���.

%j��� �Rj�� .�(��� *-�� �� �c&� .$�#�V� � #w�� '� m�,@�' .��� �� '� �j�� � W(3 NJ/�P� X,� ��@ %'�c� T : v�b' �6#x��� T)t {; .o!� q�� �([��� �4� '� �4' ,�,4 � ���� �� '� �/8�� �.

u~-u-F-F �� "�#Q1�/���� l������ X,-��� �l/�[�:

X(/w/8�� � �Mr� �(��� :�� % X�#]�6 X(/w/8�� � �(��� W(������ �� 7� �(U�� q�� �j.

����6 :h�! ThP(6 m/h6#7� mj/i(� 7�/6 �/t �Ç8i( #w�� '� >,@�' �/8c� 7� ���.j���' T/i(��� ��#$�' �j]�.

1Z%8': >!� Z��� q�� .�,@(��".���6 ��(��" (battery packs) "�/ /�#� .�,@'" )modules ( '�" .��/��.���6" "battery assemblies" �6 �+� ��6 T|�� �#c� .�,�� �:�8� �,[ �t(� �/�/h#�� 7�J/I' �(U� q��' .��

�/�/Y���� ��hj�� �*+ "�#Q1.

o�=�� ����6 '� �/8c :+#�: �� T)�� 7�J��� T�� ��#h�! >�]i ����6 '� �/8c.

�/8�c : �JÇ8] >,/@' �/h/�/�#7� >,@') \h6#7� 2�: p')!'#�U�� ( Í8P #cd' aª; ( B�6 ^�(�t E#�t ,4(�'7/t#$ . ' �/�/Y���� ��hj�� �*+ 24(�' l��#�� #�i�� �JÇ8]�� �/h/�/�#7U�� >,@(�� %(��� �,�6 �3¨t �T/�,�� �*+

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 85: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-449-

"�/8c" y��� ²¨t ��+ !��(�� "�/8c" 0/�' "����6" Z��� >,@(�� _3� �b; �� #Y��� �]6 �"����6" '� " >,/@' �/8c" T/�,�� �*+' �/�/Y���� ��hj�� E�3 ��c.

#[���� �/8�� : ��(z( �/8c����6 %.

>�'! :��)�� >!�r �86: ����6 '� �/8� TU�� ¾�#J��� É TU�� ��)�� � >,@�' ��6�� �8�8P.

vUJ� : v8��� � �U V ����6 '� �/8c � N=4 �� � � 8i >! �/t E#�A �U % E=Ä '� 0/J��) X(�/�(�� v8P �#�: �n,8G,F� 7�tw� �U V % 9 � '� �P� #��/����� % ¦j ( ,�6 Z8� ��(z(F����� �� '� �/8�� � 9P .

�6#���� >!�� :7� ­o#�� '� 7/t 0/J�� �',@ ,�� ����6 '� �/8c � �#Ó �*�� R]�� '� Th��� .

{'1� >�',�� :D/�[��� ./8�� D/M ��U�P� 2��� >�'! �'�.

TU�6 �3(�) :r �86: ����6 '� �/8c9/�[��� 2�@ >�n,��� 7�:$ {; T[� Ì@ m/h6#7� _���V ��)�� >!�.

o; TU�6 �Q#J:

¶mÄ >�n,��� 7�:$ ���Rr m/h6#7� _Q�#�t ����6 '� �/�o'� �/8c |[�� T f: � !n,�� �c1� _�(J�� {; m/h6#7� _Q�#t ��)�� >!�r �86: ����6 '� �/8c '�D��.

>� � ����6 : Z8� ,�=� �/�M; �8�U6 X(/w/8�� .3(�� � ����6 '� X(/w/8�� =8t � ����6}F9]� .

>� � �/8c : Z8� 24(�� 2���� % X(/w/8�� �(�K ,�=� X(/w/8�� =8t � �/8c}F ��/8c '� �TU�� ��)�� ��@ % m�#Q ��' �,��/ Z8� ,�=� ��P}�G��' /% ��PX(w/8�� .3(�� �/8c ��@ .

­#�� :����6 '� �/8c � !�(�� ­#��.

X(/w/8�� �(�K : 2����� % X(�/w/8�� ��8�� ©�� �/8�� ��@ %' �X(/w/8�� �U/ P' X(/w/8�� =8t .���6' �jc Z8� ` ��� ,�� �/�n'1� �/8�� % ±��' �X(/w/8�� �U/ P '� X(/w/8�� =8t �/8� 24(�� ��/8�� % ±���' ¾�#J��� ��@ % �/8�� �(U�

TU�� ��)�� ��@ % ��)�� >!�r �86��� . % X(�/w/8�� � �(��� .�#Q W(�� �'�� X(/w/8�� � ���� �� �(�K'���� 8� �3�(U�� �j�� .

X(/w/8�� .3(�� ����6 '� �/8c : !�r �86: �/h/�/�#7� ����6 '� �/8c Í8���' aªr� �/h6#7U�� � ���� �(U� ��)�� > B���� B �#� 7/t) \h6#7U�� 2���� >! �U/ V % ��b � V '� <(�� TUV % 9���� X(/w/8�� ,4(� ( �',6 _|���i'

B/h6#7U�� B ���� � �� % <,� X(/w/� . >#����� X(/w/8�� ����6 '� �/8c D�A')#�/�(6 (q�� N�/�/� �7/t X,-��� X(/w/� .3(�� ����6 '� �/8c +� ��6 �/�/Y���� ,��(�8� ��+ �(i(�� (���� Z8� �X(/w/8�� .3(�� .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 86: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-450-

�8�U�� ,:t : �',s� % >!��(�� X:�1� R'x�� �8�U�� % �[�3u~-u-F-F�3!� . ` �� �>!(�J�� �8�U�� �/�� ±/: �/]6'���� N�#4r�:

)¦} -¦ F( ,:t �8�U�� )Ð= (

¦} x }GG

¦ �/@}¦' � �c&� T : �8�U�� (+ F� �c&� ,�6 �8�U�� (+ . �',s� % >!��(�� X:�1� >!(�J�� �8�U�� R'x�� & ,��'u~-u-F-F �3� y��� "�8�U�� % ,:t �,º ³".

:�$;�UV-U-.-. :18�[�� $O�t #�$3

18�[�� $O�t #�$3 [�� 18� -1���� �� �_ 1�8]8�G,�Ð ¦>,@�' X�#Q G,FÐ >,@�' X�#Q ¦> �.�#Q G,}Ð ¦ � �.�#Q

�/�o'� :m/h6#7� 7��V !�� '� ��)� �/À ���[ _�/� ����6 '� �/8c.

���()� ����6 '� �/8c : j/��� �jUV +t#$ ����6 '� �/8c� ����R�(�' ��'��' ��)� 7� 3�(4'Wjz1� ��R�(� .

���L� ThP' : % `t,��� �/��� T�� '� ��/��� `t,� D��� q�� �/��� .�!,K' �/h�w�� .�[��' .��7[�� Tw ThP'�/h6#7� >#h�! % �/��� `t,� � o,� '� �^�t ,@�' ���.

>�n,��� �:��� :� 16 �����6 '� �/8c �:$/�� ���P�f���� +!,º �^�(t ���3' >��#@ �4�!' T�L 7��#��6 7P/: ,.

��)�� >!�r �86: :m/h6#7� 7��V !�/� ���[ ����6 '� �/8c.

E=Ä : �*: 0/�' ­#�� '� l)� �� #J�� \4�c '� \8c�! 2 P �� ��3 ����6 '� �/8c �jQ % \U/3U/ T��� 8i !�( .

�o/��� #[: :�8/i(��/��� `t,�� m �#�� ��#Ji �'�� �� .�b ����6 '� �/8� 2���� �#���' 24(�� �#��� B6 >#V .

>�]i ����6 : Z8� ,�=� & �/�M; �8�U6 X(/w/8�� .3(�� � ����6 '� X(/w/8�� =8t � ����6}F9]� .

>�]i �/8c : (/w/8�� �(�K R'x�� & X(/w/8�� =8t � �/8c 24(�� 2���� % X}F �/8c '� �TU�� ��)�� ��@ % m�#Q R'x�� �,��}�G��' /X(/w/8�� .3(�� �/8c ��@ % ��P.

W(��� :.��� �� '� �j-8� ��/� \h�=/t 9/�[�' \h/�/� \h6#7� XY3 .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 87: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-451-

�Qn#J �Q :m/h=4 '� m/8� ân#J� ³ �/�'� ����6 '� �/8c .

0/J���� :vUJ��� '� E=���� D�� 7�/�[� "�#Q�' Z)��� ���#�6 ����6 '� �/8c � ,h�=�� \8c�,�� ^]��� 0/J��.

��(�6 �n,��� #�,��/��P ��(�6 ��� #n |��' �/ � 1�6 ���� 8� '� �/8-8� >�o,��� �:��� ­#�6 2��' ��P/ % ����Pp \kr� ^�(J��.

u~-u-u W(3 y�Ó ,�� y��A q�� .��� ��' �j�� ��@' !,� �(U� �\h=s� W#J�� �*+ 24(� ����6 '� �/8c ��z(�� �/�U�6 \8� ��:

)�( � .�� �c&� �$; % �/�'� .���6' �jc � �c� ,��} {; �\8� y�Ó �:

‘}‘ ¶�Q#J �Q \+' �jc #)� ‘F‘ ¶TU�6 �Qo#J \+' �jc #)� ‘u‘ ¶�Q#J �Q \+' >�]i .���6 D6�� ‘�‘ ¶TU�6 �Qo#J \+' >�]i .���6 D6�� ‘�‘ ¶�Qo#J �Q \+' >� � .���6 D6�� ‘�‘ TU�6 �Qo#J \+' >� � .���6 D6��.

)­( � .�� �c&� �$; % ��)�� >!�r �86: .���6' �jc � �c� ,��} {; �\8� y�Ó � :

‘}‘ ¶TU�6 �3(�) \+' �{'1� >�',�� % ��jc #)� ‘F‘ ¶TU�6 �3(�) \+' �{'1� >�',�� % �>�]i .���6 D6�� ‘u‘ ,�6 >�]i .���6 D6���G ¶TU�� ��)�� ��À \7��� >�'! ‘�‘ ¶TU�6 �3(�) \+' �{'1� >�',�� % ��� � �����6 ‘�‘ �� � �����6TU�� ��)�� ��À \7��� >�'! ��#)�' ��Ñ ,�6 �.

)�( � �c&� % ��)�� >!�r �86���' �/�'1� �j�� � �c� ,�����z(�� ./�U�6 \8� y�Ó �:

‘}‘ �Q �jc 0Ñ ��/�'1� �j-8�¶TU�6 �Q#J �jc 0Ñ' �Q#J ‘F‘ ��/�'1� .��� 8� �3�(U�� �j-8� �Q �jc 0ѶTU�6 �Q#J �jc 0Ñ' �Q#J ‘u‘ � ��6 {'1� >�',�� % �jc 0Ñ ���)�� >!�r �86��� �j-8��G >�o,��� �:��� � Ð

9/�[��� 2�@¶ ‘�‘ � ��6 {'1� >�',�� % �jc 0Ñ ���)�� >!�r �86��� .��� 8� �3�(U�� �j-8��GÐ

o,��� �:��� �9/�[��� 2�@ >�.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 88: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-452-

�� �c&� ,/: ��)�� .&@ � ��@ TU� ��� �c� �jc #)� X=8� ����()��� �j�� {; � ���6 ��jc 0Ñ Z8� N�#4r� */J�� �U¤ �/À ��j�� �t(i(�� ����� .�� �c&� � m&,6 v�b'

Z8� �jc 0Ñ Z8� �8[J� �J[6 �*/J��' ��/3&(��� �'�� Z8� �#c1� �'�� . ���@ T� %'>,@�' _/�J� �/8��� &; � �c&� �/8c D�A &.

)!( � �c&� % ��)�� >!�r �86��� .��� �� � �c� ,�����z(�� ./�U�6 \8� y�Ó �:

‘} ‘ ¶TU�6 �3(�) \+' {'1� >�',�� % ��)�� >!�r �86: >�]i .���6 D6�� ‘F ‘ D6��¶TU�6 ��)�� ��À \7��� >�'! B�Ñ ,�6 ��)�� >!�r �86: >�]i .���6 ‘u‘ ¶TU�� ��)�� ��À {'1� >�',�� % ��� � �����6 ‘�‘ ,�6 ��� � �����6F�TU�� ��)�� ��@ % \7��� >�'! .

�� � ���À >!o'=�� �Q .��� �� � �c&� �*+ �#)� D�A & X�,-�Pj� ��o�[��' ,h�=�� ��)���L� �*+ ¥/�� .���6 ��/�� % ^�t.

)+( ,��� �c� � �c&� % ��)�� >!�r �86���' �/�'1� �j�� ~��oz(�� ./�U�6 \8� y�Ó �:

‘} ‘ ¶TU�6 �Q#J \+' �/�'� �jc #)� ‘F ‘ � >�',�� % ��)�� >!�r �86: �jc #)� ¶TU�6 �Q#J \+' {'1 ‘u ‘ TU�6 �Q#J \+' \7��� >�'! B�Ñ ,�6 ��)�� >!�r �86: �jc #)�.

)'( ,�� �(U� ,�� � 4(�� ­�:1� D/M % X(/w/8�� �(�K �M; 7/t �(U� .���6 ��/�� � �c� Z8� ,�=� & �TU�6 �3(�)�GG ��� �,� 7/t ,�=� & '� �9Q ��(/ Z�8� ���PFGG �

��'/��P X(/w/8�� .3(�� ����6 ��@ % D�/M .R��4� .����6 '� ��jc � ����' � .��� �c&� E�3 % TU�6 �3(�) >,@�' .���6 ��/�� y�A ��� ���� .�� �c&�u ' �

'� � �c&� v�*�' �� U� ���)�� >!�r �86��� .��� �� ��/�� ��@ % ,�: ���/�x��� �( .��!F�T:1� Z8� >�'! .

��M; 7/t �(U� .���6 ��/�� T¹U)�� m/h6#7� �8[� �� ���� .�� �c&� D/M .R�4� q�� .��� �� �(U� ,�� Z8� ,�=� TU�6 �3(�) �(U� ,�� � 4(�� ­�:1� T� % X(/w/8�� �(�K�GG �(�� �,� 7/t ,�=� '� X�#Q �/ ��P

��FGG � ��' / >!n'=� _3� �b; ��/�x��� �*+ � �c� {; X(�� & �4L� �¨t �X(/w/8�� .3(�� .���6 ��@ % ��P '� >��#L� % ��#t; ��' ��/�x��� .���6 B6 ¾�#J��� ��#t; '� #h�',�� #[: .&@ D�' ��/�x��� � :�# Z8� �!: XY�6

�� ��/�� % ��)�� %.���.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 89: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-453-

UV-U-L �� �!"� 1���D

� .�� �c&� .��� ��' �j�� W�(3� � W(3 T� Z8� �#x��} {; ~ . .��� �c&� N�#4; \] ��' �} {; � ��b ���� �� '� �/8�� Z8� D6���6 . ��� �c&� N�#4; \] ��'� ' ~ E#�6 y�A ³ .���6 '� �jc X�,-�P6

�#c� . ; R(ª' � �c&� N�#4� �� .�� �c&� % 7�,-�P� ` P >�#�� �Q .���6 X�,-�P6 } {; � "�#�Q1 >�',�� .��� �� � �c� .

u~-u-�-} N�� � �c&�-} :WJ��&� >�K

u~-u-�-}-} "#]��

�J-��� ^]��� �'#I % �(s� T���� � �c&� �*+ \�º.

u~-u-�-}-F � �c&� ���#$

^]z _� � �c&� .���6' �jc �=A}},� .��P _P �� T�� & � T:� '� �UP6(8/� ���/K >��#@ �4�,6)FG º��(´ ± � º��(´.(

u~-u-�-}-u �#�)��

�v�UJ�' �0/�J��' �­#��' ��8�U�� % �[�3 �,º ³ �b; �#)�� �*+ .��� ��' �j�� %(��� �b;' �`�#@' �E=Ä' �� � �c&� ,�6 ����6 '� �/8c TU� �@(�J�� >#h�,�� �/��(t T�� ³HGÐ �*+ N�#4; T : 7�/��(t �

>#V � �c&� .TU�6 �Q#J \+' � �c&� .���6' �jc Z8� ` ��� & �/��(J�6 `8���� �#)��'.

u~-u-�-F N�� � �c&�-F :&� � �cL����#

u~-u-�-F-} "#]��

�� �/8c�,�� �/h6#7U�� .ji(��' ­#���� D� XU@; �jP � �c&� �*+ 9/ . �� �c&� �*�+ �#ª'.��]� ��,@¨6>��#L� .4�! % �]�6' ���#P .

u~-u-�-F-F � �c&� ���#$

�'��� ���� �c� >��#@ �4�,6 .�P _P �� �T�� & � � �c&� .���6' �jc �=A �� ± F º��(´ �'�� ��� �c� >��#@ �4�,6 .�P _P �� T�� & � �=A É � - �G ± F º��(´ . >#��J��'

\+ � �cj� �([��� >��#L� .4�! B6 �([��� �/�=��uG ��/:! . N�#4r� �*+ �#U�'}G +,��6 �=A .�# >,� � �c&� .���6' �jc D/MF� ��/K >��#@ �4�,6 ��P )FG ± � º��(´ .( ��j�� ��#��� >#�t �

�� �T�� &� \] �/t �([��� >��#L� .4�,� >� U�� .��� ��'}F��P .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 90: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-454-

u~-u-�-F-u �#)��

�v�UJ�' �0/�J��' �­#��' ��8�U�� % �[�3 �,º ³ �b; �#)�� �*+ .��� ��' �j�� %(��� �@(�J�� >#h�,�� �/��(t T�� ³ �b;' �`�#@' �E=Ä' �� � �c&� ,�6 ����6 '� �/8c TU� HG �*+ N�#4; T : 7�/��(t � Ð

>#V � �c&� .��6' �jc Z8� ` ��� & �/��(J�6 `8���� �#)��'TU�6 �Q#J \+' � �c&� .�.

u~-u-�-u N�� � �c&�-u : R�=�+&�

u~-u-�-u-} "#]��

� N��� % R�=�+&� � �c&� �*+ \�ºT���.

u~-u-�-u-F � �c&� ���#$

R�=�+&� T���� \� v�b' �j�� ��()� �'! R�=�+&� ��d �[� % m�UK m�/ w� .��� ��' �j�� _ w� m�/:! m&��3� . B6 ¼'�#�� \����Q(� �,� �/ /4 �4( TUV % R�=�+&� �(U�'� ' FGG {; !(��' =�#+ � >#�t % =�#+

}� �/:! � . >�',�� �*+ �n#U�'}F +�,: �/�M; >,� ># u �/8-8� >,���� ��jw�� Wz'1� � Dz' TU� .�P . 2ª'�#��� ¥�P Z8� m�!(�� R�=�+&� .+�� ,@� �(U� �� .

���� (���� Z8� \����Q(8�� !!#��� �, �(U�' : +��,� W��� >'�b Z8� £tº1gn �, � !!#� �,�� � 6� \7���' =�#+ 6}~ =�#+ . �]� �� R�=�+&� ��P Z8� Z� � ÉG,~ 98 )},�R�=�+&� �, �M; 98 ( �,�� ¾�8 � Ì�@ !!#��� !�=�'

��'�b W���8 gn) �Gm �#�� =�#+ .( �]� �� W����� >'�b Z8� £tº É8 gn {; !!#��� !�!=� Ì@ FGG=�#+ .

u~-u-�-u-u �#)��

%(��� �v�UJ�' �0/�J��' �­#��' ��8�U�� % �[�3 �,º ³ �b; �#)�� �*+ .��� ��' �j�� �� � �c&� ,�6 ����6 '� �/8c TU� �@(�J�� >#h�,�� �/��(t T�� ³ �b;' �`�#@' �E=Ä'HG �*+ N�#4; T : 7�/��(t � Ð

>#V � �c&� .�jc Z8� ` ��� & �/��(J�6 `8���� �#)��'TU�6 �Q#J \+' � �c&� .���6' .

u~-u-�-� N�� � �c&�-� : �,[��

u~-u-�-�-} "#]��

T���� N��� % ��U��� X,[�� ��d � �c&� �*+ \�º.

u~-u-�-�-F � �c&� ���#$

�� ¥�P� D/M ,��� 28i _/ w� T@ ��P�(6 � �c&� ��d {; � �c&� .���6' �jc _ w� _/ w�� �c� ����6 TU� . ��'�b W���6 �/ /4 l[3 ��,[� ����6 '� �/8c T� D�A'150 gn ¾8 � � 3 >#�t' ��/3� \8 .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 91: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-455-

���jw�� D�z�(�� % Í8���� ��&� % .,i �j� 7/8� aªr� ��&� % .,i �jw� ����6 '� �/8c T� D�A' �/8�� _/ w� Dz�( � >,���� ��(�� � v�b' ����� �� '�}~�,i .

��'�b W����6 �/ /4 l[3 �,[� D�A >� U�� .��� ��' >� U�� �j�� �� �Q50 gn ¾8 � � 3 >#�t' }}�/3� \8 . �� � ,@�' TU� Í8��� ��&� % .,i �j� 7/8� aªr� ��&� % .,i �jw� ����6 '� �/8c T� D�A' Dz�(

.,[�� W(�� ¾8 �' ��/8�� _/ w�� >,���� ��jw��}~�,i .

u~-u-�-�-u �#)��

�v�UJ�' �0/�J��' �­#��' ��8�U�� % �[�3 �,º ³ �b; �#)�� �*+ .��� ��' �j�� %(��� �� � �c&� ,�6 ����6 '� �/8c TU� �@(�J�� >#h�,�� �/��(t T�� ³ �b;' �`�#@' �E=Ä'HG t � Ð �*+ N�#4; T : 7�/��(

>#V � �c&� .TU�6 �Q#J \+' � �c&� .���6' �jc Z8� ` ��� & �/��(J�6 `8���� �#)��'.

u~-u-�-� N�� � �c&�-� :�/4��� >�[��� >#h�,��

u~-u-�-�-} "#]��

+ \�º�/4�c >�[: >#h�! � �c&� �*.

u~-u-�-�-F � �c&� ���#$

U� p \4��� �j]�� >��#@ �4�! ¾8 � �/À ��6� >��#@ �4�! .�b � �c&� ����6 '� �/8c �(��± F º��(´ ��� �7o/�M; �T�� �/4�c �'�� >�[: >#h�! ��L v�b ,�6 ���� �� '� �/8�� D�A É G,} X'�

>��#@ �4�,6 ��± F º��(´ . � �*+ >�[��� >#h�,�� ��@ #����' >��#@ �4�! >!(� ,�6 >,@�' ��P �� T�� & {; ���� �� '� �/8-8� \4��� �j]����± F º��(´ . �� T : �#c� .�P _�� ���� �� '� �/8�� � :�# \] ��'

m/7�� � �c&� y��� .

u~-u-�-�-u �#)��

���#@ �4�! R'x�� ³ �b; �#)�� �*+ .��� ��' �j�� %(��� �/4���}�G º��(´ �,�º ³' � �c&� N7�3� ,�6 .�P _P �jc `�#@' E=Ä' vUJ�.

u~-u-�-� N�� � �c&�-� :X,[�� #��

u~-u-�-�-} "#]��

X,[�� #�� � �c&� �*+ \�º.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 92: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-456-

u~-u-�-�-F � �c&� N�#4;

�(P ¥�P Z8� �3�(U �/8c '� �/8c \+' � �c&� ��/� Dz(� .Dz(�' �#�: 2/�: }�,~ y� 9 ��/��� =�# . ²R' �8�� Z�8�'H,} WJ��� � .�#Q(8/� �} ± F,���/��� Z8� 9P .

<&(��� �(�� Z8� m�!(��' �(��� ¥��8� m�R�( <&(��� +�(K �(U� �/À X,[8� ���()� '� �/3�(�P� �/8c D�A �#�: ¾8 � �*�� ±o(��� 2/���� ¥���}�,~ 9 � �c&� ��/� =�# % W(z(��' . ���()��� �/8�� >��!; m��� �n/���'

��'�=6HG`/���' ��#��� � 3s� X,[8� D�Ó �/À <&(��� +�(K �(@ �4�! .>,@�' �,[� ��/� T� D�A' .�,i TU� �8[J� .�/� X,-���'.

�� �(U� �/À �R '� ��,�3 ���: TUV % ��(�[ �/8c X,[� ¥�P �(U�' �(��� ¥��8� m�R�( ��/�8� �(��� ¥�� �#�: ¾8 � �*�� ±o(��� 2/����}�,~+=�# % m�(z( 9 .

u~-u-�-�-u �#)��

�/4��� ���#@ �4�! R'x�� ³ �b; �#)�� �*+ �3�(U�� �j��' �j�� %(���}�G º��(´ ³' 3� ,�6 .�P _P �jc `�#@ '� vUJ� �,º� �c&� N7�.

u~-u-�-� N�� � �c&�-� :,h�=�� ��)��

u~-u-�-�-} "#]��

�r �86��� ���� �� >�,: � �c&� �*+ 9o/��,h�=�� ��)�� T�� Z8� ��)�� >!.

u~-u-�-�-F � �c&� ���#$

D��[�� � �6 Zi(�� Z[:1� #����� ��)�� �/� l�fz ��)�� �/� �(U� .(J�� �(U�' /3,�� �/��\8� �� � �cj�:

)�( �� D��[�� � � Zi(�� ��)�� �/��(t ,�=� & ,��}~ � �c&� �/��(t �(U� �_�(t '� ���� 8� �([��� ��)�� �/��(t � B�#� T:� /3,��FF¶_�(t

)­( �� D��[�� � � Zi(�� ��)�� �/��(t ,�=� ,��}~� �/��(t �!�� �_�(t /3,�� � �c& % �([��� ��)�� �/��(t ­#z Ti@},F.

��/�� >��#L� �4�,6 .�� �c&� �#� . \+ � �c&� >#�t'F���P .

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved

Page 93: E U . 186˜˝ 0 V F-Q L - United Nations Economic ... · PDF file0 V F-Q L Copyright © United Nations, 2009 ... l/[ˇ N#4; u- u FF ... m ˝#˜ Copyright © United Nations, 2009

-457-

u~-u-�-�-u �#)��

,�6 X�� �� P �jc `�#@ '� vUJ� �,º ³ �b; �#)�� �*+ ��)�� >!�r �86��� .��� �� %(��� � �c&� N7�3�.

u~-u-�-~ N�� � �c&�-~ :�#���� ¾�#J���

u~-u-�-~-} "#]��

�r �86: �/8c '� �/�'� �/8c >�,: � �c&� �*+ 9o/���#�: ¾�#J� T�� Z8� ��)�� >! .

u~-u-�-~-F � �c&� ���#$

Ti�(� �/� �,[� ��(��� Z8� 78i' `�#$ �� ��/�� >��#L� �4�,6 m�#�: m]�#J� �/8c T� â#J� ��(:}F� ¾�#J��� �/�� ��'� >(�6 �, � _�(t D��[��� 234 � !,�� Z[:1.

� �c&� �/8È m/��(� mj/i(� B P� ��P' 9x@ �b X'� Tã Ti(6 !,�� ¾�#J��� �/� Z8� �([L� 9��' . T� â#J�' �/�R >#�J� m�#�: m]�#J� �/8c).�P ( p >�#��� ����� �'��� �c&� �/� Z8� �(�� �'1� )� 16.(

u~-u-�-~-u �#)��

�� P �jc `�#@ '� vUJ� �,º ³ �b; �#)�� �*+ ��)�� >!�r �86��� '� �/�'1� �j�� %(���� �c&� N7�3� ,�6 X��.

Copyright © United Nations, 2009. All rights reserved