Information Review

Author: Gaurav Pundir Title: An investigation on the Next Generation E-Ticketing systems.

List of Sources:

WOLLMAN, Dana (2009). Your Next E-Ticket: Bypass Check-In With Your Cell Phone. [online]. Last accessed 10 November 2010 at: file:///C:/Users/Public/Documents/project/dana%20wollman.htmA big example of E-ticketing using cellular technology is evident in USA where all major domestic airlines, including American, Continental, Delta, United Airlines and US Airways to board planes with an option of self-service check-in.

TOKUDA, Hideyuki (2003). A Prospect of Ubiquitous Computing Environment: New Application adn Issues. In: IIPS- Institute for International Policy Studies, Tokyo, 5-6 November 2003. Tokyo, The Nippon Foundation.Zero-stop authentication, which diminishes user- computer or user-software interaction providing “zero stop” property, zero-stop property is a property which authenticates moving users without users pause.

SEHR, Richard P. and CLARA, Santa (2001). Electronic Ticketing System and Methods Utilizing Multi-Service Visitor Card. California, Patent Application Publication (US 2001/0018660A1). The visitor card comprises of a "smart card" which has a shape similar to plastic bank cards, but with at least 1 silicon chip embedded into it. The embedded silicon chip will hold the details for validation and authentication of user and allowing him to purchase goods and services and the cost will be deducted from his account.

FALKE, Oliver, et al. (2007). Mobile Services for Near Field Communication. Research and Group Development, Munich, LMU (ISSN 1862-5207).NFC is based on RFID technology and uses the same working principles. The NFC standard was issued in 2003 and is an interface technology for short-range data communication working in the frequency band of 13.56 MHz NFC can be used with existing infrastructures based on the standards mentioned, eliminating the need for a separate NFC infrastructure. The key feature of NFC devices is that they can read out RFID transponders and emulate them. Furthermore, peer-to-peer communication is possible when two NFC devices are brought together.

MATTICE, Harold E. and KAMINKOW, Joseph E. (2006). Ticket Redemption Using Encrypted Biometric Data. California, Patent Application Publication (US2006/0046842A1). This system method encrypts biometric data from user and use it for authentication and validation, this system can efficiently be used in places like, cash withdraws, or any other redeeming system. The system develops a ticket using the biometrics of the user.

LEV, Zvi Haim (2007). Sytem and Method for Identity Verification and Access Control uing a Cellular/Wireless device with Audiovisual Playback Capabilities. Washington, Patent Application Publication (US2007/0250851A1). One aspect of the exemplary embodiments of the present invention solves these deficiencies of current "e-ticketing" mechanisms by providing a mechanism which does not require new specific hardware at the POS, and enables quick and easy verification.

PFISTER, Jorg, et al. (2010). Method Of Determining the Path of a Person Equipted with a Mobile Phone Device. Durham, Patent Application Publication (US2010/0144375A1). At the start of the ride the logged in cell phone is logged in to the first base station, over the course of travel the system can log into second, third etc. stations and at the end of journey it signs from the last station automatically after a duration of time.

JAKUBAUSKAS, Gražvydas (2006). DEPLOYMENT OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS. Transport and Telecommunication, VII (4), 49-56.“Command rig system” has been introduced in Czech Republic to help the blind to access public transport. It comprises a set of portable, mobile and static means providing acoustic and vocal information to help orient the sightless in urban areas, urban public transport, on crossings, in underpasses and etc. This system is based on radio transmitter which provides access to variety of information. The means of public transport is equipped with a receiver connected to an integrated information system. In practice, the blind at an urban public transport stop have either to stick with a built-in transmitter and command buttons or an independent, boxed transmitter. When a vehicle arrives at the stop, the sightless passenger presses the appropriate button to activate the outer loudspeaker of the arriving vehicle, which then announces the number of the bus, trolley-bus or tram line, route direction and the name of the end stop. If the passenger wants to board, another button then activates an internal speaker and display, which alerts the driver.

VARSHNEY, Upkar and VETTER, Ron (2001). A Framework for the Emerging Mobile Commerce Applications. Hawaii, IEEE (0-7695-0981-9/01). Two factors to consider are: a) how the database will price its services to vendors/dealers and b) the correctness of information (related to availability or price) from inventory to the database.

SHINAGAWA, Mitsuru, et al. (2004). A Near-Field-Sensing Transceiver for Intrabody. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT, LIII (6), 1533-1538.Research is on electric-field sensors using electro optic (EO) crystals and laser light, which we have applied in the development of various probing systems for measurement of ultrafast electronics. Because our EO sensor has extremely high input impedance and ultra wide detection bandwidth, it is especially useful for accurate detection of small and high-speed electric fields. Recently, we have developed a near field- sensing transceiver for intra-body communication using an EO sensor.

ORTIZ, Sixto Jr. (2006). Is Near-Field Communication Close to Success? Technology News, Texas, IEEE.Because NFC requires the close proximity of two devices, intercepting signals is difficult, which gives the technology some inherent security, said Christopher Duverne, chair of the NFC Forum, an industry association.

GOODE, Alan (2008). Mobile ticket Please! England, Juniper Research Limited.The most widely installed contactless smartcard technology in the world, with over 500 million smart card chips and 5 million readers sold, is MIFARE. The German based company uses technology patented by NXP Semiconductors and is based on ISO 14443 Type A. One example of a MIFARE implementation is the Oyster card used by Transport for London, for use on the London Underground.

TRIPATHI, A., et al. (2009). Algorithms for validating E-tickets in mobile computing environment. Information Sciences, 1678-1693.Smart tickets ensure security because they are neither easily duplicated nor corrupted. However, the issuance of smart card involves complex procedure and is more expensive compared to paper tickets. Particularly, it is not suitable for mobile users and therefore, E-ticket is a viable alternative which can be delivered electronically.

STROH, Stefan, et al. (2007). Next Generation eTicketing. Germany, Booz Allen Hamilton GmbH.The NFC chip can either be attached to the hardware shell of a mobile device or become and integrated part of SIM card. It is basically a micro-computer which can process data.

WEI, June and OZOK, Ant (2005). Development of a web-based mobile airline ticketing model with usability features. Industrial Management & Data Systems, CV (9), 1261- 1277.Most emphasis was put on the user-friendliness of the interface, namely, how easily and quickly a mobile customer can get the information needed and complete a purchase transaction.